{"elementGlobalId":1060049,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":11,"iucnDescEn":"Least concern","iucnDescEs":"Menos preocupante","iucnDescFr":"Moins préoccupante","iucnCode":"LC"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":4,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":"Expertise without calculation","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by inspection","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Ochotona princeps</i>","scientificName":"Ochotona princeps","scientificNameAuthor":"(Richardson, 1828)","primaryCommonName":"American Pika","relatedItisNames":"<i>Ochotona princeps</i> (Richardson, 1828) (TSN 180109)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1060049","elcode":"AMAEA01030","conceptRefFullCitation":"Hafner, D. J., and A. T. Smith. 2010. Revision of the subspecies of the American pika, <i>Ochotona princeps</i> (Lagomorpha: Ochotonidae). 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discontinuously in mountainous areas in western North America, from central British Columbia and southern Alberta south to east-central California, Nevada, southern Utah, and northern New Mexico; east to Wyoming and Colorado; ranges from sea level to 3000 m in north, uncommon below 2500 m at southern range limit (Smith and Weston 1990; Hoffmann, in Wilson and Reeder 1993). See detailed map in Hafner and Sullivan (1995).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":null,"popSizeComments":null,"viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":null,"shortTermTrendComments":null,"longTermTrendComments":"Beever et al. (2003) revisited historical locations of pikas within the hydrographic Great Basin and found that 7 of 25 populations (28%) reported earlier in the 20th century appeared to have experienced recent extirpations. Higher probability of persistence was correlated with greater area of talus habitat at local and mountain-range scales, higher elevation, more easterly longitude, more southern latitude, lack of livestock grazing, greater distance to primary roads, and wilderness management. However, only area of habitat in the mountain range, maximum elevation of talus habitat, and distance to primary roads appeared in the most parsimonious model of persistence.","inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":null,"protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":1060049,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Home range size varies seasonally, largest during spring breeding season. Pikas defend haypiles in late summer. Home range size is about twice as large as the defended area. Male and female territories average about the same size. Reported home ranges: 0.3-0.5 hectares (Barash 1973); also reported as mean 0.26 hectares, range 0.04-0.30 hectares (Kawamichi 1976).<br>","foodHabitsComments":"Diet includes primarily grasses, sedges, and forbs, sometimes shoots of woody vegetation. In late summer and fall, pikas harvest and stores food (forbs, grasses, marmot pellets) for winter consumption; stored food may be most important when winter is unusually harsh or long (see Smith and Weston 1990). In winter, some foraging may occur in snow tunnels. Pikas regularly ingest caecal pellets, either directly or after storage.","animalPhenologyComments":"Pikas are active diurnally throughout the year. Near the lower elevational limit, individuals may be inactive at midday in hot weather (Smith and Weston 1990).","colonialBreeder":false,"length":22,"width":null,"weight":128,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":103808,"animalPhenology":{"id":3,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Diurnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Diurno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Diurne","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":106825,"foodHabits":{"id":4,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Herbivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Herbívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Herbivore","displayOrder":4},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":156421,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"American Pika","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":"Home ranges too small to warrant an inferred extent.","minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals in appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Major body of water (subjective determination).","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":2.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Home ranges are small (Barash 1973c, Kawamichi 1976), but dispersal can be fairly extensive. Peacock (1997) reported one observed 2-km dispersal between talus patches per year, and Hafner and Sullivan (1995) found that pika metapopulations are separated by 10-100 km (maximum dispersal for an individual pika estimated at 10-20 km). To avoid occurrences that are too spatially expansive, we adopt relatively conservative separation distances. Suitable habitat includes talus; unsuitable habitat includes all other terrestrial habitats.","versionDate":"2004-04-21","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G., and S. Cannings","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2021-10-02T19:44:39.908114Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":1060049,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":209533,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T06:49:36.194826Z"}],"references":[{"id":1151804,"citation":"American Society of Mammalogists (ASM). 2025. Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.13) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10595931. Online. Available: https://www.mammaldiversity.org/","shortCitationAuthor":"American Society of Mammalogists (ASM)","shortCitationYear":2025,"referenceCode":"W25ASM01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-04-04T21:45:15.526109Z"},{"id":119122,"citation":"Banfield, A. W. F. 1974. The mammals of Canada. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada. 438 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Banfield","shortCitationYear":1974,"referenceCode":"B74BAN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:03.631914Z"},{"id":154994,"citation":"Barash, D. P. 1973c. Territory and foraging behavior of the pika (<i>Ochotona princeps</i>) in Montana. American Midland Naturalist 89:202-207.","shortCitationAuthor":"Barash","shortCitationYear":1973,"referenceCode":"A73BAR01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:21.475921Z"},{"id":279965,"citation":"Beever, E. A., P. F. Brussard, and J. Berger. 2003. Patterns of apparent extirpation among isolated populations of pikas (<i>Ochotona princeps</i>) in the Great Basin. Journal of Mammalogy 84:37-54.","shortCitationAuthor":"Beever et al.","shortCitationYear":2003,"referenceCode":"A03BEE01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T20:47:27.631837Z"},{"id":759420,"citation":"Bradley, R.D., L.K. Ammerman, R.J. Baker, L.C. Bradley, J.A. Cook. R.C. Dowler, C. Jones, D.J. Schmidly, F.B. Stangl Jr., R.A. Van den Bussche and B. Würsig. 2014. Revised checklist of North American mammals north of Mexico, 2014. Museum of Texas Tech University Occasional Papers 327:1-28. Available at: http://www.nsrl.ttu.edu/publications/opapers/ops/OP327.pdf","shortCitationAuthor":"Bradley et al.","shortCitationYear":2014,"referenceCode":"A14BRA01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:17.880059Z"},{"id":668148,"citation":"Hafner, D. J., and A. T. Smith. 2010. Revision of the subspecies of the American pika, <i>Ochotona princeps</i> (Lagomorpha: Ochotonidae). 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North American Fauna 47:1-57.","shortCitationAuthor":"Howell","shortCitationYear":1924,"referenceCode":"B24HOW01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:21.475921Z"},{"id":156383,"citation":"Jones, J. K., Jr., R. S. Hoffman, D. W. Rice, C. Jones, R. J. Baker, and M. D. Engstrom. 1992a. Revised checklist of North American mammals north of Mexico, 1991. Occasional Papers, The Museum, Texas Tech University, 146:1-23.","shortCitationAuthor":"Jones et al.","shortCitationYear":1992,"referenceCode":"B92JON01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:17.880059Z"},{"id":131819,"citation":"Kawamichi, T. 1976. Hay territory and dominance rank of pikas (<i>Ochotona princeps</i>). Journal of Mammalogy 57:133-148.","shortCitationAuthor":"Kawamichi","shortCitationYear":1976,"referenceCode":"A76KAW01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:21.475921Z"},{"id":279964,"citation":"Peacock, M. M. 1997. Determining natal dispersal patterns in a population of North American pikas (<i>Ochotona princeps</i>) using direct mark-resight and indirect genetic methods. Behavioral Ecology 8:340-350.","shortCitationAuthor":"Peacock","shortCitationYear":1997,"referenceCode":"A97PEA01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:21.475921Z"},{"id":279963,"citation":"Smith, A. T. 1974. The distribution and dispersal of pikas: consequences of insular population structure. Ecology 55:1112-1119.","shortCitationAuthor":"Smith","shortCitationYear":1974,"referenceCode":"A74SMI02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T20:47:27.631837Z"},{"id":148592,"citation":"Smith, A. T., and M. L. Weston. 1990. Ochotona princeps. Am. Soc. Mamm., Mammalian Species No. 352:1-8.","shortCitationAuthor":"Smith and Weston","shortCitationYear":1990,"referenceCode":"A90SMI01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T20:47:27.631837Z"},{"id":105038,"citation":"Southwick, C. H., et al. 1986. 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Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. xviii + 1206 pp. Available online at: http://www.nmnh.si.edu/msw/.","shortCitationAuthor":"Wilson and Reeder","shortCitationYear":1993,"referenceCode":"B93WIL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:17.880059Z"},{"id":477777,"citation":"Wilson, D. E., and D. M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Third edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. 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Gestation lasts approximately 30 days. Adult females produce 1 or 2 litters of usually 2-5 young/litter (average often 3 at high elevations), between May and September; most young come from first litters. In most areas parturition begins in May with a peak in June, occurs as early as March in some low elevation areas (Smith and Weston 1990). In Colorado, pikas initiate 2 litters annually but only one is weaned; births occur late June-early August. Young are dependent on their mother for at least 18 days, weaned as early as 3-4 weeks. Juveniles establish territories and haypiles in the summer of their birth but do not breed until their 2nd summer. Maximum lifespan is about 7 years.","ecologyComments":"Adjacent home ranges tend to be occupied by opposite sexes. Population density was 3-10 per ha in favorable habitat in Colorado in mid-August (same as in other regions); population relatively stable due to density-related social behavior (Southwick et al. 1986). 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