{"elementGlobalId":106064,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":5,"iucnDescEn":"Vulnerable","iucnDescEs":"Vulnerable","iucnDescFr":"Vulnérable","iucnCode":"VU"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":7,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":" Rank calculation - Biotics v2","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by calculator","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Crocodylus acutus</i>","scientificName":"Crocodylus acutus","scientificNameAuthor":"(Cuvier, 1807)","primaryCommonName":"American Crocodile","relatedItisNames":"<i>Crocodylus acutus</i> Cuvier, 1807 (TSN 174361)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.106064","elcode":"ARABB02010","conceptRefFullCitation":"King, F. W., and R. L. Burke, editors. 1989. Crocodilian, tuatara, and turtle species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Association of Systematics Collections, Washington, D.C. 216 pp.","conceptName":"<i>Crocodylus acutus</i>","taxonomicComments":"No subspecies are recognized, although geographic variation exists among populations in Florida, Jamaica, and the Pacific coast. Populations in Florida, Jamaica, and the Dominican Republic differ from each other in their gene frequencies (Menzies and Kushlan 1991). Milián-García et al. (2011) found that <i>C. acutus</i> from Cuba is more closely related to <i>C. rhombifer</i> than to <i>C. acutus</i> from Central America. Thus current taxonomy does not appear to be an accurate reflection of evolutionary relationships. The researchers also found evidence of hybridization between the two species in Cuba. Further study is needed before taxonomic issues can be resolved. (Milián-García et al. 2011).","roundedGRank":"G3","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2025-08-26","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Hammerson, G., and D. R. Jackson (2014); rev. R. L. Gundy (2025)","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":167507,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N2","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":396247,"subnation":{"id":12,"nameEn":"Florida","nameEs":"Florida","nameFr":"Floride","subnationCode":"FL","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S2","dataSensitive":{"id":3,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"Conditional","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"C"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":396247,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":2009,"nrank":"N2","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":167507,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T21:47:22.264204Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.106064/Crocodylus_acutus","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"2025-08-26","grankReviewDate":"2025-08-26","grankReasons":"This species is widespread from southern Florida to northern South America, including parts of the Caribbean. The population suffered steep historical declines due to coastal development, hunting, and water diversion. The population trend has stabilized in much of the range. However, the population still faces threats from coastal development, poaching, and incompatible water management.","grank":"G3","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":106064,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":{"id":8,"enviromentalSpecificityDescEn":"Moderate.  Generalist or community with some key requirements scarce.","enviromentalSpecificityDescEs":"Moderado.  Generalista o comunidad con algunos requisitos claves escasos.","enviromentalSpecificityDescFr":"Modéré. Généralistes ou communautés répondant à certains critères clés sont rares."},"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":4,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Moderately vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"Moderadamente vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"Moyennement vulnérable"},"longTermTrend":{"id":13,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 30-90%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 30 al 90%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 30 à 90 %"},"numberEos":{"id":13,"numberEosDescEn":"81 - 300","numberEosDescEs":"De 81 a 300","numberEosDescFr":"De 81 à 300"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":19,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Many (41-125)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Muchos (41-125)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"Plusieurs (de 41 à 125)"},"numberProtEos":{"id":15,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Very many (>40) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Muchas ocurrencias (>40) protegidas y controladas adecuadamente","numberProtEosDescFr":"Beaucoup d’occurrences (>40) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":28,"popSizeDescEn":"2500 - 100,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 2.500 a 100.000 individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 2 500 à 100 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":35,"rangeExtentDescEn":">2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":">2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (más ","rangeExtentDescFr":">2 500 000 km carrés (plus de 1 000 000 miles carrés)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":40,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Relatively Stable (<=10% change)","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Relativamente estable (variación = <10%)","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Relativement stable (variation = <10 %)"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":5,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"High","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Alto","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Élevé"},"rangeExtentComments":"This species occurs from southern Florida, United States south to northern Peru on the Pacific Coast and Venezuela on the Atlantic Coast, as well as the Caribbean islands Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, and the Cayman Islands (Ernst et al. 1999, Thorbjarnarson 2010, Rainwater et al. 2019). See Rainwater et al. (2019) for detailed locality descriptions throughout the range.<br/><br/>In Florida, the historical range centered on the southern tip of mainland Florida but extended at least as far north as Sanibel Island and Sarasota County on the west coast and Indian River County on the Atlantic coast, and southward into the Florida Keys (USFWS 2007). The primary historical nesting area in Florida was on the mainland shore of Florida and Biscayne bays, including many of the small islands near shore, in what is today Everglades National Park, and it also included the upper Florida Keys from Key Largo south to Lower Matecumbe Key (see USFWS 2007). Most nesting occurs on the mainland shore of Florida Bay between Cape Sable and Key Largo, but the nesting range also includes Biscayne Bay and the upper Florida Keys. Nesting has taken place on the west coast of Florida since the 1990s with the first successful hatching recorded in 2020 (USFWS 2007, Bertone et al. 2023).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"There are many dozens of occurrences throughout the range (Ernst et al. 1999, Thorbjarnarson 2010).","popSizeComments":"Total population size is unknown but may exceed 10,000. The population size in Florida is estimated to be 1,306-3,150 non-hatchling individuals (USFWS 2022). Surveys documented 151 individuals in the coastal zone of Belize (Platt et al. 2011); 55 individuals (2.55 per km) in Caye Caulker, Belize (Tellez et al. 2016); 199 individuals (1.6 per km) in Ambergris Caye, Belize (Ó Mórdha 2024); 37 individuals (5.7 individuals per km) in Paramillo National Natural Park, Colombia (Vilora Lagares et al. 2017); 586 individuals (3.1 non-hatchlings per km) on the Pacific Coast of Costa Rica (Mauger et al. 2012); 120 individuals (1.65 per km) in Dominican Republic (Greco Jr. et al. 2023); 1,071 individuals at El Cajon Reservoir, Honduras (Espinal and Escobedo Galván 2011); 35 nesting females at Cayo Centro, Quintana Roo, México (Charruau et al. 2022); 510 individuals in Reserva de la Biosfera La Encrucijada, México (Reserva de la Biosfera La Encrucijada 2010); and 185 individuals (1.8 per km) in Coiba National Park, Panamá (Venegas Anaya et al. 2015).","viabilityComments":"Many occurrences likely have good viability.","threatImpactComments":"Major threats throughout the range include habitat loss and poaching. Coastal development resulting in the loss of mangrove habitat is a primary threat throughout the range (Mauger et al. 2012, Rainwater et al. 2019, Greco Jr. et al. 2023). Poaching and persecution by humans still occurs in much of the range (Schubert 1994, Rainwater et al. 2019, Greco Jr. et al. 2023). In Florida, the natural flow of freshwater from Lake Okeechobee through the Everglades and into Florida Bay has decreased dramatically due to diversion for the sugar industry, which has increased the salinity of Florida Bay and resulted in less optimal conditions for this species and many others (Mazzotti et al. 2019, Smith et al. 2020, Briggs-Gonzalez et al. 2021).","shortTermTrendComments":"Thanks to conservation efforts throughout the range, this species is generally stable or increasing in most places (Rainwater et al. 2019, Charruau et al. 2022, USFWS 2022). Reported declines include northeast Florida Bay (USFWS 2022) and the Dominican Republic (Greco Jr. et al. 2023).","longTermTrendComments":"This species declined throughout the range during the 19th and 20th centuries, including local extirpations in some locations (Thorbjarnarson 1988, Schwartz and Henderson 1991, Mazzoti et al. 2007, USFWS 2007, Rainwater et al. 2019). It was extirpated from nearly 10% of the historical range (Rainwater et al. 2019).","inventoryNeeds":"Precise distribution and status of populations outside the United States need to be determined.","numberProtEosComments":"There are protected occurrences throughout the range (Rainwater et al. 2019).","protectionNeeds":"Protection from poaching is critical in many parts of the range. In Florida, restoration of freshwater flow through the Everglades into Florida Bay is essential for maintaining habitat quality.","otherConsiderations":"USFWS and State of Florida list as Threatened. Also in CITES Appendix.","intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":"This species has very low juvenile survival (Briggs-Gonzalez et al. 2017).","enviromentalSpecificityComments":"This species occupies a variety of coastal and near-coastal wetland types (Rainwater et al. 2019)."},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":106064,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":true,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Crocodiles may make seasonal movements between freshwater and saline habitats (Gaby et al. 1985).","foodHabitsComments":"Adults are believed to eat primarily fishes (USFWS 1980) but probably also eat large invertebrates and various vertebrates (mammals, birds, turtles). Young feed mainly on aquatic invertebrates (USFWS 1980, Platt et al. 2002).","animalPhenologyComments":null,"colonialBreeder":false,"length":460,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":102445,"animalPhenology":{"id":2,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Circadian","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Circadiano","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Circadien","displayOrder":2},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":104548,"foodHabits":{"id":1,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Carnivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Carnívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Carnivore","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":104549,"foodHabits":{"id":2,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescFr":"Piscivore","displayOrder":2},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":104550,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1383,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":null,"subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":5.0,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including eggs) in or near appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and  breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Busy highway or highway with obstructions such that alligators rarely if ever cross successfully (does not include highways that traverse continuous aquatic/wetland habitat); untraversable topography (e.g., cliff); urbanized area dominated by buildings and pavement and lacking aquatic or wetland habitat.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":1.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":30.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Crocodiles in Florida have large (86-262 ha) activity areas (Kushlan and Mazzotti 1989). A 262-ha home range (if circular) would be about 1.8 km in diameter, but home rnages mapped by Kushlan and Mazzotti were elongate and up to approximately 15 km long. The separation distance of 30 km for suitable (aquatic/wetland) habitat is about twice this approximately 15-km home range length. <br> For the purposes of these occurrence specifications, unsuitable habitat refers to upland habitat. Movements across upland habitats are highly restricted under normal circumstances, so the nominal minimum separation distance of 1 km is used.","versionDate":"2001-05-08","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:26:29.723326Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":106064,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":"The public should be educated about crocodiles. In Florida, efforts should be made to decrease accidental mortality and restore the natural hydrology of the Everglades. See USFWS (1998) for specific information on recovery and management in Florida.","monitoringMethods":"EOs should be monitored. See Mazzotti and Brandt (1988) for live-trapping method. See Jones and Hayes-Odum (1994, Herpetol. Rev. 25:14-15) for a method for the restraint and transport of crocodilians.","managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":"Determine habitat requirements. Research methods of captive breeding and restocking.","biologicalResearchNeeds":"More studies are needed to understand the scope of threats such as poaching.","additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":107473,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:30:31.841757Z"}],"references":[{"id":1156125,"citation":"Bertone, S., A. Godahewa, S. A. Balaguera Reina, V. Briggs Gonzalez, and F. J. Mazzotti. 2023. First successful nest for the vulnerable American crocodile <i>Crocodylus acutus </i>population on the west coast of Florida, USA. Oryx 57(3): 389–391. doi: 10.1017/S0030605322001119","shortCitationAuthor":"Bertone et al.","shortCitationYear":2023,"referenceCode":"A23BER02NAUS","lastModified":"2025-09-05T22:05:24.333527Z"},{"id":1156139,"citation":"Briggs-Gonzalez, V., C. Bonenfant, M. Basille, M. Cherkiss, J. Beauchamp, and F. Mazzotti. 2017. Life histories and conservation of long- lived reptiles, an illustration with the American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus). Journal of Animal Ecology 86: 1102-1113. doi: 10.1111/1365-2656.12723","shortCitationAuthor":"Briggs-Gonzalez et al.","shortCitationYear":2017,"referenceCode":"A17BRI01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-09-05T22:05:24.351379Z"},{"id":140896,"citation":"Brisbin, I. L., Jr., and M. A. McDonald. 1989. Genetic patterns and the conservation of crocodilians: a review of strategies and options. 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