{"elementGlobalId":106169,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":11,"iucnDescEn":"Least concern","iucnDescEs":"Menos preocupante","iucnDescFr":"Moins préoccupante","iucnCode":"LC"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":7,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":" Rank calculation - Biotics v2","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by calculator","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Kinosternon subrubrum</i>","scientificName":"Kinosternon subrubrum","scientificNameAuthor":"(Bonnaterre, 1789)","primaryCommonName":"Common Mud Turtle","relatedItisNames":"<i>Kinosternon subrubrum</i> (Lacépède, 1788) (TSN 173763)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.106169","elcode":"ARAAE01050","conceptRefFullCitation":"King, F. W., and R. L. Burke, editors. 1989. Crocodilian, tuatara, and turtle species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Association of Systematics Collections, Washington, D.C. 216 pp.","conceptName":"<i>Kinosternon subrubrum</i>","taxonomicComments":"Following Nicholson (2025) and TTWG (2025), we continue to recognize this taxon as a subspecies of <i>subrubrum</i> for now. However, using molecular and morphological data, Reid et al. (2025) propose restoring the Mississippi mud turtle to species status (<i>Kinosternon hippocrepis</i>). Previously, Bourque (2015) elevated <i>hippocrepis </i>to a full species, but without a range-wide analysis of morphometric and/or molecular data supporting that change. Hurtado-Gómez et al. (2024) supported the elevation of <i>K. s. subrubrum</i> and <i>K. s. hippocrepis</i> (noting a divergence time of more than 11 million years and paraphyly) but stopped short of making that declaration formally (Nicholson 2025).<br/><br/>The authority has been updated from (Lacépède, 1788) to (Bonnaterre, 1789) (see ICZN 2005).","roundedGRank":"G5","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2024-11-13","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Gundy, R. L. 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species is endemic to the eastern United States where it is common and widespread. The population faces threats from habitat loss due to development and agriculture, road mortality, and incidental pesticide poisoning.","grank":"G5","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":106169,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":{"id":36,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 10-30%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 10 al 30%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 10 à 30 %"},"numberEos":{"id":15,"numberEosDescEn":"> 300","numberEosDescEs":"> 300","numberEosDescFr":"> 300"},"numberGoodEos":null,"numberProtEos":null,"popSize":{"id":35,"popSizeDescEn":"100,000 to >1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 100.000 a >1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 100 000 à >1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":33,"rangeExtentDescEn":"200,000-2,500,000 square km (about 80,000-1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"200.000 a 2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 80.000 a 1.000.000 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 200 000 à 2 500 000 km carrés (de 80 000 à 1 000 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":40,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Relatively Stable (<=10% change)","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Relativamente estable (variación = <10%)","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Relativement stable (variation = <10 %)"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":10,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Low","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Bajo","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Faible"},"rangeExtentComments":"This species is endemic to the eastern United States from Long Island, New York, south to the Florida Panhandle, east along the Gulf Coast states to eastern Texas, and north to southern Illinois and southern Indiana (Ernst and Lovich 2009, Meshaka et al. 2017). There is also a disjunct population in northwestern Indiana (Ernst and Lovich 2009). Using Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) (2024) records from 2004-2024, range extent is estimated to be 2,189,688 km².","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"There are many hundreds of occurrences throughout the range.","popSizeComments":"This species is often quite abundant (Ernst and Lovich 2009).","viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"Threats to this species include habitat loss due to development and agriculture, vehicle strikes along roadways, and incidental poisoning from pesticides (Ernst and Lovich 2009, Meshaka et al. 2017).","shortTermTrendComments":"Precise population trend unknown, although the population is likely stable or declining slightly.","longTermTrendComments":"This species has suffered localized declines (Meshaka et al. 2017).","inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":null,"protectionNeeds":"Develop wildlife crossings along roads adjacent to wetlands.","otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":106169,"majorHabitat":{"id":2,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Freshwater","majorHabitatDescEs":"Agua dulce","majorHabitatDescFr":"Eau douce"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":"In South Carolina from late summer through winter, individuals were found in upland refugia up to 135 meters from the delineated wetland boundary (Buhlmann and Gibbons 2001). Individuals exhibited site fidelity to refugia in successive years.","foodHabitsComments":"Eats insects, mollusks, crustaceans, amphibian larvae, carrion, and aquatic plants (Ernst and Barbour 1972).","animalPhenologyComments":"Active all year in south, hibernates during cold season in north. Largely crepuscular in summer (Ernst and Barbour 1972). In South Carolina, individuals were relatively inactive in upland refugia for an average of 170 days from late summer through winter (Buhlmann and Gibbons 2001).","colonialBreeder":false,"length":12,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":101117,"animalPhenology":{"id":1,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Hibernates/aestivates","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Hibernación/Estivación","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Hiberne/estive","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":101118,"animalPhenology":{"id":3,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Diurnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Diurno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Diurne","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":101119,"animalPhenology":{"id":4,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Nocturnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Nocturno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Nocturne","displayOrder":4},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":101120,"animalPhenology":{"id":5,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Crepuscular","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Crepuscular","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Crépusculaire","displayOrder":5},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":102160,"foodHabits":{"id":1,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Carnivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Carnívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Carnivore","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":102161,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":102162,"foodHabits":{"id":4,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Herbivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Herbívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Herbivore","displayOrder":4},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1148,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Mud Turtles (Kinosternon)","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":1.0,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including eggs) in or near appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and  breeding.","mappingGuidance":"Occurrences should include nesting areas, travel corridors between the wetlands and nest sites, and other upland use areas, if known, but occurrences based on captures/observations of individuals in wetlands should include only the known distribution of the population and not include large areas of upland habitat (not known to be occupied) that may extend between occupied wetlands within the appropriate separation distances.","separationBarriers":"Busy highway or highway with obstructions such that turtles rarely if ever cross successfully; untraversable topography (e.g., cliff); urbanized area dominated by buildings and pavement and lacking aquatic or wetland habitat.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":null,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":null,"altSeparationProcedure":"Separation distance along riverine corridors or continuous aquatic/wetlands habitats: 10 km.  Separation distance for upland habitat: 3 km. Use intermediate values for intermediate circumstances.","separationJustification":"Mud turtles can be sedentary but sometimes move multiple kilometers across various kinds of wetland and upland habitats to reach suitable nesting areas or disjunct ponds or wetlands. Movements likely are least restricted along riverine corridors and other continuous aquatic/wetland habitats.<br><br>Kinosternon baurii may travel at least 50-100 m from wetlands to nest (Mushinsky and Wilson 1992).  <br><br>Tagged K. subrubrum in South Carolina traveled up to 600 m from capture sites and sometimes overwintered more than 1 km from water (Bennett et al. 1970). In South Carolina from late summer through winter, individuals were found in upland refugia up to 135 m from the delineated wetland boundary (Buhlmann and Gibbons 2001). Individuals exhibited site fidelity to refugia in successive years. Aquatic home range size was estimated at about 0.05 ha in Oklahoma, but movements of up to 408 m were recorded (Mahmoud 1969).  <br><br>In Iowa, K. flavescens migrated usually 300-500 m between water and hibernation site (Christiansen et al. 1985). All terrestrial habitats used by radio-tagged individuals were within 450 m of water. In Nebraska, eggs were laid 21-191 m from (Iverson 1990), within a few hundred feet of water in Iowa (Cooper 1977). Aquatic home range size was estimated to be about 0.1 ha in Oklahoma, but movements of up to 435 m sometimes were made (Mahmoud 1969). In Colorado, these turtles sometimes show up in isolated temporary ponds far from permanent water (G. Hammerson, pers. obs.).  <br><br>In New Mexico, K. sonoriense sometimes appears at farm ponds up to 8 km from permanent water (Degenhardt and Christiansen 1974), but these turtles mostly are restricted to permanent water, do not migrate very far, and probably have small home ranges (Ernst et al. 1994).  However, in a multi-year study in New Mexico, 13 individuals moved distances of at least 1 km; individuals occasionally moved more than 2 km since their last capture, but usually less than 2 km (Stone 2001).","versionDate":"2004-09-10","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2026-02-28T02:49:08.786418Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":106169,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":107574,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:30:48.779372Z"}],"references":[{"id":127882,"citation":"Bennett, D. H., J. W. Gibbons, and J. C. Franson. 1970. Terrestrial activity in aquatic turtles. Ecology 51:738-740.","shortCitationAuthor":"Bennett et al.","shortCitationYear":1970,"referenceCode":"A70BEN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:26:59.692298Z"},{"id":135589,"citation":"Bodie, J. R., K. R. Smith, and V. J. Burke. 1996. A comparison of diel nest temperature and nest site selection for two sympatric species of freshwater turtles. American Midland Naturalist 136:181-186.","shortCitationAuthor":"Bodie et al.","shortCitationYear":1996,"referenceCode":"A96BOD01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:21.179945Z"},{"id":1109178,"citation":"Bourque, J. R. 2012. An extinct mud turtle of the <i>Kinosternon flavescens</i> group (Testudines, Kinosternidae) from the middle Miocene (late Barstovian) of New Mexico. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 32(1):68-81.","shortCitationAuthor":"Bourque","shortCitationYear":2012,"referenceCode":"A12BOU01NAUS","lastModified":"2022-02-05T00:50:56.773005Z"},{"id":1109067,"citation":"Bourque, J. R. 2015. New mud turtles (Kinosternidae, <i>Kinosternon</i>) from the middle–late Miocene of the United States. Journal of Paleontology 89(5):821-844.","shortCitationAuthor":"Bourque","shortCitationYear":2015,"referenceCode":"A15BOU02NAUS","lastModified":"2026-07-03T01:51:12.737355Z"},{"id":155117,"citation":"Buhlmann, K. A., and J. W. Gibbons. 2001. Terrestrial habitat use by aquatic turtles from a seasonally fluctuating wetland: implications for wetland conservation boundaries. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 4:115-127.","shortCitationAuthor":"Buhlmann and Gibbons","shortCitationYear":2001,"referenceCode":"A01BUH01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:16:27.385873Z"},{"id":138073,"citation":"Burke, V. J., J. W. Gibbons, and J. L. Greene. 1994. 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