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M., W. B. Driggers III, J. M. Grady, G. F. Ulrich, and M. A. Roberts. 2013. <i>Sphyrna gilberti</i> sp. nov., a new hammerhead shark (Carcharhiniformes, Sphyrnidae) from the western Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 3702(2):159-178.","conceptName":"<i>Sphyrna lewini</i>","taxonomicComments":"Hybridizes with <i>Sphyrna gilberti </i>(Barker et al. 2019).","roundedGRank":"G4","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2015-01-28","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Jackson, D. R. 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unquantified but presumably substantial mortality from the fishing industry, the species maintains an enormous, circumglobal range encompassing most tropical and warm temperate coastal waters. The global population is presumably very large though is nonetheless impacted by fishing, and this threat may worsen in the future.","grank":"G4","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":106078,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":{"id":8,"enviromentalSpecificityDescEn":"Moderate.  Generalist or community with some key requirements scarce.","enviromentalSpecificityDescEs":"Moderado.  Generalista o comunidad con algunos requisitos claves escasos.","enviromentalSpecificityDescFr":"Modéré. Généralistes ou communautés répondant à certains critères clés sont rares."},"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":4,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Moderately vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"Moderadamente vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"Moyennement vulnérable"},"longTermTrend":null,"numberEos":null,"numberGoodEos":null,"numberProtEos":null,"popSize":null,"rangeExtent":{"id":32,"rangeExtentDescEn":"20,000 to >2,500,000 square km (about 8000 to >1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"20.000 a >2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 8.000 a >1.000.000 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 20 000 à >2 500 000 km carrés (de 8 000 à >1 000 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":null,"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":6,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"High - medium","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Alto - medio","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Élevé — Moyen"},"rangeExtentComments":"\"The scalloped hammerhead is circumglobal, residing in coastal warm temperate and tropical seas. In the western Atlantic Ocean, this shark is found from New Jersey (US) south to Brazil including the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea; and in the eastern Atlantic from the Mediterranean Sea to Namibia. Distribution in the Indo Pacific\" extends \"from South Africa and the Red Sea, throughout the Indian Ocean, and from Japan to New Caledonia, Hawaii, and Tahiti. Off the coasts of southern California to Ecuador and perhaps south to Peru are locations where the scalloped hammerhead is found in the eastern Pacific Ocean. In Australia, this hammerhead may be found off the northwestern Western Australia coast\" \"In some locations, schools of small hammerheads have been observed migrating toward the poles during the summer months while permanent resident populations exist in other areas including the East China Sea\" (Florida Museum of Natural History, undated a).<br />\"As a coastal pelagic semi-oceanic species, this shark occurs over continental and insular shelves as well as adjacent to deeper water. It has been observed close inshore and even entering estuarine habitats as well as offshore to depths of 275m. Scalloped hammerheads spend most of the day closer inshore, moving offshore in search of prey at night\" (Florida Museum of Natural History, undated a).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":null,"popSizeComments":null,"viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"\"The scalloped hammerhead is fished both as a gamefish and commercially. It is readily accessible to inshore fishers as well as offshore commercial operations. This shark can be caught on longlines, bottom nets and trawls. Although the flesh is sold fresh, dried, smoked, and frozen, this species is also highly regarded for its fins and hides. The remainder of the shark is used for vitamins and fishmeal. Scalloped hammerhead pups reside in shallow coastal nursery areas making them quite vulnerable to fishing pressures\" (Florida Museum of Natural History, undated a).<br />In the U.S., this species is grouped with other large coastal sharks, a group that biologists consider to be one of the most vulnerable to overfishing. Mortality is likely to be significant, although few data are available on populations and fishing impact, especially as various hammerhead species are often lumped simply as hammerheads.","shortTermTrendComments":null,"longTermTrendComments":null,"inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":null,"protectionNeeds":"Worldwide banning of the practice of finning would likely reduce demand, and hence mortality, for this species.","otherConsiderations":"The scalloped hammerhead is considered to be \"Lower Risk/Near Threatened\" throughout its range by the World Conservation Union (IUCN) (Florida Museum of Natural History, undated a; accessed 28 January 2015).","intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":"Like most sharks, the species may be relatively slow to mature and produces relatively small to moderately sized litters (range 12-38 pups), both of which increase vulnerability, although the large, precocious newborn young may have higher survivorship than most fishes.","enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":106078,"majorHabitat":{"id":1,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Marine","majorHabitatDescEs":"Marino","majorHabitatDescFr":"Marine"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":null,"foodHabitsComments":null,"animalPhenologyComments":null,"colonialBreeder":false,"length":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[],"animalFoodHabits":[]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":-1,"locationUseClass":null,"eoSpecGroupName":"Default","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":null,"mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":1.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":1.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":null,"versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:20:12.251048Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":106078,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":107486,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:30:33.341632Z"}],"references":[{"id":1125577,"citation":"Barker, A. 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Available at https://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish","shortCitationAuthor":"Florida Museum of Natural History","shortCitationYear":null,"referenceCode":"WNDFLO02HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:16:34.245659Z"},{"id":379642,"citation":"Nelson, J. S., E. J. Crossman, H. Espinosa-Perez, L. T. Findley, C. R. Gilbert, R. N. Lea, and J. D. Williams. 2004. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico. American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 29, Bethesda, Maryland. 386 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Nelson et al.","shortCitationYear":2004,"referenceCode":"B04NEL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:20:12.297935Z"},{"id":756145,"citation":"Page, L. M., H. Espinosa-Pérez, L. T. Findley, C. R. Gilbert, R. N. Lea, N. E. Mandrak, R. L. Mayden, and J. S. Nelson. 2013. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Seventh edition. American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 34, Bethesda, Maryland.","shortCitationAuthor":"Page et al.","shortCitationYear":2013,"referenceCode":"B13PAG01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:20:12.282291Z"},{"id":1139849,"citation":"Page, L. M., K. E. Bemis, T. E. Dowling, H.S. Espinosa-Pérez, L.T. Findley, C. R. Gilbert, K. E. Hartel, R. N. Lea, N. E. Mandrak, M. A. Neigbors, J. J. Schmitter-Soto, and H. J. Walker, Jr. 2023. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Eighth edition. American Fisheries Society (AFS), Special Publication 37, Bethesda, Maryland, 439 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Page et al.","shortCitationYear":2023,"referenceCode":"B23PAG01NAUS","lastModified":"2024-08-02T21:41:01.515075Z"},{"id":1125576,"citation":"Quattro, J. M., W. B. Driggers III, J. M. Grady, G. F. Ulrich, and M. A. Roberts. 2013. <i>Sphyrna gilberti</i> sp. nov., a new hammerhead shark (Carcharhiniformes, Sphyrnidae) from the western Atlantic Ocean. 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American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 20. 183 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Robins et al.","shortCitationYear":1991,"referenceCode":"B91ROB01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:20:12.297935Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":106078,"cites":null,"cosewic":null,"fwsRegion":null,"genusSize":null,"jurisEndem":null,"nomenclaturallyEst":null,"usesa":null,"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":10,"level1":"Animals","level2":"Vertebrates","level3":"Fishes - Marine Bony and Cartilaginous; Hagfishes","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":2,"distributionStatus":"not","displayOrder":1130},"parentSpecies":null,"infraspecies":false,"kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Craniata","taxclass":"Chondrichthyes","taxorder":"Carcharhiniformes","family":"Sphyrnidae","genus":"Sphyrna","americanFisheriesStatus":null,"americanFisheriesStatusDate":null,"saraStatus":null,"saraStatusDate":null,"cosewicDate":null,"interpretedCosewic":null,"cosewicComments":null,"usesaDate":null,"interpretedUsesa":"PS:E,T","usesaComments":"NMFS (2013) determined that <i>Sphyrna lewini</i> is comprised of six distinct population segments (DPSs) that qualify as species under the ESA: Northwest Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico (NW Atlantic & GOM DPS), Central and Southwest Atlantic (Central & SW Atlantic DPS), Eastern Atlantic DPS, Indo-West Pacific DPS, Central Pacific DPS, and Eastern Pacific DPS.<br/><br/>The Eastern Atlantic DPS and Eastern Pacific DPS are Endangered and the Central and Southwest Atlantic DPS and Indo-West Pacific DPS are Threatened (NMFS 2014).","completeDistribution":false,"synonyms":[],"infraspeciesList":[],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":false,"ebarGlobalScope":false,"ebarKbaGroup":"Fishes","caGeneralStatusId":null},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":106078,"reproductionComments":null,"ecologyComments":null,"habitatComments":null,"generalDescription":null,"diagnosticCharacteristics":null,"speciesMarineHabitats":[],"speciesTerrestrialHabitats":[],"speciesRiverineHabitats":[],"speciesPalustrineHabitats":[],"speciesLacustrineHabitats":[],"speciesSubterraneanHabitats":[],"speciesEstuarineHabitats":[]},"primaryReference":{"id":1139849,"citation":"Page, L. 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