{"elementGlobalId":106179,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":5,"iucnDescEn":"Vulnerable","iucnDescEs":"Vulnerable","iucnDescFr":"Vulnérable","iucnCode":"VU"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":7,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":" Rank calculation - Biotics v2","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by calculator","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Lepidochelys olivacea</i>","scientificName":"Lepidochelys olivacea","scientificNameAuthor":"(Eschscholtz, 1829)","primaryCommonName":"Olive Ridley Sea Turtle","relatedItisNames":"<i>Lepidochelys olivacea</i> (Eschscholtz, 1829) (TSN 173840)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.106179","elcode":"ARAAA04020","conceptRefFullCitation":"King, F. W., and R. L. Burke, editors. 1989. Crocodilian, tuatara, and turtle species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Association of Systematics Collections, Washington, D.C. 216 pp.","conceptName":"<i>Lepidochelys olivacea</i>","taxonomicComments":null,"roundedGRank":"G3","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2022-09-29","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Gaines, E. (2022)","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":168822,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N1N","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":815930,"subnation":{"id":1,"nameEn":"Alaska","nameEs":"Alaska","nameFr":"Alaska","subnationCode":"AK","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNA","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNA","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":815930,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":267166,"subnation":{"id":16,"nameEn":"Hawaii","nameEs":"Hawai","nameFr":"Hawaï","subnationCode":"HI","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":267166,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":1290879,"subnation":{"id":48,"nameEn":"South Carolina","nameEs":"Carolina del Sur","nameFr":"Caroline du Sud","subnationCode":"SC","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNA","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNA","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":1290879,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":390120,"subnation":{"id":7,"nameEn":"California","nameEs":"California","nameFr":"Californie","subnationCode":"CA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNA","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNA","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":390120,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":283946,"subnation":{"id":44,"nameEn":"Oregon","nameEs":"Oregón","nameFr":"Oregon","subnationCode":"OR","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNA","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNA","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":283946,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":1996,"nrank":"N1N","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":168822,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T21:47:29.725205Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.106179/Lepidochelys_olivacea","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"2022-09-29","grankReviewDate":"2022-09-29","grankReasons":"The olive ridley is the most common and most broadly distributed sea turtle, but populations have declined dramatically over the last 50 years (30-50% worldwide). Its broad range in the subtropical Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic oceans and numerous threats that vary across the range makes precise ranking difficult. The species receives protection in some parts of its range, but populations continue to be threatened by habitat loss, incidental take associated with fisheries, and exploitation.","grank":"G2G4","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":106179,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":{"id":8,"enviromentalSpecificityDescEn":"Moderate.  Generalist or community with some key requirements scarce.","enviromentalSpecificityDescEs":"Moderado.  Generalista o comunidad con algunos requisitos claves escasos.","enviromentalSpecificityDescFr":"Modéré. Généralistes ou communautés répondant à certains critères clés sont rares."},"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":4,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Moderately vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"Moderadamente vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"Moyennement vulnérable"},"longTermTrend":{"id":4,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of >50%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de >50%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de >50 %"},"numberEos":{"id":13,"numberEosDescEn":"81 - 300","numberEosDescEs":"De 81 a 300","numberEosDescFr":"De 81 à 300"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":13,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Few to some (4-40)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Pocos a algunos (4-40)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"De peu à quelques-uns (de 4 à 40)"},"numberProtEos":null,"popSize":{"id":36,"popSizeDescEn":">1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":">1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":">1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":35,"rangeExtentDescEn":">2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":">2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (más ","rangeExtentDescFr":">2 500 000 km carrés (plus de 1 000 000 miles carrés)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":31,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 30-50%","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 30 al 50%.","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 30 à 50 %"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":3,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Very high - medium","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Muy alto - medio","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Moyen — très élevé"},"rangeExtentComments":"The olive ridley sea turtle has a circumtropical distribution, nesting in nearly 60 countries worldwide, and migrating through the coastal waters of nearly 80 countries (Abreu-Grobois and Plotkin 2008). The range encompasses warmer waters of the Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic oceans (Zug et al. 1998).","areaOfOccupancy":{"id":97,"areaOfOccupancyType":{"id":4,"areaOfOccupancyTypeDescEn":"4-km2 grid cells","areaOfOccupancyTypeDescEs":"Células de la cuadrícula de 4 km2","areaOfOccupancyTypeDescFr":"Cellules de grille de 4 km2"},"areaOfOccupancyDescEn":"2,501-12,500","areaOfOccupancyDescEs":"De 2.501 a 12.500","areaOfOccupancyDescFr":"De 2 501 à 12 500","bioticsKey":44},"areaOfOccupancyComments":"Because of their circumtropical distribution, area of occupancy at nesting beaches is greater than 2,501 4km² grid cells. The species nests communally at a small number of arribada nesting beaches, but also nests singly at beaches in nearly 60 countries (Abreu-Grobois and Plotkin 2008). The area of occupancy is limited to breeding beaches. During the non-breeding season, olive ridley sea turtles are nomadic oceanic migrants and the area of occupancy during non-breeding periods is greater than 12,500 4km² grid cells.","numberEosComments":"Delineation of element occurrences is problematic for such a wide-ranging species, but available data suggest demographic independence between nesting sites over the last 40-60 years (Abreu-Grobois and Plotkin 2008). Globally there are over 15 known arribada beaches and over 50 identified non-arribada nesting beaches (Abreu-Grobois and Plotkin 2008, NMFS and USFWS 2014). Many countries do not monitor nesting and beaches are not identified.","popSizeComments":"This is the most abundant of all sea turtles. NMFS and USFWS (2014) estimate the at sea population at 1.39 million individuals (range 1.15 to 1.62 million). Population estimates are plagued by variable effort and methods. Concurrent surveys at three well known arribada beaches in Mexico and Costa Rica estimated over 450,000 nesting females in 2006 (Valverde 2007), but this is just a fraction of the global population.","viabilityComments":"Nesting populations are believed secure (stable or increasing, with at least some protection) at arribada beaches in Mexico, Costa Rica, and India and at non-arribada beaches in Indonesia, French Guiana, and Brazil (Abreu-Grobois and Plotkin 2008). However, most populations are declining or have unknown status.","threatImpactComments":"Although they face many widespread threats, the effects of these threats on population levels is not clear. This species is threatened by habitat degradation and disturbance at nesting beaches, pollution, incidental take associated with commercial fisheries, climate change, predation by humans and animals, infectious diseases and illegal trade (Cáceres-Farias et al. 2022). Beach development has increased in Central America and other parts of this species' range and results in loss of beach habitat, disturbance, changing thermal profiles, and increasing erosion, serve to decrease the amount of nesting area available to nesting females (NMFS and USFWS 2014). Marine pollution, including plastic debris, poses an unknown threat (NMFS and USFWS 2014). Oil spills are a threat, but their impact is unknown (NMFS and USFWS 2014). Light pollution at nesting beaches can alter adult behavior and reduce hatchling survival (Abreu-Grobois and Plotkin 2008).<br/><br/>The effect of aquaculture on this species is not known (Abreu-Grobois and Plotkin 2008).<br/><br/>Extensive over-harvesting of olive ridley sea turtles and their eggs caused severe population declines in some parts of the range (Abreu-Grobois and Plotkin 2008, NMFS and USFWS 2014). The level of commercial exploitation varies over the species' wide range, but has led to extirpations at some sites, and lowered genetic diversity at others (Abreu-Grobois and Plotkin 2008, NMFS and USFWS 2014). Egg harvesting continues, even in places where it has been prohibited, and in some places is widespread (Abreu-Grobois and Plotkin 2008). Law enforcement is insufficient in many areas. At unprotected beaches, egg removal can approach 100% (Abreu-Grobois and Plotkin 2008). Thousands of adults are illegally taken annually off the coast of Mexico. Subsistence harvest persists rangewide, and adults are harvested across the entire coast of Africa (Abreu-Grobois and Plotkin 2008). Additionally, bycatch incidental to commercial fishing occurs worldwide, killing thousands of individuals annually (Abreu-Grobois and Plotkin 2008).<br/><br/>The virus fibropapilloma occurs worldwide, but effects are believed to be minimal (Abreu-Grobois and Plotkin 2008). Infestation of developing eggs by fly and beetle larvae can cause significant mortality of embryos, reducing hatching rates to less than 5% (Abreu-Grobois and Plotkin 2008).<br/><br/>Although the scope of climate change is global, its effects are not clear. This species appears to be distributionally flexible at sea and perhaps is not strongly affected by changes is ocean temperatures (Plotkin 2010, NMFS and USFWS 2014). Olive ridley sea turtles have exhibited some plasticity to changing ocean conditions (Plotkin 2010), but effects of ongoing increased temperatures, sea level rise, and ocean acidification on sea turtles and their prey are unknown (NMFS and USFWS 2014). Increased sand temperatures will alter sex ratios at hatching, but the effect on populations is not clear (NMFS and USFWS 2014, Hays et al. 2014, 2022).","shortTermTrendComments":"Olive ridley populations have dramatically decreased during the last 50 years (Cáceres-Farias et al. 2022).Trend varies among different regions (NMFS and USFWS 2014). Some populations are increasing, some are stable, and others are declining. The time frame for short-term trend (three generations) probably is at least 40 years and may be much longer, so the coded short-term trend refers to the change since the 1960s. Abreu-Grobois and Plotkin (2008) estimate a global 31-36% decline in nesting female population. Time periods for the global estimate varied by site but were generally within the last 40-60 years (Abreu-Grobois and Plotkin 2008).<br/><br/>Trends at arribada and non-arribada beaches in Mexico have stabilized and are increasing at some sites (NMFS and USFWS 2014). Estimated trends elsewhere in the Eastern Pacific are variable with some sites decreasing, some increasing, and most unknown (NMFS and USFWS 2014). Trends at Indian Ocean arribada beaches are considered stable (Abreu-Grobois and Plotkin 2008), but trends at non arribada beaches are declining or unknown (NMFS and USFWS 2014). Populations at arribada beaches in the West Atlantic are very small, and the population in Suriname has declined by an estimated 90% since the late 1960s (NMFS and USFWS 2014).<br/><br/>Since the ban on the harvest of turtles in Mexico, a primary threat to the Mexican nesting population has been reduced and the population appears to be stabilizing, however illegal take of adult turtles and egg use remains widespread (NMFS and USFWS 2014). At La Escobilla, Mexico, the population increased from around 50,000 nests in 1988 to more than 1 million nests by 2000 (NMFS and USFWS 2014).","longTermTrendComments":"Range-wide, long term trends are variable, but severe declines have been documented, particularly in Mexico where all sites are considered depleted compared to historic abundance (Abreu-Grobois and Plotkin 2008, Rodríguez-Zárate et al. 2013, NMFS and USFWS 2014, Cáceres-Farias et al. 2022). Plot et al. (2012) estimated a 99% decline in the Western Atlantic over the last 20 centuries.","inventoryNeeds":"Long term monitoring and standardized survey methodology for nesting beaches are needed (Valverde 2007, Abreu-Grobois and Plotkin, NMFS and USFWS 2014).","numberProtEosComments":null,"protectionNeeds":"Frazer (1992) emphasized the primary need for clean and productive marine and coastal environments; installation of turtle excluder devices in shrimp trawl nets and use of low pressure sodium lighting on beaches were suggested as appropriate sea turtle conservation technologies, whereas headstarting, captive breeding, and hatcheries were regarded as ineffective at best. Greatest management need is protection from excessive commercial exploitation of adults and eggs (NMFS and USFWS 2014).<br/>","otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":"Olive ridley sea turtles have high mortality in early life stages, particularly at arribadas (Abreu-Grobois and Plotkin 2008, NMFS and USFWS 2014). They have a slow intrinsic growth rate and adults reach sexual maturity between 10 to 18 years (Zug et al. 2006, Abreu-Grobois and Plotkin 2008). However, rangewide, they show behavioral plasticity and ability to adapt to changing ocean conditions (Plotkin 2010, Cáceres-Farias et al. 2022).","enviromentalSpecificityComments":"Olive ridley sea turtles adapt migration patterns to changing ocean conditions and food availability (Plotkin 2010, NMFS and USFWS 2014). They require relatively undisturbed beaches for nesting."},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":106179,"majorHabitat":{"id":1,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Marine","majorHabitatDescEs":"Marino","majorHabitatDescFr":"Marine"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":true,"mobilityMigrationComments":"At least in the eastern Pacific Ocean this species is nomadic when not nesting; distinct migration corridors apparently do not exist (NMFS and USFWS 2007). Individuals migrate up to thousands of kilometers between nesting and non-nesting habitats. Turtles tagged in Costa Rica have been recovered in Ecuador and Mexico (Cornelius and Robinson 1983).","foodHabitsComments":"Diet includes fishes, jellyfish, tunicates, salps, crustaceans, mollusks, sea urchins, and seaweed.","animalPhenologyComments":null,"colonialBreeder":true,"length":71,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":102167,"foodHabits":{"id":2,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescFr":"Piscivore","displayOrder":2},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":102168,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1189,"locationUseClass":{"id":7,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Hibernaculum","locationUseClassDescEs":"Hibernáculo","locationUseClassDescFr":"Gîte d’hibernation","displayOrder":8},"eoSpecGroupName":"Sea Turtles (Cheloniidae and Dermochelyidae)","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Reliable observation of multiple dormant individuals. Multiple years of information should be used to reliably identify significant, persistent occurrences.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":10.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance refers to known concentrations of dormant individuals.  In most cases, occurrences should not be extensive areas such as the Atlantic coast of Florida but rather portions of such areas that stand out as strongly meeting the occurrence criteria.  <br><br>Analyses of mitochondrial DNA variation have increased our understanding of the phylogenetic relationships among certain populations of sea turtles and have allowed the recognition of some evolutionarily distinctive units. However, available information on genetics, dispersion, and movement patterns of most sea turtle populations generally is insufficient to determine biologically meaningful separation distances for the different kinds of occurrences covered by the specifications. The separation distances used here do not attempt to identify biologically distinct populations but rather are arbitrary values that attempt to identify relatively distinct geographic areas that have frequent or concentrated activity and that are of practical size for conservation use. Additionally, these specifications assume that it is best to have uniform occurrence standards for all sea turtle species, placing greater emphasis on the general similarity of their life history patterns than on specific biological differences among species.","versionDate":"2004-10-20","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:22.159951Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":1191,"locationUseClass":{"id":15,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Adult foraging area","locationUseClassDescEs":"Zona de alimentación de adultos","locationUseClassDescFr":"Aire d’alimentation adulte","displayOrder":15},"eoSpecGroupName":"Sea Turtles (Cheloniidae and Dermochelyidae)","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Reliable observation of multiple adults in an area that supports productive populations of appropriate food organisms. Multiple years of information should be used to reliably identify significant, persistent occurrences.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":10.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance refers to known areas of concentrated foraging activity. In most cases, occurrences should not be extensive areas such as the entirety of Long Island Sound or Chesapeake Bay but rather portions of such areas that stand out as strongly meeting the occurrence criteria.  <br><br>Analyses of mitochondrial DNA variation have increased our understanding of the phylogenetic relationships among certain populations of sea turtles and have allowed the recognition of some evolutionarily distinctive units. However, available information on genetics, dispersion, and movement patterns of most sea turtle populations generally is insufficient to determine biologically meaningful separation distances for the different kinds of occurrences covered by the specifications. The separation distances used here do not attempt to identify biologically distinct populations but rather are arbitrary values that attempt to identify relatively distinct geographic areas that have frequent or concentrated activity and that are of practical size for conservation use. Additionally, these specifications assume that it is best to have uniform occurrence standards for all sea turtle species, placing greater emphasis on the general similarity of their life history patterns than on specific biological differences among species.<br><br>Foraging home range sizes of individual hawksbill turtles in the West Indies were 1.96-49.5 sq km and were positively correlated with average water depth (Horrocks et al. 2001). <br>","versionDate":"2004-10-20","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:22.159951Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":1192,"locationUseClass":{"id":17,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Juvenile foraging area","locationUseClassDescEs":"Zona de alimentación de los jóvenes","locationUseClassDescFr":"Aire d’alimentation juvénile","displayOrder":16},"eoSpecGroupName":"Sea Turtles (Cheloniidae and Dermochelyidae)","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Reliable observation of multiple juveniles in an area that supports productive populations of appropriate food organisms. Multiple years of information should be used to reliably identify significant, persistent occurrences.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":10.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance refers to known areas of concentrated foraging activity. In most cases, occurrences should not be extensive areas such as the entirety of Long Island Sound or Chesapeake Bay but rather portions of such areas that stand out as strongly meeting the occurrence criteria.  <br><br>Analyses of mitochondrial DNA variation have increased our understanding of the phylogenetic relationships among certain populations of sea turtles and have allowed the recognition of some evolutionarily distinctive units. However, available information on genetics, dispersion, and movement patterns of most sea turtle populations generally is insufficient to determine biologically meaningful separation distances for the different kinds of occurrences covered by the specifications. The separation distances used here do not attempt to identify biologically distinct populations but rather are arbitrary values that attempt to identify relatively distinct geographic areas that have frequent or concentrated activity and that are of practical size for conservation use. Additionally, these specifications assume that it is best to have uniform occurrence standards for all sea turtle species, placing greater emphasis on the general similarity of their life history patterns than on specific biological differences among species.<br>","versionDate":"2004-10-20","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:22.159951Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":1190,"locationUseClass":{"id":16,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Nesting area","locationUseClassDescEs":"Zona de anidación","locationUseClassDescFr":"Aire de nidification","displayOrder":17},"eoSpecGroupName":"Sea Turtles (Cheloniidae and Dermochelyidae)","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more nesting individuals or nests with eggs.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":10.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Analyses of mitochondrial DNA variation have increased our understanding of the phylogenetic relationships among certain populations of sea turtles and have allowed the recognition of some evolutionarily distinctive units. However, available information on genetics, dispersion, and movement patterns of most sea turtle populations generally is insufficient to determine biologically meaningful separation distances for the different kinds of occurrences covered by the specifications. The separation distances used here do not attempt to identify biologically distinct populations but rather are arbitrary values that attempt to identify relatively distinct geographic areas that have frequent or concentrated activity and that are of practical size for conservation use. Additionally, these specifications assume that it is best to have uniform occurrence standards for all sea turtle species, placing greater emphasis on the general similarity of their life history patterns than on specific biological differences among species.<br><br>Nesting populations on separate islands or mainland areas within the separation distance should be treated as parts of the same occurrence. However, each distinct nesting location can be treated as a distinct sub-occurrence (sub-EO) or source feature for which specific data can be recorded.","versionDate":"2004-04-26","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:22.159951Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":106179,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":"See \"Recovery plan for U.S. Pacific populations of the olive ridley turtle (LEPIDOCHELYS OLIVACEA)\" (NMFS 1998).","monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":107584,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:30:50.32637Z"}],"references":[{"id":1119129,"citation":"Abreu-Grobois, A., and P. Plotkin (IUCN SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group). 2008. <i>Lepidochelys olivacea</i>. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T11534A3292503. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T11534A3292503.en. Accessed on 18 October 2022.","shortCitationAuthor":"Abreu-Grobois and Plotkin","shortCitationYear":2008,"referenceCode":"N08ABR01NAUS","lastModified":"2022-11-04T00:28:32.45978Z"},{"id":137372,"citation":"Behler, J. L., and F. W. King. 1979. The Audubon Society field guide to North American reptiles and amphibians. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. 719 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Behler and King","shortCitationYear":1979,"referenceCode":"B79BEH01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:24.173666Z"},{"id":137154,"citation":"Bjorndal, K. A., editor. 1982. Biology and conservation of sea turtles. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. 583 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Bjorndal","shortCitationYear":1982,"referenceCode":"B82BJO01NAUS","lastModified":"2022-01-11T02:14:44.338776Z"},{"id":105816,"citation":"Bowen, B. W., A. B. Meylan, and J. C. Avise. 1991. Evolutionary distinctiveness of the endangered Kemp's ridley sea turtle. Nature 352:709-711.","shortCitationAuthor":"Bowen et al.","shortCitationYear":1991,"referenceCode":"A91BOW01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:03.194383Z"},{"id":1119128,"citation":"Cáceres-Farias, L., E. Reséndiz, J. Espinoza, H. Fernández-Sanz, and A. Alfaro-Núñez, A. 2022. Threats and vulnerabilities for the globally distributed olive ridley (<i>Lepidochelys olivacea</i>) sea turtle: a historical and current status evaluation. 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