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(2002) for information on how collection for human use affects newt size and mass in harvested populations.","shortTermTrendComments":"Could be increasing with increasing beaver populations (Petranka 1998).","longTermTrendComments":"May have increased as creation of farm ponds augmented available habitat (Petranka 1998).","inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":null,"protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":106122,"majorHabitat":{"id":2,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Freshwater","majorHabitatDescEs":"Agua dulce","majorHabitatDescFr":"Eau douce"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":true,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":"In some localities, adults migrate annually between terrestrial nonbreeding habitats and breeding ponds. The timing of migrations varies throughout the range, depending on local conditions. Overland movements often are most intense during rainy weather. Mass migrations were observed in February in West Virginia (Green and Pauley 1987); the bulk of migration occurred in late March-late April and late summer in Virginia. Adults tend to be philopatric to their native ponds and site tenacious within ponds (J. Herpetol. 27:149).","foodHabitsComments":"Adults and larvae feed opportunistically on small aquatic animals, including amphibian eggs. Terrestrial efts eat small invertebrates; specialize on snails in some areas.","animalPhenologyComments":"Terrestrial stage hibernates in winter, especially in north. Aquatic stages may be active all year, even under ice; may ingest and slowly digest food in winter (Jiang and Claussen, 1993, J. Herpetol. 27:414-419). Migrations correspond with nights of heavy rainfall.","colonialBreeder":false,"length":14,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":101074,"animalPhenology":{"id":1,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Hibernates/aestivates","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Hibernación/Estivación","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Hiberne/estive","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":101075,"animalPhenology":{"id":2,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Circadian","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Circadiano","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Circadien","displayOrder":2},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":102092,"foodHabits":{"id":1,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Carnivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Carnívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Carnivore","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":102093,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1184,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Salamandrids (Newts)","subtypes":"Breeding Pond","inferredExtentDistance":0.5,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including larvae or eggs) in or near appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and  breeding.","mappingGuidance":"Occurrences should include aquatic/wetland habitat and known occupied upland habitat (if any), but occurrences based on observations/captures of individuals in aquatic/wetland habitat should include only the known distribution of the population and not include large areas of upland habitat (not known to be occupied) that may extend between occupied aquatic/wetland habitat within the appropriate separation distances.","separationBarriers":"Heavily traveled road, especially with high traffic volume at night; urban area dominated by buildings and pavement.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":1.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Although newts may cross roads successfully during breeding migrations, though often with high mortality, it is likely that broad, high-speed transportation corridors such as interstate highways normally serve as functional barriers.<br><br>Both Ashton (1998) and Johnson (2001) reported that striped newts (N. perstriatus) may cross highly disturbed land, such as the cleared and bedded soils of some silvicultural site preparations, although they did not note that such sites could sustain the species. Similarly, other newt species readily traverse large areas of disturbed upland and wetland habitat. <br><br>Although population genetic data are unavailable to document the existence or importance of interdemic migration for N. perstriatus (potentially important to the reestablishment of locally extirpated populations), individuals may move more than 800 meters from breeding ponds to terrestrial home ranges (Dodd 1993, Johnson 1998, Dodd and Cade 1998). Sixteen percent of individuals in a large population studied by Johnson (2001) moved more than 500 meters into uplands. Red-bellied newts may travel a mile (1.6 km) or more between breeding sites and upland habitat (Twitty 1966). Further, there is strong likelihood that newts breeding in a proximate series of ponds function as a metapopulation (principal EO; Johnson 1998, 2001).<br><br>Given that newts exhibit good mobility and longevity, it seems unlikely that occupied locations separated by a gap of less than several kilometers of suitable habitat would represent independent occurrences over the long term.","versionDate":"2004-09-21","versionAuthor":"Jackson, D. R., and G. Hammerson. Separation distance by G. Hammerson.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:45.113586Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":106122,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":107528,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:30:39.560465Z"}],"references":[{"id":157111,"citation":"Attum, O., P. Eason, and G. Cobbs. 2002. Effects of collection on weight, length, and sex ratio of red-spotted newts, <i>Notophthalmus viridescens</i>. Journal of Herpetology 36:703-707.","shortCitationAuthor":"Attum et al.","shortCitationYear":2002,"referenceCode":"A02ATT01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:26:33.145237Z"},{"id":137372,"citation":"Behler, J. L., and F. W. King. 1979. The Audubon Society field guide to North American reptiles and amphibians. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. 719 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Behler and King","shortCitationYear":1979,"referenceCode":"B79BEH01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:24.173666Z"},{"id":112779,"citation":"Blackburn, L., P. Nanjappa, and M. J. Lannoo. 2001. An Atlas of the Distribution of U.S. Amphibians. Copyright, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, USA.","shortCitationAuthor":"Blackburn et al.","shortCitationYear":2001,"referenceCode":"B01BLA01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:24.173666Z"},{"id":140525,"citation":"Conant, R., and J. T. Collins. 1998. A field guide to reptiles and amphibians: eastern and central North America. Third edition, expanded. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, Massachusetts. 616 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Conant and Collins","shortCitationYear":1998,"referenceCode":"B98CON01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:57.819328Z"},{"id":943912,"citation":"Crother, B. I. (editor). 2017. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. 8th edition. SSAR Herpetological Circular 43:1-104. [Updates in SSAR North American Species Names Database at: https://ssarherps.org/cndb]","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother","shortCitationYear":2017,"referenceCode":"B17CRO01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:53.413199Z"},{"id":115940,"citation":"DeGraaf, R. M., and D. D. Rudis. 1983a. Amphibians and reptiles of New England. Habitats and natural history. Univ. Massachusetts Press. vii + 83 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"DeGraaf and Rudis","shortCitationYear":1983,"referenceCode":"B83DEG01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:26.951601Z"},{"id":118669,"citation":"deMaynadier, P. G., and M. L. Hunter, Jr. 2000. Road effects on amphibian movements in a forested landscape. Natural Areas Journal 20:56-65.","shortCitationAuthor":"deMaynadier and Hunter","shortCitationYear":2000,"referenceCode":"A00DEM01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:21.398711Z"},{"id":150305,"citation":"Forester, D. C., and D. V. Lykens. 1991. Age structure in a population of red-spotted newts from the Allegheny Plateau of Maryland. J. Herpetol. 25:373-376.","shortCitationAuthor":"Forester and Lykens","shortCitationYear":1991,"referenceCode":"A91FOR03NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:26:33.145237Z"},{"id":119796,"citation":"Frost, D. R. 1985. Amphibian species of the world. A taxonomic and geographical reference. Allen Press, Inc., and The Association of  Systematics Collections, Lawrence, Kansas. v + 732 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Frost","shortCitationYear":1985,"referenceCode":"B85FRO01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:24.173666Z"},{"id":1161575,"citation":"Frost, D. R. 2025. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.2 (Date of access). Electronic Database accessible at https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. doi.org/10.5531/db.vz.0001","shortCitationAuthor":"Frost","shortCitationYear":2025,"referenceCode":"W25FRO01NAUS","lastModified":"2026-01-09T23:14:26.139102Z"},{"id":447494,"citation":"Gabor, C. R., and C. C. Nice. 2004. Genetic variation among populations of eastern newts, <i>Notophthalmus viridescens</i>: a preliminary analysis based on allozymes. Herpetologica 60:373-386.","shortCitationAuthor":"Gabor and Nice","shortCitationYear":2004,"referenceCode":"A04GAB01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:26:33.145237Z"},{"id":109054,"citation":"Green, N. B., and T. K. Pauley. 1987. Amphibians and reptiles in West Virginia. University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. xi + 241 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Green and Pauley","shortCitationYear":1987,"referenceCode":"B87GRE01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:53.413199Z"},{"id":149607,"citation":"Harris, R. N., R. A. Alford, and H. M. Wilbur. 1988. Density and phenology of NOTOPHTHALMUS VIRIDESCENS DORSALIS in a natural pond. Herpetologica 44:234-242.","shortCitationAuthor":"Harris et al.","shortCitationYear":1988,"referenceCode":"A88HAR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:26:33.145237Z"},{"id":106655,"citation":"Healy, William R. 1975. Terrestial activity and home range of efts of Notophthalmus viridescens. Am. Midl. Nat. 93(1):131-138.","shortCitationAuthor":"Healy","shortCitationYear":1975,"referenceCode":"A75HEA01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:26:33.145237Z"},{"id":130824,"citation":"Hurlbert, Stuart H. 1970. The post-larval migration of the red-spotted newt, Notophthalmus viridescens (Rafinesque). Copeia 1970(3):515-528.","shortCitationAuthor":"Hurlbert","shortCitationYear":1970,"referenceCode":"A70HUR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:26:33.145237Z"},{"id":104329,"citation":"Mecham, J.S. 1967. Notophthalmus viridescens. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles. 53:1-4.","shortCitationAuthor":"Mecham","shortCitationYear":1967,"referenceCode":"A67MEC01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:26:33.145237Z"},{"id":127198,"citation":"Minton, S. A., Jr. 1972. Amphibians and reptiles of Indiana. Indiana Academy Science Monographs 3. v + 346 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Minton","shortCitationYear":1972,"referenceCode":"B72MIN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:59.913087Z"},{"id":1153425,"citation":"Nicholson, K. E. (ed.). 2025. Scientific and Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North America North of Mexico, with Comments Regarding Confidence in Our Understanding. Ninth Edition. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. 87 pp. Online database available at: https://cnah.org/SSARnames.aspx","shortCitationAuthor":"Nicholson","shortCitationYear":2025,"referenceCode":"B25NIC01NAUS","lastModified":"2026-06-06T01:36:32.018241Z"},{"id":1132918,"citation":"Raffaëlli, J. 2022. Salamanders & newts of the world. 3rd Edition. Penclen Edition. 1100 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Raffaëlli","shortCitationYear":2022,"referenceCode":"B22RAF01NAUS","lastModified":"2023-10-07T00:36:02.634825Z"},{"id":118044,"citation":"Reilly, S. M. 1990. Biochemical systematics and evolution of the eastern North American newts, genus NOTOPHTHALMUS (Caudata: Salamandridae). Herpetologica 46:51-59.","shortCitationAuthor":"Reilly","shortCitationYear":1990,"referenceCode":"A90REI01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:15:04.978394Z"},{"id":117457,"citation":"Smith, G. R., J. E. Rettig, G. G. Mittelbach, J. L. Valiulis, and S. R. Schaack. 1999. The effects of fish on assemblages of amphibians in ponds: a field experiment. Freshwater Biology 41:829-837.","shortCitationAuthor":"Smith et al.","shortCitationYear":1999,"referenceCode":"A99SMI02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:16:50.683118Z"},{"id":132352,"citation":"Vogt, R. C. 1981c. Natural history of amphibians and reptiles of Wisconsin. Milwaukee Public Museum. 205 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Vogt","shortCitationYear":1981,"referenceCode":"B81VOG01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:18.569643Z"},{"id":1101298,"citation":"Whitmore, S. S., S. Losee, L. Meyer, and T. A. Spradling. 2013. Conservation genetics of the central newt (<i>Notophthalmus viridescens</i>) in Iowa: the importance of a biogeographic framework. Conservation Genetics 14:771-781.","shortCitationAuthor":"Whitmore et al.","shortCitationYear":2013,"referenceCode":"A13WHI02NAUS","lastModified":"2021-06-05T03:11:25.55835Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[{"id":144732,"name":"eastern newt","language":"EN"},{"id":134830,"name":"Triton vert","language":"FR"}],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":106122,"cites":null,"cosewic":null,"fwsRegion":null,"genusSize":{"id":2,"genusSizeDescEn":"Very small genus","genusSizeDescEs":"Un género muy pequeño","genusSizeDescFr":"Très petit genre"},"jurisEndem":{"id":5,"jurisEndemDescEn":"occurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations","jurisEndemDescEs":"Se encuentra en varias naciones (de manera regular, como un taxón nativo)","jurisEndemDescFr":"Se trouve dans plusieurs nations (de façon régulière, tel un taxon indigène)"},"nomenclaturallyEst":null,"usesa":null,"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":3,"level1":"Animals","level2":"Vertebrates","level3":"Amphibians","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":2,"distributionStatus":"complete","displayOrder":1060},"parentSpecies":null,"infraspecies":false,"kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Craniata","taxclass":"Amphibia","taxorder":"Caudata","family":"Salamandridae","genus":"Notophthalmus","americanFisheriesStatus":null,"americanFisheriesStatusDate":null,"saraStatus":null,"saraStatusDate":null,"cosewicDate":null,"interpretedCosewic":null,"cosewicComments":null,"usesaDate":null,"interpretedUsesa":null,"usesaComments":null,"completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[],"infraspeciesList":[{"infraspeciesId":100260,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.100260","formattedScientificName":"<i>Notophthalmus viridescens viridescens</i>","scientificName":"Notophthalmus viridescens viridescens","primaryCommonName":"Red-spotted Newt","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.100260/Notophthalmus_viridescens_viridescens"},{"infraspeciesId":101484,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.101484","formattedScientificName":"<i>Notophthalmus viridescens dorsalis</i>","scientificName":"Notophthalmus viridescens dorsalis","primaryCommonName":"Broken-striped Newt","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.101484/Notophthalmus_viridescens_dorsalis"},{"infraspeciesId":100169,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.100169","formattedScientificName":"<i>Notophthalmus viridescens piaropicola</i>","scientificName":"Notophthalmus viridescens piaropicola","primaryCommonName":"Peninsula Newt","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.100169/Notophthalmus_viridescens_piaropicola"},{"infraspeciesId":104864,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.104864","formattedScientificName":"<i>Notophthalmus viridescens louisianensis</i>","scientificName":"Notophthalmus viridescens louisianensis","primaryCommonName":"Central Newt","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.104864/Notophthalmus_viridescens_louisianensis"}],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":false,"ebarGlobalScope":false,"ebarKbaGroup":"Amphibians and Reptiles","caGeneralStatusId":"GS000769"},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":106122,"reproductionComments":"The timing of migrations and breeding vary throughout the range, depending on local conditions. In the water, males find females engage in courtship (may occur in spring or in both spring and fall). Courtship may or may not involve grasping and holding the female. Breeding males eventually deposit spermatophores on the pond bottom. Females pick up sperm from one or more spermatophores and later deposit up to a few hundred eggs, which are attached singly to submerged vegetation, generally in late winter or early spring, sometimes in summer or fall. Larvae hatch usually within about 2-5 weeks and metamorphose to the aquatic subadult or terrestrial eft stage about 2-3 months later, generally in late summer or early fall in most areas. Efts live on land for up to several years before returning to water and beginning to breed. In some areas, the terrestrial eft stage is omitted. Breeding by gilled, mature adults occurs in some areas.","ecologyComments":"Efts moved over an area averaging 270 square meters in Massachusetts. Apparently moves randomly in shallows of ponds. Larval abundance peaked at over 20/sq m in late spring in a North Carolina pond (Harris et al. 1988).<br><br>Eastern newts produce highly toxic skin secretions. The red eft stage is particularly toxic. Unlike most salamanders, efts commonly walk in the open during daytime; if attacked, they curl the body and display their bright colors. Although efts and adults are sometimes eaten by bullfrogs, garter snakes,  turtles, and some other animals, many predators find them unpalatable and quickly learn to avoid them.","habitatComments":"Adults and larvae inhabit lakes, ponds, swamps, and quiet stream pools, especially those lacking predaceous fishes. Efts and sometimes adults (for example, overwintering ones) inhabit wooded areas (terrestrial eft stage lasts 2-7 years). In some areas, such as the northeastern United States, adults may be permanently aquatic, but in other areas they may leave the water in summer or fall.","generalDescription":"Adult eastern newts have somewhat rough, not slimy, skin. The sides lack prominent vertical grooves. Coloration varies throughout the range; the upper side is often olive-green, brown, or yellowish brown, sometimes blackish, with small red spots in most of the range. Newts on the Coastal Plain of the Carolinas have a red, broken, black-bordered stripe along each side of the back, and a yellow or orange-yellow belly, generally with small black spots. Maximum total length is around 5.5 inches (14 cm). In breeding males the skin is less granular than in nonbreeding terrestrial adults; the tail fin is tall, the vent is swollen and bulbous, and the toe tips and inner thighs have blackish cornifications. The immature terrestrial stage (red eft) is bright orange or orange-red (dull yellowish brown or reddish brown if recently metamorphosed; dark brown if transforming into adult stage) and usually less than 3.5 inches (9 cm) long. Large larvae have large gills and a dark stripe extending from the snout through each eye. Eggs are about 1.5 mm in diameter and are deposited singly.","diagnosticCharacteristics":null,"speciesMarineHabitats":[],"speciesTerrestrialHabitats":[{"cagTerrHabId":-105564,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":1,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Forest - Hardwood","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Bosque - Madera dura","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Forêt — Feuillu","displayOrder":2}},{"cagTerrHabId":-105565,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":2,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Forest - Conifer","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Bosque - Conífera","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Forêt — Résineux","displayOrder":3}},{"cagTerrHabId":-105566,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":3,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Forest - Mixed","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Bosque - Mixto","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Forêt — Mixte","displayOrder":4}},{"cagTerrHabId":-105567,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":4,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Woodland - Hardwood","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Lote de madera - Madera dura","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Terrain boisé — Feuillu","displayOrder":6}},{"cagTerrHabId":-105568,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":5,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Woodland - Conifer","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Lote de madera - Conífera","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Terrain boisé — Résineux","displayOrder":7}},{"cagTerrHabId":-105569,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":6,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Woodland - Mixed","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Lote de madera - Mixto","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Terrain boisé — Mixte","displayOrder":8}},{"cagTerrHabId":-105562,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":8,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Savanna","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Sabana","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Savane","displayOrder":10}},{"cagTerrHabId":-105563,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":9,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Grassland/herbaceous","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Pastizales/cobertura herbácea","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Prairie/couverture herbacée","displayOrder":11}}],"speciesRiverineHabitats":[{"cagRiverineHabId":-102639,"riverineHabitat":{"id":3,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"CREEK","riverineHabitatDescEs":"ARROYO","riverineHabitatDescFr":"RUISSEAU","displayOrder":3}},{"cagRiverineHabId":-102640,"riverineHabitat":{"id":4,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"SPRING/SPRING BROOK","riverineHabitatDescEs":"MANANTIAL/VERTIENTE","riverineHabitatDescFr":"PRINTEMPS/RUISSEAUX PRINTANIERS","displayOrder":4}},{"cagRiverineHabId":-102642,"riverineHabitat":{"id":7,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"Low gradient","riverineHabitatDescEs":"Pendiente de bajo flujo","riverineHabitatDescFr":"Pente d’écoulement faible","displayOrder":7}},{"cagRiverineHabId":-102641,"riverineHabitat":{"id":9,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"Pool","riverineHabitatDescEs":"Piscina","riverineHabitatDescFr":"Fosse","displayOrder":9}}],"speciesPalustrineHabitats":[{"cagPalusHabId":-101396,"palustrineHabitat":{"id":3,"palustrineHabitatDescEn":"SCRUB-SHRUB WETLAND","palustrineHabitatDescEs":"HUMEDAL DE MATORRALES","palustrineHabitatDescFr":"FRUTICÉE HUMIDE","displayOrder":3}},{"cagPalusHabId":-101394,"palustrineHabitat":{"id":4,"palustrineHabitatDescEn":"FORESTED WETLAND","palustrineHabitatDescEs":"HUMEDAL BOSCOSO","palustrineHabitatDescFr":"TERRE HUMIDE FORESTIÈRE","displayOrder":4}},{"cagPalusHabId":-101395,"palustrineHabitat":{"id":6,"palustrineHabitatDescEn":"Riparian","palustrineHabitatDescEs":"Ribereño","palustrineHabitatDescFr":"Riverain","displayOrder":6}}],"speciesLacustrineHabitats":[{"cagLacusHabId":-100345,"lacustrineHabitat":{"id":2,"lacustrineHabitatDescEn":"Shallow water","lacustrineHabitatDescEs":"Aguas poco profundas","lacustrineHabitatDescFr":"Eau peu profonde","displayOrder":2}}],"speciesSubterraneanHabitats":[],"speciesEstuarineHabitats":[]},"primaryReference":{"id":1153425,"citation":"Nicholson, K. E. (ed.). 2025. Scientific and Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North America North of Mexico, with Comments Regarding Confidence in Our Understanding. Ninth Edition. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. 87 pp. Online database available at: https://cnah.org/SSARnames.aspx","shortCitationAuthor":"Nicholson","shortCitationYear":2025,"referenceCode":"B25NIC01NAUS","lastModified":"2026-06-06T01:36:32.018241Z"},"predecessors":[],"elementGlobalThreatAssessments":[]}