{"elementGlobalId":106330,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":5,"iucnDescEn":"Vulnerable","iucnDescEs":"Vulnerable","iucnDescFr":"Vulnérable","iucnCode":"VU"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":4,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":"Expertise without calculation","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by inspection","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Catharus bicknelli</i>","scientificName":"Catharus bicknelli","scientificNameAuthor":"(Ridgway, 1882)","primaryCommonName":"Bicknell's Thrush","relatedItisNames":"<i>Catharus bicknelli</i> (Ridgway, 1882) (TSN 554148)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.106330","elcode":"ABPBJ18120","conceptRefFullCitation":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1998. Check-list of North American birds. Seventh edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. [as modified by subsequent supplements and corrections published in <i>The Auk</i>]. Also available online: http://www.aou.org/.","conceptName":"<i>Catharus bicknelli</i>","taxonomicComments":"Formerly included as a subspecies of <i>C. minimus</i>; elevated to full species status by Ouellet (1993) (see also McLaren 1995); not known to intergrade/hybridize with <i>C. minimus</i>. AOU (1995) accepted full species status for <i>C. bicknelli</i> Formerly placed in genus <i>Hylocichla</i> (AOU 1983).","roundedGRank":"G4","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2014-10-07","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Jue, Dean K.","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":168207,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United 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in the northeastern U.S. and southeastern Canada, winter records are from the West Indies; apparently stable in New York/New England, but overall conservation status is not well known.","grank":"G4","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":106330,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":{"id":8,"enviromentalSpecificityDescEn":"Moderate.  Generalist or community with some key requirements scarce.","enviromentalSpecificityDescEs":"Moderado.  Generalista o comunidad con algunos requisitos claves escasos.","enviromentalSpecificityDescFr":"Modéré. Généralistes ou communautés répondant à certains critères clés sont rares."},"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":4,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Moderately vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"Moderadamente vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"Moyennement vulnérable"},"longTermTrend":{"id":46,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Unknown","longTermTrendDescEs":"Desconocido","longTermTrendDescFr":"Inconnu"},"numberEos":{"id":14,"numberEosDescEn":"81 to >300","numberEosDescEs":"De 81 a >300","numberEosDescFr":"De 81 à >300"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":20,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Many to very many (41 to >125)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Muchos a muy muchos (41 a >125)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"De plusieurs à beaucoup (de 41 à >125)"},"numberProtEos":{"id":11,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Several to many (4-40) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"De unas pocas a varias ocurrencias (4 a 40) protegidas y debidamente controladas","numberProtEosDescFr":"De quelques à plusieurs occurrences (de 4 à 40) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":31,"popSizeDescEn":"10,000 - 100,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 10.000 a 100.000 individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 10 000 à 100 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":17,"rangeExtentDescEn":"250-20,000 square km (about 100-8000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"250 a 20.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 100 a 8.000 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 250 à 20 000 km carrés (de 100 à 8 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":31,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 30-50%","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 30 al 50%.","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 30 à 50 %"},"threatImpactAssigned":null,"rangeExtentComments":"BREEDING: eastern New York (south to the Catskill Mountains), Massachusetts (formerly, on Mount Greylock), central and northern Vermont, northern New Hampshire, Maine, southern Nova Scotia (has disappeared from Seal Island), Magdalen Islands (at least formerly), Gaspe Peninsula, interior highlands of New Brunswick, and (formerly) along the north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence from Natashquan, Quebec, east to Cape Saint Charles, southern Labrador (AOU 1957, Rimmer et al. 1993). In the U.S., mainly at elevations above 3000 ft; in 1992, found on 4 peaks lower than 3000 ft. In Quebec, elevations of 175-1160 (Ouellet 1993).  NON-BREEDING: poorly documented; known from Hispaniola, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and St. Croix; winter stronghold almost certainly is the Dominican Republic (Rimmer 1996); not known from Central or South America (Ouellet 1993). Migration records encompass eastern coastal states of U.S. and Bahamas (Ouellet 1993).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":"An estimate.  Males have a home range size of about 5 hectares (Rimmer, et. al. 2001).","numberEosComments":"In 1992-1993 surveys, found on 230 peaks of 332 surveyed in New York and New England found at 61 of 71 historical breeding sites surveyed (Rimmer 1996).","popSizeComments":"Total breeding population probably is 7500-15,000 pairs (Rimmer 1996). In June-July surveys in 1992, populations ranged from only one or two pairs on 70 peaks to as many as 250 pairs on Mount Mansfield in Vermont (Rimmer et al. 1993; Audubon, November-December 1993, pp. 116-118).  The most recent surveys has a global estimate of 95,000 to 126,000 individuals (Birdlife International, 2014).","viabilityComments":"An estimate.  Some undoubtedly in state parks / wildlife management areas, etc.  Much of habitat is probably fairliy undisturbed by human activity.","threatImpactComments":"Threatened by the damaging effects of acid precipitation and airborne pollution, habitat loss from ski area development and transmission tower construction, and overuse by hikers; global climate change is a potential threat (Rimmer et al. 1993). Wind power development is an increasing threat in parts of the breeding range (Rimmer 1996). Deforestation in the winter range probably has eliminated much of its habitat and human settlements are expected to double over the next few years (Rimmer 1996; National Audubon Society, 2014).","shortTermTrendComments":"May be declining in north and south, but distribution in New England and New York has not undergone significant recent change; conservation status is uncertain (Rimmer et al. 1993). Annual declines of 7 - 19% have been documented in parts of the species' breeding range (Birdlife International, 2014);","longTermTrendComments":"Locall extirpations documented but no clear evidence of rangewide declines (Rimmer, et. al. 2001).","inventoryNeeds":"Determine current population size; determine range in Canada (Rimmer 1996).","numberProtEosComments":"Estimate.  Number of EOs in protected conservation lands is obviousliy less than \"good\" EOs.","protectionNeeds":"Better vegetation management at all sites where this species either breeds or winters is needed","otherConsiderations":"None","intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":"Degradation of its limited wintering range in the Greater Antilles is a problem (National Audubon Society, 2014; Rimmer, et. al., 2001), as is elimination of its breeing range due to climate change and logging.  ","enviromentalSpecificityComments":"Utilizes montane forests, which is getting to be a scarce resource in its wintering range although such forests are more common in its breeding range (Rimmer, et.al.  2001)."},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":106330,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":true,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Migrates through the U.S. mainly east of the Alleghenies (AOU 1957); through eastern coastal states (Ouellet 1993). Departs from northern New England in late Septemeber or early October, returns in mid- to late May (Rimmer 1996).","foodHabitsComments":"Eats mainly insects and other invertebrates and small fruits (Terres 1980).","animalPhenologyComments":"Singing activity is most frequent in early to mid-June (Rimmer et al. 1993).","colonialBreeder":false,"length":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":101222,"animalPhenology":{"id":3,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Diurnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Diurno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Diurne","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":101223,"animalPhenology":{"id":5,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Crepuscular","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Crepuscular","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Crépusculaire","displayOrder":5},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":102360,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":102361,"foodHabits":{"id":6,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Frugivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Frugívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Frugivore","displayOrder":6},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":124587,"locationUseClass":{"id":2,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Breeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"En reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Reproduction","displayOrder":2},"eoSpecGroupName":"Passerines","subtypes":"Foraging Area, Nest Site, Nesting Colony","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of historical breeding, or current and likely recurring breeding, at a given location, minimally a reliable observation of one or more breeding pairs in appropriate habitat. Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single breeding events outside the normal breeding distribution.","mappingGuidance":"Breeding occurrences include nesting areas as well as foraging areas.<br/><br/>For swallows and other species that have separate nesting and foraging areas, separations are based on nest sites or nesting areas, not to locations of foraging individuals. For example, nesting areas separated by a gap larger than the separation distance are different occurrences, regardless of the foraging locations of individuals from those nesting areas. This separation procedure is appropriate because nesting areas are the critical aspect of swallow breeding occurrences, tend to be relatively stable or at least somewhat predictable in general location, and so are the basis for effective conservation; foraging areas are much more flexible and not necessarily static.","separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Significant dispersal and associated high potential for gene flow among populations of birds separated by tens of kilometers (e.g., Moore and Dolbeer 1989), and increasing evidence that individuals leave their usual home range to engage in extrapair copulations, as well as long foraging excursions of some species, make it difficult to circumscribe occurrences on the basis of meaningful population units without occurrences becoming too large. Hence, a moderate, standardized separation distance has been adopted for songbirds and flycatchers; it should yield occurrences that are not too spatially expansive while also accounting for the likelihood of gene flow among populations within a few kilometers of each other.<br/><br/>Be careful not to separate a population's nesting areas and foraging areas as different occurrences; include them in the same occurrence even if they are more than 5 km apart. Mean foraging radius (from nesting area) of Brown-headed Cowbird females was 4.0 kilometers in California, 1.2 kilometers in Illinois-Missouri (Thompson 1994). Yellow-headed Blackbirds, Brewer's Blackbirds, and probably Red-winged Blackbirds all forage up to 1.6 kilometers away from breeding colony (Willson 1966, Horn 1968). In one study, Brewer's Blackbirds were found as far as 10 kilometers from nesting area (Williams 1952), but this may be unusual.<br/><br/>For swallows and other passerines with similar behavioral ecology, separation distance pertains to nest sites or nesting colonies, not to locations of foraging individuals. For example, nesting areas separated by a gap of more than 5 km are different occurrences, regardless of the foraging locations of individuals from those nesting areas. This separation procedure is appropriate because nesting areas are the critical aspect of swallow breeding occurrences, tend to be relatively stable or at least somewhat predictable in general location, and so are the basis for effective conservation; foraging areas are much more flexible and not necessarily static.<br/><br/>Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single breeding events outside the normal breeding distribution.<br/><br/>Unsuitable habitat: Habitat not normally used for breeding/feeding by a particular species. For example, unsuitable habitat for grassland and shrubland birds includes forest/woodland, urban/suburban, and aquatic habitats. Most habitats would be suitable for birds with versatile foraging habits (e.g., most corvids).","versionDate":"2004-09-10","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2025-12-05T22:48:36.225047Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":124588,"locationUseClass":{"id":3,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Nonbreeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"No reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Non-reproduction","displayOrder":3},"eoSpecGroupName":"Passerines","subtypes":"Foraging Area, Roost Site","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Any area used traditionally in the nonbreeding season (used for populations that are not resident in a location year-round). Minimally, reliable observations of 10 or more individuals in appropriate habitat for 20 or more days at a time. For G1-G3 species, observations of fewer individuals could constitute an occurrence of conservation value. Sites used during migration should be documented under the 'migratory stopover' location use class.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance is necessarily arbitrary but attempts to balance the high mobility of birds with the need for occurrences of reasonable spatial scope. Note that a population's roost sites and foraging areas are parts of the same occurrence, even if they are more than 5 km apart.<br/><br/>For swallows and other species with similar behavioral ecology, the separation distance pertains to communal roost sites rather than to foraging areas; the former tend to be more stable and specific over time than the latter.","versionDate":"2004-09-03","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2025-12-05T22:48:36.225047Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":124589,"locationUseClass":{"id":4,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Migratory stopover","locationUseClassDescEs":"Parada migratoria","locationUseClassDescFr":"Halte migratoire","displayOrder":5},"eoSpecGroupName":"Passerines","subtypes":"Foraging Area, Roost Site","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"For most passerines: Evidence of recurring presence of migrating individuals (including historical) and potential recurring presence at a given location; minimally a reliable observation of 25 birds in appropriate habitat.<br/><br/>For swallows: Evidence of recurring presence of migrating flocks (including historical) and potential recurring presence at a given location; minimally a reliable observation of 100 birds in appropriate habitat (e.g., traditional roost sites).<br/><br/>Occurrences should be locations where the species is resident for some time during the appropriate season; it is preferable to have observations documenting presence over at least 7 days annually.<br/><br/>EOs should not be described for species that are nomadic during nonbreeding season: e.g., Lark Bunting.<br/><br/>Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single events.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance somewhat arbitrary but intended to define occurrences of manageable size for conservation purposes. Occurrences defined primarily on the basis of areas supporting concentrations of birds, rather than on the basis of distinct populations.<br/><br/>For swallows and other species with similar behavioral ecology, the separation distance pertains to communal roost sites rather than to foraging areas; the former tend to be more stable and specific over time than the latter.","versionDate":"2004-09-03","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G., and S. Cannings","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2025-12-05T22:48:36.225047Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":124586,"locationUseClass":{"id":13,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Nonmigratory","locationUseClassDescEs":"No migratorio","locationUseClassDescFr":"Non migratrice","displayOrder":20},"eoSpecGroupName":"Passerines","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a particular location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals in or near appropriate habitat.<br/><br/>These occurrence specifications are used for nonmigratory populations of passerine birds.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Significant dispersal and associated high potential for gene flow among populations of birds separated by tens of kilometers (e.g., Moore and Dolbeer 1989), and increasing evidence that individuals leave their usual home range to engage in extrapair copulations, as well as long foraging excursions of some species, make it difficult to circumscribe occurrences on the basis of meaningful population units without occurrences becoming too large. Hence, a moderate, standardized separation distance has been adopted for songbirds and flycatchers; it should yield occurrences that are not too spatially expansive while also accounting for the likelihood of gene flow among populations within a few kilometers of each other.<br/><br/>Be careful not to separate a population's nesting areas and breeding-season foraging areas as different occurrences; include them in the same occurrence even if they are more than 5 km apart. Blue jays have small summer home ranges but fly up to 4 kilometers to harvest mast (Tarvin and Woolfenden 1999). Flocks of pinyon jays range over 21-29 square kilometers (Ligon 1971, Balda and Bateman 1971); nesting and foraging areas may be widely separated. Tricolored blackbirds forage in flocks that range widely to more than 15 kilometers from the nesting colony (Beedy and Hamilton 1999).<br/><br/>Unsuitable habitat: Habitat not normally used for breeding/feeding by a particular species. For example, unsuitable habitat for grassland and shrubland birds includes forest/woodland, urban/suburban, and aquatic habitats. Most habitats would be suitable for birds with versatile foraging habits (e.g., most corvids).","versionDate":"2004-09-10","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":"These specs pertain to nonmigratory species.","lastModified":"2025-12-05T22:48:36.225047Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":106330,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":"Presence-absence surveys are best conducted during the first three weeks of June (Rimmer et al. 1993).","managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":"Vermont Institute of Natural Science (802-457-2779) and Manomet Bird Observatory initiated field surveys in 1992 (Rimmer et al. 1993).","managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":"Determine population trends, demographics, impacts of habitat degradation, migration routes and ecology, and winter ecology (Rimmer 1996).","additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":107729,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:31:11.249321Z"}],"references":[{"id":105760,"citation":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1957. 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Information from several survey sources confirms that breeding numbers continue to decline markedly, with the recent loss from coastal breeding sites and former strongholds on Cape Breton Island. Declines are expected to continue into the future in response to a range of threats. These include loss of forested wintering habitat on Caribbean islands, impacts of introduced Moose on Cape Breton and non-native rats on wintering grounds, habitat alteration from precommercial thinning and conversion of fir forests to spruce plantations, and impacts of climate change on forest composition.<br/><br/>Status history: Designated Special Concern in April 1999. Status re-examined and designated Threatened in November 2009. 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Nests generally are situated close to the trunk in the upper half of a small-to-medium-sized fir or spruce, typically in conifer thickets, often on steep slopes (Rimmer 1996). In migration and winter also in deciduous forest, forest borders, open woodland, second growth, and scrub. Winter habitat may be restricted to primary tropical forest (Rimmer et al. 1993). Occurred at fairly high densities in moist, broad-leafed montane forest in the Dominican Republic (Rimmer 1996).","generalDescription":null,"diagnosticCharacteristics":"Smaller and typically richer brown dorsally than the gray-cheeked thrush; tail color (with various amounts of chestnut) contrasts with the back color in Bicknell's whereas there is little contrast in gray-cheeked thrush; pale area at base of bill is yellowish in Bicknell's, fleshy-pink in gray-cheeked; white of ventral region is duller than in gray-cheeked thrush; songs differ as well, with those of Bicknell's ending on an even or ascending pitch whereas the gray-cheeked's descends (Rimmer et al. 1993, Ouellet 1993). However, Bicknell's thrush from the Gaspe Peninsula lacks bright yellow on the mandible, and some Newfoundland gray-cheeked thrushes have more extensively pale mandibles, \"warm\" plumage tones, and appear to have a chestnut tail (McLaren 1995). 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