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and spotted or striped coat ranging from buff to brown. With facial ruffs and ear tufts, bobcats are often mistaken for lynx but are slightly smaller and less adapted to cold climates. They thrive in various habitats, from forests to deserts. Primarily nocturnal, bobcats prey on small mammals like rabbits, birds, and occasionally carrion. While populations remain stable, they face threats from habitat loss, over-harvesting, and competition with coyotes, making continued conservation efforts essential.","conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.106470/Lynx_rufus","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"1996-11-19","grankReviewDate":"2016-04-04","grankReasons":"Extensive range in much of North America; many occurrences; overall population probably is stable, with local increases and declines; locally threatened by excessive harvest and habitat loss.","grank":"G5","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":106470,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":null,"numberEos":{"id":14,"numberEosDescEn":"81 to >300","numberEosDescEs":"De 81 a >300","numberEosDescFr":"De 81 à >300"},"numberGoodEos":null,"numberProtEos":{"id":14,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Many to very many (13 to >40) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"De varios a muchos casos (13 a >40) adecuadamente protegidos y controlados","numberProtEosDescFr":"De plusieurs à beaucoup d’occurrences (de 13 à >40) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":33,"popSizeDescEn":"10,000 to >1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 10.000 a >1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 10 000 à >1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":35,"rangeExtentDescEn":">2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":">2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (más ","rangeExtentDescFr":">2 500 000 km carrés (plus de 1 000 000 miles carrés)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":40,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Relatively Stable (<=10% change)","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Relativamente estable (variación = <10%)","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Relativement stable (variation = <10 %)"},"threatImpactAssigned":null,"rangeExtentComments":"Central Mexico north through much of the contiguous U.S. to southern Canada. There has been a reduction in range, primarily in the northern part, associated with agriculture and the removal of forests (McCord and Cardoza 1982).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"No exact figures but many states report \"many\" EOs.","popSizeComments":"No exact figures; many individuals per state.","viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"Major threats are local excessive harvest by humans (especially in the north where the pelt is more valuable for fur) and conversion of habitat to commercial, residential, or agricultural uses (McCord and Cardoza 1982). Bobcats can tolerate some habitat disturbance but usually are absent from areas of intensive farming or with dense human populations. In Indiana, poorly regulated shooting and trapping are threats to the bobcat (Mumford and Whitaker 1982). Another possible threat is predation from increasing coyote populations (Caire et al. 1989); bobcat numbers are generally low in areas where coyote numbers are high, even if suitable habitat is present (Toweill 1979). In North Dakota, the rapidly expanding coyote population is considered a threat to bobcats (Kreil 1993, pers. commun.).","shortTermTrendComments":"Net trend is probably stable at present, though some areas are experiencing declines and others, increases. Populations declined in the 1900s in Oklahoma (1971-1981; Caire et al. 1989), in the Midwest (e.g, Hoffmesiter 1989), and along the central Atlantic coast (McCord and Cardoza 1982). In contrast, Iowa populations increased between 1983 and 1993 (Howell 1993, pers. comm.), populations in British Columbia are thought to be stable to increasing, populations in Tennessee are believed to be increasing (Hatcher 1993, pers. comm.), range and abundance of bobcats in Michigan are probably increasing (Earle 1993, pers. comm.), and Virginia populations were stable or increasing in the 1980s (Handley 1991).","longTermTrendComments":null,"inventoryNeeds":"Obtain better information on current distribution and abundance.","numberProtEosComments":"Many presumably occur in national parks, national forests, and state and federal wilderness areas.","protectionNeeds":"In areas throughout the range, maintain or reassemble large blocks of relatively wild habitat (e.g., low road density) with sufficient corridors to allow population exchange among local populations.","otherConsiderations":"Some populations may undergo cyclic population fluctuations that result in high population numbers about once in ten years (Jackson 1961), though this is not thought to be common (Earle 1993, pers. commun.).","intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":106470,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Home range generally is less than 100 sq km, often much less; male range is larger than female range (e.g., Lovallo and Anderson 1996). Commonly covers 3-11 km on a hunt (Handley 1991).<br /><br />Home ranges in Louisiana about 5 square kilometers for males and 1 square kilometer for females (Hall and Newsom 1978). In Idaho, home ranges averaged 42 square kilometers for males and 19 square kilometers for females (Bailey 1974).","foodHabitsComments":"Prefers small mammals, especially lagomorphs. Occasionally birds, other vertebrates, and carrion.","animalPhenologyComments":"Mainly nocturnal/crepuscular, sometimes diurnal in winter.","colonialBreeder":false,"length":125,"width":null,"weight":12000,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":101328,"animalPhenology":{"id":4,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Nocturnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Nocturno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Nocturne","displayOrder":4},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":101329,"animalPhenology":{"id":5,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Crepuscular","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Crepuscular","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Crépusculaire","displayOrder":5},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":102544,"foodHabits":{"id":1,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Carnivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Carnívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Carnivore","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1525,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Bobcat","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":2.5,"inferredExtentNotes":"Based on a home range of 5 square kilometers. In the northwest, this distance may be increased to 7 kilometers, based on larger home ranges there (Bailey 1974).","minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals in appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":null,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":null,"altSeparationProcedure":"Occurrences generally should be based on major occupied physiographic or ecogeographic units that are separated along areas of relatively low bobcat density or use (e.g., major urban areas, very rugged alpine ridges, very wide bodies of water, sparsely used habitats). These units may be based on available bobcat sightings/records or on movements of radio-tagged individuals, or they may be based on the subjective determinations by biologists familiar with bobcats and their habitats. Where occupied habitat is exceptionally extensive and continuous, that habitat may be subdivided into multiple contiguous occurrences as long as that does not reduce the occurrence rank (i.e., do not split up an A occurrence into multiple occurrences that would be ranked less than A).","separationJustification":"Bobcats are highly mobile. Dispersal generally is less than 50 km but may at least 150-200 km during food scarcity (Knick and Bailey 1986). Populations and metapopulations tend to encompass large areas. Hence, meaningful bobcat occurrences should represent large occupied landscape units, but these often will not be demographically isolated from other occurrences.","versionDate":"2004-09-28","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S., and G. Hammerson","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2021-10-02T17:07:03.563054Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":106470,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":"Determine mortality rates of juveniles and the importance of dispersal in maintaining stable populations. Compare demographics of exploited vs. unexploited populations in different regions. Investigate population restoration methods. Conduct snow tracking studies to determine behaviour patterns (McCord and Cardoza 1982). 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