{"elementGlobalId":106425,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":5,"iucnDescEn":"Vulnerable","iucnDescEs":"Vulnerable","iucnDescFr":"Vulnérable","iucnCode":"VU"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":4,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":"Expertise without calculation","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by inspection","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Callorhinus ursinus</i>","scientificName":"Callorhinus ursinus","scientificNameAuthor":"(Linnaeus, 1758)","primaryCommonName":"Northern Fur Seal","relatedItisNames":"<i>Callorhinus ursinus</i> (Linnaeus, 1758) (TSN 180627)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.106425","elcode":"AMAJC01010","conceptRefFullCitation":"Wilson, D. E., and D. M. Reeder (editors). 1993. Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. xviii + 1206 pp. Available online at: http://www.nmnh.si.edu/msw/.","conceptName":"<i>Callorhinus ursinus</i>","taxonomicComments":"Gardner and Robbins (1998) pointed out that <i>Otoes </i>and <i>Halarctus </i>are the earliest available generic names for northern and southern fur seals, respectively; they have petitioned the ICZN to preserve the generic names <i>Callorhinus </i>and <i>Arctocephalus </i>for these seals.","roundedGRank":"G3","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2008-01-11","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":null,"primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":167521,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N3","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":265409,"subnation":{"id":44,"nameEn":"Oregon","nameEs":"Oregón","nameFr":"Oregon","subnationCode":"OR","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNA","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNA","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":265409,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":288800,"subnation":{"id":7,"nameEn":"California","nameEs":"California","nameFr":"Californie","subnationCode":"CA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":288800,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":394277,"subnation":{"id":1,"nameEn":"Alaska","nameEs":"Alaska","nameFr":"Alaska","subnationCode":"AK","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S2","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":394277,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":1997,"nrank":"N3","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":167521,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementNationalId":163941,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":38,"nameEn":"Canada","nameEs":"Canadá","nameFr":"Canada","isoCode":"CA","region":"Canada"},"roundedNRank":"N2N","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":271995,"subnation":{"id":61,"nameEn":"British Columbia","nameEs":"Columbia Británica","nameFr":"Colombie-Britannique","subnationCode":"BC","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S3N","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3S4N","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":271995,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":2024,"nrank":"N2N","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":163941,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-03T03:02:24.97119Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.106425/Callorhinus_ursinus","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"1996-11-18","grankReviewDate":"2016-04-04","grankReasons":"Occurs in the North Pacific Ocean; declines have occurred in recent decades in the north, but California breeding population has increased; population decline in the Pribilof Islands in the 1980s apparently was due to harvests of females during the 1960s, increased mortality at sea (e.g., due to entanglement in debris such as discarded fishing nets), and perhaps reduced prey availability caused by increased commercial fishing; substantial numbers are killed in the high-seas squid driftnet fishery.","grank":"G3","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":106425,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":null,"numberEos":null,"numberGoodEos":null,"numberProtEos":null,"popSize":{"id":33,"popSizeDescEn":"10,000 to >1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 10.000 a >1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 10 000 à >1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":null,"shortTermTrend":null,"threatImpactAssigned":null,"rangeExtentComments":"Breeding range is mostly the eastern and western Bering Sea and Sea of Okhotsk; also the vicinity of San Miguel Island, California. Primary breeding sites are the Pribilof Islands (St. Paul and St. George) in the eastern Bering Sea and the Commander Islands in the western Bering Sea; smaller breeding rookeries are on Robben Island in the Sea of Okhotsk, on the Kuril Islands north of Japan, on Bogoslof Island in the eastern Aleutians, and on San Miguel Island (Adams Cove, Castle Rock) in southern California (Reeves et al. 1992). A few haul out seasonally on Southeast Farallon Island and (rarely) on San Nicolas Island, California (Reeves et al. 1992). In winter, the species ranges south to the Honshu coast, Japan, to California, and occasionally the Mexican coast in the eastern Pacific. Adult females range farther south in winter than do males, about which little is known regarding nonbreeding distribution (perhaps remain near the Aleutians).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":null,"popSizeComments":"Total population was estimated at 1.75 million in 1976, with nearly 900,000 in the Pribilofs and 256,000 in the Commander Islands. The Pribilof herd totaled about 2.5 million in the late 1950s; total population in 1983 was estimated at about 1.2 million (NMFS, Federal Register, 15 March 1996); in 2002, population estimate was 888,120 (NMFS 2003). San Miguel Island, California, population was about 10,500 in the mid-1990s (Barlow et al., cited by NMFS, Federal Register, 15 March 1996). Nearly 1,400 pups were born at the two San Miguel Island rookeries in 1988 (Reeves et al. 1992) and 2,634 in 1994 (Barlow et al.).","viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"Population decline in the Pribilof Islands in the 1980s apparently was due to harvests of females during the 1960s, increased mortality at sea (e.g., due to entanglement in debris such as discarded fishing nets), and perhaps reduced prey availability caused by increased commercial fishing in the North Pacific and Bering Sea. Substantial numbers are killed in the high-seas squid driftnet fishery between 40 and 50 degrees N latitude (Reeves et al. 1992). Until a new international fur seal treaty is established, this species remains vulnerable to renewed killing at sea.","shortTermTrendComments":"Population in the eastern North Pacific has declined significantly over the past 30 years (Baird and Hanson 1997). Births on St. Paul Island (Pribilofs) declined from 278,000 in 1975 to 171,000 in 1989 (Reeves et al. 1992). Between 1998 and 2002, pup production declined 5.1% per year on St. Paul and 5.4% per year on St. George (Pribilofs). Counts in 2000 and 2002 were lower than previous years. Current estimate of pup production is now below 1921 levels on St. Paul and below 1916 levels on St. George (NMFS 2001 stock assessment, NMFS 2003). San Miguel Island population has been growing since its discovery in 1968, though there was a decline in births in the 1980s associated with reduced prey availability during El Nino.","longTermTrendComments":null,"inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":null,"protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":106425,"majorHabitat":{"id":1,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Marine","majorHabitatDescEs":"Marino","majorHabitatDescFr":"Marine"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":true,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Males arrive in breeding areas in late May and early June, migrate south to winter range from early August to early October. Females and young migrate south beginning in October (e.g., see Ragen et al. 1995 for information on migration from St. Paul Island south through the Aleutian Islands), gone from Bering Sea by late November; begin returning north to rookeries in March (Reeves et al. 1992). San Miguel Island population probably stays in California waters all year.","foodHabitsComments":"Feeds mostly on small schooling fishes and squids, including a wide variety of species in both groups. Occasionally eats birds. Feeds mostly at night. Adult males fast 1-2 months during breeding season. In the Pribilof Islands, lactating females forage usually within 160 km of rookery, occasionally up to 430 km away; feeding dives average about 68 m, sometimes exceed 200 m (Reeves et al. 1992).","animalPhenologyComments":"Feeds mostly at night. Active day and night in breeding aggregations.","colonialBreeder":true,"length":null,"width":null,"weight":270000,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":101297,"animalPhenology":{"id":4,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Nocturnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Nocturno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Nocturne","displayOrder":4},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":102492,"foodHabits":{"id":2,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescFr":"Piscivore","displayOrder":2},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":102493,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1300,"locationUseClass":{"id":2,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Breeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"En reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Reproduction","displayOrder":2},"eoSpecGroupName":null,"subtypes":"Breeding Rookery, Feeding concentration area","inferredExtentDistance":10.0,"inferredExtentNotes":"A conservative estimate.","minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes reliable observation and documentation of breeding individuals over several years. Breeding occurrences include both the mating/pupping area and the surrounding waters used as feeding grounds by the  fur seals during the mating season.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":10.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Measured along shore or across straits. Distance arbitrary.","versionDate":"2001-08-08","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:27:29.036687Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":106425,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":107822,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:31:26.233038Z"}],"references":[{"id":1151804,"citation":"American Society of Mammalogists (ASM). 2025. Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.13) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10595931. Online. Available: https://www.mammaldiversity.org/","shortCitationAuthor":"American Society of Mammalogists (ASM)","shortCitationYear":2025,"referenceCode":"W25ASM01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-04-04T21:45:15.526109Z"},{"id":127158,"citation":"Baird, R. W., and M. B. Hanson. 1997. Status of the northern fur seal, <i>Callorhinus ursinus</i>, in Canada. Canadian Field-Naturalist 111:263-269.","shortCitationAuthor":"Baird and Hanson","shortCitationYear":1997,"referenceCode":"A97BAI01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:27:29.036687Z"},{"id":119122,"citation":"Banfield, A. W. F. 1974. The mammals of Canada. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada. 438 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Banfield","shortCitationYear":1974,"referenceCode":"B74BAN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:03.631914Z"},{"id":622911,"citation":"Barlow, J., S.L. Swartz, T.C. Eagle, and P.R. Wade. 1995. U.S. Marine Mammal Stock Assessments: Guidelines for Preparation, Background, and a Summary of the 1995 Assessments. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-OPR-6, 73 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Barlow et al.","shortCitationYear":1995,"referenceCode":"N95BAR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:27:29.036687Z"},{"id":759420,"citation":"Bradley, R.D., L.K. Ammerman, R.J. Baker, L.C. Bradley, J.A. Cook. R.C. Dowler, C. Jones, D.J. Schmidly, F.B. Stangl Jr., R.A. Van den Bussche and B. Würsig. 2014. Revised checklist of North American mammals north of Mexico, 2014. Museum of Texas Tech University Occasional Papers 327:1-28. Available at: http://www.nsrl.ttu.edu/publications/opapers/ops/OP327.pdf","shortCitationAuthor":"Bradley et al.","shortCitationYear":2014,"referenceCode":"A14BRA01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:17.880059Z"},{"id":108992,"citation":"Gardner, A. L., and C. B. Robbins. 1998. Generic names of northern and southern fur seals (Mammalia: Otariidae). Marine Mammal Science 14:544-551.","shortCitationAuthor":"Gardner and Robbins","shortCitationYear":1998,"referenceCode":"A98GAR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:49.024119Z"},{"id":101836,"citation":"Gentry, R. L., and G. L. Kooyman. 1986. Fur seals. Maternal strategies on land and at sea. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, New Jersey. 291 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Gentry and Kooyman","shortCitationYear":1986,"referenceCode":"B86GEN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:27:29.036687Z"},{"id":125853,"citation":"Ingles, L. G. 1965. Mammals of the Pacific States. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ingles","shortCitationYear":1965,"referenceCode":"B65ING01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:30.538578Z"},{"id":156383,"citation":"Jones, J. K., Jr., R. S. Hoffman, D. W. Rice, C. Jones, R. J. Baker, and M. D. Engstrom. 1992a. Revised checklist of North American mammals north of Mexico, 1991. Occasional Papers, The Museum, Texas Tech University, 146:1-23.","shortCitationAuthor":"Jones et al.","shortCitationYear":1992,"referenceCode":"B92JON01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:17.880059Z"},{"id":1157521,"citation":"Loughlin, T. R., G. A. Antonelis, J. D. Baker, A. E. York, C. W. Fowler, R. L. DeLong, and H. W. Braham. 1994. Status of the northern fur seal population in the United States during 1992. In: E.H. Sinclair (ed.), Fur Seal Investigations, 1992. U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-AFSC-45:9-28.","shortCitationAuthor":"Loughlin et al.","shortCitationYear":1994,"referenceCode":"R94LOU01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-10-04T02:22:45.147337Z"},{"id":622910,"citation":"National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). 15 March 1996. Small Takes of Marine Mammals Incidental to Specified Activities; Titan II and IV Launch Vehicles at Vandenberg Air Force Base, CA. Federal Register 61(52): 10727-10732.","shortCitationAuthor":"NMFS","shortCitationYear":1996,"referenceCode":"N96NMF01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:27:29.036687Z"},{"id":134916,"citation":"National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). 1985. Annual Report 1984/1985, Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972.","shortCitationAuthor":"National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)","shortCitationYear":1985,"referenceCode":"B85NMF01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:49.024119Z"},{"id":764478,"citation":"National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). 2001. Northern fur seal (<i>Callorhinus ursinus</i>): Eastern Pacific stock. Marine mammal stock assesment report. Region 10 National Marine Fisheries Service. NOAA Fisheries.","shortCitationAuthor":"National Marine Fisheries Service","shortCitationYear":2001,"referenceCode":"N01NMF61HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:27:29.036687Z"},{"id":764481,"citation":"National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). 2003. The setting of the annual subsistence harvest take ranges of northern fur seals on the Pribilof Islands for the period 2003-2005. Environmental assessment, April 2003. 120 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"National Marine Fisheries Service","shortCitationYear":2003,"referenceCode":"N03NMF62HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:27:29.036687Z"},{"id":137443,"citation":"Ragen, T. J., G. A. Antonelis, and M. Kiyota. 1995. Early migration of northern fur seal pups from St. Paul Island, Alaska. Journal of Mammalogy 76:1137-1148.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ragen et al.","shortCitationYear":1995,"referenceCode":"A95RAG01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:27:29.036687Z"},{"id":148264,"citation":"Reeves, R. R., B. S. Stewart, and S. Leatherwood. 1992. The Sierra Club Handbook of Seals and Sirenians. Sierra Club Books, San Francisco, California. xvi + 359 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Reeves et al.","shortCitationYear":1992,"referenceCode":"B92REE01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:59.398399Z"},{"id":138742,"citation":"Rice, D. W. 1998. Marine mammals of the world: systematics and distribution. Society for Marine Mammalogy, Special Publication Number 4. ix + 231 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Rice","shortCitationYear":1998,"referenceCode":"B98RIC01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:01.866439Z"},{"id":150084,"citation":"Ridgway, S. H., and R. Harrison. 1981. Handbook of marine mammals. Vol. 1. The walrus, sea lions, fur seals and sea otter. Academic Press, New York. 235 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ridgway and Harrison","shortCitationYear":1981,"referenceCode":"B81RID01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:49.024119Z"},{"id":149240,"citation":"Riedman, M. 1990a. The Pinnipeds: Seals, Sea Lions and Walruses. University of California Press, Berkeley, California. xxiii + 439 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Riedman","shortCitationYear":1990,"referenceCode":"B90RIE01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:59.398399Z"},{"id":148964,"citation":"Wickens, P., and A. E. York. 1997. Comparative population dynamics of fur seals. Marine Mammal Science 13:241-292.","shortCitationAuthor":"Wickens and York","shortCitationYear":1997,"referenceCode":"A97WIC01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:49.024119Z"},{"id":117022,"citation":"Wilson, D. E., and D. M. Reeder (editors). 1993. Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. xviii + 1206 pp. Available online at: http://www.nmnh.si.edu/msw/.","shortCitationAuthor":"Wilson and Reeder","shortCitationYear":1993,"referenceCode":"B93WIL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:17.880059Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[{"id":133293,"name":"Otarie à fourrure du Nord","language":"FR"}],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":106425,"cites":null,"cosewic":{"id":4,"cosewicDescEn":"Threatened","cosewicDescEs":"Amenazado","cosewicDescFr":"Menacée","cosewicCode":"T"},"fwsRegion":null,"genusSize":{"id":1,"genusSizeDescEn":"Monotypic genus","genusSizeDescEs":"Género monotípico","genusSizeDescFr":"Genre monotypique"},"jurisEndem":{"id":5,"jurisEndemDescEn":"occurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations","jurisEndemDescEs":"Se encuentra en varias naciones (de manera regular, como un taxón nativo)","jurisEndemDescFr":"Se trouve dans plusieurs nations (de façon régulière, tel un taxon indigène)"},"nomenclaturallyEst":null,"usesa":null,"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":6,"level1":"Animals","level2":"Vertebrates","level3":"Mammals","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":2,"distributionStatus":"complete","displayOrder":1090},"parentSpecies":null,"infraspecies":false,"kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Craniata","taxclass":"Mammalia","taxorder":"Carnivora","family":"Otariidae","genus":"Callorhinus","americanFisheriesStatus":null,"americanFisheriesStatusDate":null,"saraStatus":null,"saraStatusDate":null,"cosewicDate":"2022-12-03","interpretedCosewic":null,"cosewicComments":"Reason for designation: The population of this eared seal that is found in Canadian Pacific waters comes from a limited number of small breeding colonies on 3 islands in Alaska (87%), 3 sets of islands in Russia (10%), and 2 islands in California (3%). The number of pups born annually is used as an index of population size and has declined in Alaska by 84% since 1950. Ongoing declines in Canada have been slowed by growth of a new colony on a small volcanically active Aleutian island, and recolonization of an extirpated colony in California. However, the estimated number of mature individuals occurring in Canadian waters has still declined by 39% over the past 30 years (1990–2020). Causes of the continuing population decline are not fully understood, but this species is impacted by on–going threats which include entanglement in marine debris, disturbance, pollution, decline in habitat quality, and reduced availability of prey due to fisheries and climate change.<br/><br/>Status history: Designated Not at Risk in April 1996. Status re-examined and designated Threatened in April 2006. Status re-examined and confirmed in November 2010 and December 2022.","usesaDate":null,"interpretedUsesa":null,"usesaComments":null,"completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[],"infraspeciesList":[{"infraspeciesId":1384889,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1384889","formattedScientificName":"<i>Callorhinus ursinus</i> pop. 1","scientificName":"Callorhinus ursinus pop. 1","primaryCommonName":"Northern Fur Seal, Eastern Pacific Stock","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1384889/Callorhinus_ursinus_pop_1"}],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":false,"ebarGlobalScope":false,"ebarKbaGroup":"Mammals","caGeneralStatusId":"GS001495"},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":106425,"reproductionComments":"Females arrive at rookery mainly in June, with some arriving as late as early August. Pups are born 2-3 days after pregnant females arrive. Pupping peaks about July 15, usually ends about August 1. Mating occurs 4-7 days after single pup is born. In the Pribilofs, pups are weaned in October and November, about 125 days after birth; young go to sea soon afterward. Females sexually mature usually at 4-5 years, few males breed before they are 8-9 years old. In a given year, about 57% of adult females give birth. Few males breed in more than 2 seasons. Maximum longevity about 26 years. Male territory may contain from less than 10 to about 100 females.","ecologyComments":"Solitary or slightly gregarious at sea. <br><br>Large sharks, killer whales, and northern sea lions are the primary predators. Mortality rate is nearly 50% in first year; natural mortality averages 10-20% per year for 2-3-year-olds, 10-11% for mature females, and 32-38% for adult males (Reeves et al. 1992). <br><br>Some movement occurs among rookeries; immigrants from the Pribilof, Commander, and Robben islands contributed to growth of the San Miguel Island colony, and recent repopulation of the Kuril Islands evidently resulted from immigration of seals from western and eastern Bering Sea rookeries (Reeves et al. 1992).","habitatComments":"Open ocean and coastal waters. 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