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In Quebec and Iowa, home range was 7.8 ha and 4.1 ha, respectively, for males, smaller in females (see Swihart 1992). Females in Ohio had small home ranges (0.25 ha) after emergence from hibernation, but expanded them (to an average 1.35 ha) following after birth of young (Meier 1992). All juveniles disperse, but some remain in natal home range for one year (Kwiecinski 1998).","foodHabitsComments":"Consumes a wide variety of herbs, grasses, and the leaves of shrubs; also invertebrates (Hamilton 1934, Arsenault and Romig 1985, Kwiecinski 1998).","animalPhenologyComments":"Woodchucks emerge from hibernation in winter or early spring, depending on location. The earliest emergence occurs in the southern part of the range; in the north, woodchucks generally emerge much later than \"groundhog day\" (February 2)..<br><br>Daily activity may vary seasonally. Most activity occurs in early morning and late afternoon; sometimes woodchucks are active at night (Koprowski 1987).","colonialBreeder":false,"length":82,"width":null,"weight":6400,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":102715,"animalPhenology":{"id":1,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Hibernates/aestivates","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Hibernación/Estivación","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Hiberne/estive","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":102716,"animalPhenology":{"id":3,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Diurnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Diurno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Diurne","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":104996,"foodHabits":{"id":4,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Herbivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Herbívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Herbivore","displayOrder":4},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1140,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Marmots","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":0.1,"inferredExtentNotes":"Based on a  home range of 1 hectare.","minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals in appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and breeding.","mappingGuidance":"If parts of the occurrence are separated by less than the separation distance, these should be mapped as separate polygons.","separationBarriers":"Major water barriers greater than 300 meters width, in areas where water is not frozen during active portion of marmot year.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Juvenile dispersal of <i>Marmota vancouverensis</i> is generally less than 5 kilometers in suitable habitat (Bryant 1998), but can be much more. In <i>M. flaviventris</i>, virtually all males and slightly less than half the females disperse from the natal colony, typically as yearlings and regardless of population density in males; dispersal distance usually is less than 4 km but up to 15.5 km for males and 6.4 km for females in western Colorado (Armitage 1991). Separation distance is set at 5 km, although some locations farther apart than this may be part of the same metapopulation.<br><br>Marmots disperse through various habitats (Munro 1985), so separation distance is the same for both suitable and unsuitable habitat.<br><br>Home ranges generally small, but can exceed 8 hectares. Home ranges: <i>M. monax</i>, 1.23-2.86 hectares in Arkansas (Hayes 1977). <i>M.  flaviventris</i>, 0.5 hectares (Barash 1973), 2.2 to 10 hectares in Colorado (Armitage 1974).","versionDate":"2004-03-12","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S. G., and G. Hammerson","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:13:16.246105Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":106510,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":"Dolbeer et al. (1991) tested the efficacy of gas cartridges to kill woodchucks in burrows and found them to be effective; however, overall reduction of a population may be difficult due to enhanced survival and reproduction of remaining woodchucks and rapid recolonization from surrounding areas. The cartridges are available from: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Idaho Supply Depot, Pocatello, Idaho. See Swihart and Conover (1991) for information on the effectiveness of various chemical repellents on garden plants.","monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":107902,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:31:38.374349Z"}],"references":[{"id":1151804,"citation":"American Society of Mammalogists (ASM). 2025. Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.13) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10595931. Online. Available: https://www.mammaldiversity.org/","shortCitationAuthor":"American Society of Mammalogists (ASM)","shortCitationYear":2025,"referenceCode":"W25ASM01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-04-04T21:45:15.526109Z"},{"id":112324,"citation":"Armitage, K. B. 1974. Male behavior and territoriality in the yellow-bellied marmot. Journal of Zoology, London 172:233-265.","shortCitationAuthor":"Armitage","shortCitationYear":1974,"referenceCode":"A74ARM01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:16:58.526996Z"},{"id":115127,"citation":"Arsenault, J. R., and R. F. Romig. 1985. Plants eaten by woodchucks in three northeast Pennsylvania counties. Proceedings of the Pennsylvania Academy of Sciences 59:131-134.","shortCitationAuthor":"Arsenault and Romig","shortCitationYear":1985,"referenceCode":"A85ARS01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:27:31.739931Z"},{"id":120395,"citation":"Baker, R. H. 1983. Michigan mammals. Michigan State University Press. 642 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Baker","shortCitationYear":1983,"referenceCode":"B83BAK01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:47.27318Z"},{"id":119122,"citation":"Banfield, A. W. F. 1974. The mammals of Canada. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada. 438 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Banfield","shortCitationYear":1974,"referenceCode":"B74BAN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:03.631914Z"},{"id":105797,"citation":"Barash, D. P. 1973a. Social variety in the yellow-bellied marmot (<i>Marmota flaviventris</i>). Animal Behavior 21:570-84.","shortCitationAuthor":"Barash","shortCitationYear":1973,"referenceCode":"A73BAR02NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:16:58.511355Z"},{"id":110741,"citation":"Barash, D. P. 1989. Marmots: social behavior and ecology. Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, California. xvii + 360 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Barash","shortCitationYear":1989,"referenceCode":"B89BAR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:16:58.511355Z"},{"id":144345,"citation":"Bryant, A. A. 1998. Metapopulation ecology of Vancouver Island marmots (<i>Marmota vancouverensis</i>). Ph.D. dissertation, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada. 125 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Bryant","shortCitationYear":1998,"referenceCode":"N98BRY01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:16:58.511355Z"},{"id":102597,"citation":"Caire, W., J. D. Tyler, B. P. Glass, and M. A. Mares. 1989. Mammals of Oklahoma. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. Oklahoma. 567 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Caire et al.","shortCitationYear":1989,"referenceCode":"B89CAI01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:05.975685Z"},{"id":119168,"citation":"Dolbeer, R. A., et al. 1991. Efficacy of two gas cartridge formulations in killing woodchucks in burrows. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 19:200-204.","shortCitationAuthor":"Dolbeer et al.","shortCitationYear":1991,"referenceCode":"A91DOL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:18:20.887637Z"},{"id":118294,"citation":"Godin, A. J. 1977. Wild mammals of New England. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. 304 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Godin","shortCitationYear":1977,"referenceCode":"B77GOD01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:30.710457Z"},{"id":105382,"citation":"Grizzell, R.A. 1955. A study of the southern woodchuck, <i>Marmota monax monax</i>. Am. Midl. Nat. 53(2):257-293.","shortCitationAuthor":"Grizzell","shortCitationYear":1955,"referenceCode":"A55GRI01NAUS","lastModified":"2026-07-03T02:13:23.926383Z"},{"id":119546,"citation":"Hall, E. R. 1981a. The Mammals of North America, second edition. Vols. I &amp; II. John Wiley &amp; Sons, New York, New York. 1181 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Hall","shortCitationYear":1981,"referenceCode":"B81HAL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:13.267235Z"},{"id":147834,"citation":"Hamilton, W. J., Jr. 1934. The life history of the rufescent woodchuck, <i>Marmota monax rufescens</i> Howell. Annals of the Carnegie Museum, 23:85-178.","shortCitationAuthor":"Hamilton","shortCitationYear":1934,"referenceCode":"A34HAM01NACA","lastModified":"2026-07-03T02:13:23.926383Z"},{"id":125104,"citation":"Hamilton, W. J., Jr., and J. O. Whitaker, Jr. 1979. Mammals of the eastern United States. Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, New York. 346 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Hamilton and Whitaker","shortCitationYear":1979,"referenceCode":"B79HAM01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:03.881928Z"},{"id":104155,"citation":"Hayes, S. R. 1977. Home range of <i>Marmota monax</i> (Sciuridae) in Arkansas. 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Baker, and M. D. Engstrom. 1992a. Revised checklist of North American mammals north of Mexico, 1991. Occasional Papers, The Museum, Texas Tech University, 146:1-23.","shortCitationAuthor":"Jones et al.","shortCitationYear":1992,"referenceCode":"B92JON01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:17.880059Z"},{"id":113611,"citation":"Koprowski, J. L. 1987. Nocturnal activity of the woodchuck, <i>Marmota monax</i>, in an urban park in Ohio. Canadian Field-Nat. 101:606-607.","shortCitationAuthor":"Koprowski","shortCitationYear":1987,"referenceCode":"A87KOP01NAUS","lastModified":"2026-07-03T02:13:23.926383Z"},{"id":120812,"citation":"Kwiecinski, G. G. 1998. <i>Marmota monax</i>. Mammalian Species 591:1-8.","shortCitationAuthor":"Kwiecinski","shortCitationYear":1998,"referenceCode":"A98KWI01NACA","lastModified":"2026-07-03T02:13:23.926383Z"},{"id":136737,"citation":"Lee, D. S., and J. B. Funderburg. 1982. Marmots. <i>Marmota monax</i> and allies. Pages 176-191 in Chapman, J. A., and G. A. Feldhamer, editors. Wild mammals of North America. Biology, management, economics. Johns Hopkins Univ. Press.","shortCitationAuthor":"Lee and Funderburg","shortCitationYear":1982,"referenceCode":"A82LEE01NAUS","lastModified":"2026-07-03T01:58:03.154767Z"},{"id":810393,"citation":"Linzey, D.W. 2016. Mammals of Great Smoky Mountains National Park: 2016 revision. Southeastern Naturalist 15(Monograph 8):1–93.","shortCitationAuthor":"Linzey","shortCitationYear":2016,"referenceCode":"A16LIN02EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:52.46115Z"},{"id":132257,"citation":"Meier, P. T. 1992. Social organziation of woodchucks (<i>Marmota monax</i>). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 31:393:400.","shortCitationAuthor":"Meier","shortCitationYear":1992,"referenceCode":"A92MEI01NACA","lastModified":"2026-07-03T02:13:23.926383Z"},{"id":100987,"citation":"Schwartz, C. W., and E. R. Schwartz. 1981. The wild mammals of Missouri. 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Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. xviii + 1206 pp. Available online at: http://www.nmnh.si.edu/msw/.","shortCitationAuthor":"Wilson and Reeder","shortCitationYear":1993,"referenceCode":"B93WIL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:17.880059Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[{"id":136259,"name":"Groundhog","language":"EN"},{"id":136258,"name":"Marmotte commune","language":"FR"},{"id":144927,"name":"woodchuck","language":"EN"}],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":106510,"cites":null,"cosewic":null,"fwsRegion":null,"genusSize":{"id":3,"genusSizeDescEn":"Small genus","genusSizeDescEs":"Género pequeño","genusSizeDescFr":"Petit genre"},"jurisEndem":{"id":5,"jurisEndemDescEn":"occurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations","jurisEndemDescEs":"Se encuentra en varias naciones (de manera regular, como un taxón nativo)","jurisEndemDescFr":"Se trouve dans plusieurs nations (de façon régulière, tel un taxon indigène)"},"nomenclaturallyEst":null,"usesa":null,"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":6,"level1":"Animals","level2":"Vertebrates","level3":"Mammals","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":2,"distributionStatus":"complete","displayOrder":1090},"parentSpecies":null,"infraspecies":false,"kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Craniata","taxclass":"Mammalia","taxorder":"Rodentia","family":"Sciuridae","genus":"Marmota","americanFisheriesStatus":null,"americanFisheriesStatusDate":null,"saraStatus":null,"saraStatusDate":null,"cosewicDate":null,"interpretedCosewic":null,"cosewicComments":null,"usesaDate":null,"interpretedUsesa":null,"usesaComments":null,"completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[],"infraspeciesList":[],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":false,"ebarGlobalScope":false,"ebarKbaGroup":"Mammals","caGeneralStatusId":"GS001649"},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":106510,"reproductionComments":"Mating takes place right after emergence from hibernation, often early March to mid-April. 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Most of the loss occurs when they arouse and warm up every week or two.","habitatComments":"Woodchucks live in open habitats (meadows, pastures, old fields, orchards) that often border wooded areas, which may be used for hibernation (Caire et al. 1989, Kwiecinski 1998). In Connecticut, burrow systems were often along woodland edges and brushy fence rows (Swihart 1992). Young are born in a den in an extensive burrow system.","generalDescription":"Grizzled brown, sometimes reddish to blackish pelage, with dark feet and a short bushy tail; short legs; small ears.  Total length to 82 cm.","diagnosticCharacteristics":"Short tail, 20-25% of body length (25% or greater in other marmots); head without white markings, except around nose, that are present in other marmots; sides of neck are concolorous with upperparts (buffy in M. 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