{"elementGlobalId":105969,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":11,"iucnDescEn":"Least concern","iucnDescEs":"Menos preocupante","iucnDescFr":"Moins préoccupante","iucnCode":"LC"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":7,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":" Rank calculation - Biotics v2","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by calculator","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Phrynosoma cornutum</i>","scientificName":"Phrynosoma cornutum","scientificNameAuthor":"(Harlan, 1825)","primaryCommonName":"Texas Horned Lizard","relatedItisNames":"<i>Phrynosoma cornutum</i> (Harlan, 1825) (TSN 173938)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.105969","elcode":"ARACF12010","conceptRefFullCitation":"Reeve, W. L. 1952. Taxonomy and distribution of the horned lizards genus <i>Phrynosoma</i>. University of Kansas Science Bulletin 34:817-960.","conceptName":"<i>Phrynosoma cornutum</i>","taxonomicComments":"Williams et al. (2019) and Finger et al. (2022) found evidence from mtDNA, microsatellites, and genotyping-by-sequencing data for three primary and largely allopatric populations of Texas Horned Lizards in the Chihuahuan Desert, the Great Plains, and the southern Coastal Plain of the United States. Although they did not recognize these populations taxonomically, their demographic analyses indicate that the three populations are incompletely separated lineages. The earliest divergence is between the western (Chihuahuan Desert) and the two eastern populations. It corresponds to the divergence between the two primary mtDNA clades found by those authors and by Köhler (2021), who recognized them as subspecies (Nicholson 2025).","roundedGRank":"G4","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2025-08-31","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Hammerson, G., and M. K. Clausen (2005); rev. R. L. Gundy (2025)","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":164381,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N4","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":359622,"subnation":{"id":39,"nameEn":"New Mexico","nameEs":"Nuevo México","nameFr":"Nouveau-Mexique","subnationCode":"NM","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":359622,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":381768,"subnation":{"id":21,"nameEn":"Kansas","nameEs":"Kansas","nameFr":"Kansas","subnationCode":"KS","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S4","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S4","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":381768,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":349297,"subnation":{"id":43,"nameEn":"Oklahoma","nameEs":"Oklahoma","nameFr":"Oklahoma","subnationCode":"OK","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S2","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":349297,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":387625,"subnation":{"id":2,"nameEn":"Alabama","nameEs":"Alabama","nameFr":"Alabama","subnationCode":"AL","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNA","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNA","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":387625,"hybrid":false,"exotic":true,"native":false}},{"elementSubnationalId":392267,"subnation":{"id":23,"nameEn":"Louisiana","nameEs":"Louisiana","nameFr":"Louisiane","subnationCode":"LA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SX","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SX","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":392267,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":313422,"subnation":{"id":51,"nameEn":"Texas","nameEs":"Texas","nameFr":"Texas","subnationCode":"TX","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":313422,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":308698,"subnation":{"id":6,"nameEn":"Arizona","nameEs":"Arizona","nameFr":"Arizona","subnationCode":"AZ","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3S4","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":308698,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":369887,"subnation":{"id":8,"nameEn":"Colorado","nameEs":"Colorado","nameFr":"Colorado","subnationCode":"CO","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":369887,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":377788,"subnation":{"id":14,"nameEn":"Georgia","nameEs":"Georgia","nameFr":"Géorgie","subnationCode":"GA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNA","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNA","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":377788,"hybrid":false,"exotic":true,"native":false}},{"elementSubnationalId":334811,"subnation":{"id":34,"nameEn":"North Carolina","nameEs":"Carolina del Norte","nameFr":"Caroline du Nord","subnationCode":"NC","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNA","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNA","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":334811,"hybrid":false,"exotic":true,"native":false}},{"elementSubnationalId":271640,"subnation":{"id":4,"nameEn":"Arkansas","nameEs":"Arkansas","nameFr":"Arkansas","subnationCode":"AR","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SH","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SH","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":271640,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":311962,"subnation":{"id":30,"nameEn":"Missouri","nameEs":"Missouri","nameFr":"Missouri","subnationCode":"MO","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S2","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":311962,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":1996,"nrank":"N4N5","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":164381,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T21:47:28.355208Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.105969/Phrynosoma_cornutum","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"2025-08-31","grankReviewDate":"2025-08-31","grankReasons":"This species is widespread in the south-central United States and northern México. The population has suffered widespread declines due to habitat loss, habitat degradation, and the invasion of red imported fire ants. The population is likely still declining due to these threats.","grank":"G4","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":105969,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":{"id":5,"enviromentalSpecificityDescEn":"Narrow.  Specialist or community with key requirements common.","enviromentalSpecificityDescEs":"Estrecho.  Especialista o comunidad con requisitos claves comunes.","enviromentalSpecificityDescFr":"Étroit. Spécialistes ou communautés répondant aux critères clés sont répandues."},"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":4,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Moderately vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"Moderadamente vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"Moyennement vulnérable"},"longTermTrend":{"id":31,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 30-50%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 30-50%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 30 à 50 %"},"numberEos":{"id":15,"numberEosDescEn":"> 300","numberEosDescEs":"> 300","numberEosDescFr":"> 300"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":21,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Very many (>125)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Muchos (>125)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"Beaucoup (>125)"},"numberProtEos":{"id":15,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Very many (>40) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Muchas ocurrencias (>40) protegidas y controladas adecuadamente","numberProtEosDescFr":"Beaucoup d’occurrences (>40) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":33,"popSizeDescEn":"10,000 to >1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 10.000 a >1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 10 000 à >1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":33,"rangeExtentDescEn":"200,000-2,500,000 square km (about 80,000-1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"200.000 a 2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 80.000 a 1.000.000 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 200 000 à 2 500 000 km carrés (de 80 000 à 1 000 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":36,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 10-30%","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 10 al 30%.","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 10 à 30 %"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":5,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"High","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Alto","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Élevé"},"rangeExtentComments":"The range extends from extreme southwestern Missouri and central Kansas to southeastern Colorado, and south and west throughout most of Oklahoma and Texas (including coastal barrier islands), eastern and southern New Mexico, and southeastern Arizona to northeastern Sonora, Chihuahua and Durango east of Sierra Madre Occidental, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosi, Zacatecas, and Aguascalientes (Price 1990, Arenas Monroy et al. 2014). Native eastern limit is uncertain; records for Missouri and Arkansas have been questioned (now extirpated from Arkansas; Trauth et al. 2004), and possibly the species is not native to Louisiana (Price 1990). Using Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) (2025) records, range extent is estimated to be 1,748,498 km² (RARECAT 2025).<br/><br/>This species has been introduced and is established in North Carolina (Settle 1989), South Carolina (Heuring et al. 2019), Florida (Owens and Krysko 2007, Krysko et al. 2019), and Hawaii (Hunsaker and Breese 1967, Price 1990).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"This species is represented by hundreds of collection sites throughout the historical range in the United States and by well over 100 sites in Mexico (Prices 1990). Many historically occupied sites still support populations (e.g., Hammerson 1999).","popSizeComments":"Total adult population size is unknown but surely exceeds 10,000 and likely exceeds 100,000. This species can be locally abundant in undeveloped areas with appropriate habitat (Carpenter et al. 1993, Hammerson 1999).","viabilityComments":"Many occurrences likely have good viability.","threatImpactComments":"The primary threats are mortality from fire ants, decline of native ant species, and habitat loss and degradation (Price 1990, Carpenter et al. 1993, Donaldson et al. 1994, Granberg et al. 2015).<br/><br/>Red imported fire ants (<i>Solenopsis invicta</i>) are implicated in declines of native harvester ants, an essential food source for this species (Pianka and Parker 1975, Henke and Fair 1998). The widespread use of broadcast insecticides is also thought to contribute to declines. Insecticides can be detrimental by directly causing illness or death or indirectly by severely reducing or eliminating harvester ants (Henke and Fair 1998). Fire ants are also implicated in predation of this species (Carpenter et al. 1993, Inslee 2010).<br/><br/>This species is vulnerable to changes in habitat. High densities of grasses and trees due to a lack of natural habitat disturbance is likely decreasing habitat quality (Anderson 2012, Granberg et al. 2015, Anderson et al. 2017). Development-related loss of shrubs and grasses, used as shade for thermoregulation, is also detrimental to survival (Tucker et al. 2023). Intensive ground disturbance, such as plowing and bulldozing, kills adults and their eggs (Carpenter et al. 1993, Donaldson et al. 1994, Anderson 2012). However, this species can thrive in altered habitats around small towns due to reduction in predators (Mirkin et al. 2021).<br/><br/>Mortality from road traffic is an important local threat in some areas. Males are particularly vulnerable during May-June in Arizona-New Mexico (Sherbrooke 2002). A high level of road mortality may lead to significant local declines (Anderson 2012). Road traffic on military installations also causes mortality (Webb and Henke 2008, Anderson 2012).<br/><br/>In the past, this lizard was collected for the pet trade, by boy scout troops for trading at jamborees, for the curio trade, and by tourists (Donaldson et al. 1994, Henke and Fair 1998).","shortTermTrendComments":"This species likely continues to decline.","longTermTrendComments":"This species apparently has declined in area of occupancy and population size near the northeastern margins of the range in Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas, but it is doing well in most the range. According to Price (1990), the Texas horned lizard has virtually disappeared from Texas east of a line from Fort Worth through Austin and San Antonio to Corpus Cristi (formerly widespread and abundant in that area). It has also declined in range and/or abundance in areas where it was formerly common in parts of north-central Texas, the Texas Panhandle, and parts of Oklahoma. Price's conclusions are supported by more recent surveys in Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas. A 1992 Texas survey found the greatest declines in east Texas (where no individuals were found) and apparent declines also in central Texas; the species appeared to be doing well in northern and western Texas (Donaldson et al. 1994). Bartlett and Bartlett (1999) stated that the decline may have halted in at least some parts of Texas, as they found numerous individuals in areas where searches in several previous years yielded few. A 1999 survey in Texas was unable to determine population trend (Henke 2003). A 1992 Oklahoma survey found the species to be rapidly disappearing in eastern areas of Oklahoma where it was once known to be abundant (Carpenter et al. 1993). A 1993 survey of the northern Flint Hills of Kansas suggested that populations were possibly declining (Busby and Parmalee 1996), and local collectors reported declines in the southeastern portions of Kansas (Bill Busby, pers. comm., 1998). No trend information is available for Colorado, but recent surveys indicate that the species appears to be locally common and stable (Siemers, pers. comm., 1998; Hammerson 1999). According to Rosen (Herp Diversity Review 1996), populations are thriving and plentiful in extreme southeastern Arizona. New Mexico densities have not changed historically, and populations are considered stable (Charles Painter, pers. comm., 1998). Status is unknown in Sonora, Mexico (Andres Villareal Lizarraga, pers. comm., 1998).","inventoryNeeds":"Determine the number of populations and abundance. Monitor selected populations across the range to determine trends. Determine threats and monitor the spread of fire ants and their effect.","numberProtEosComments":"Extant populations exist in a fairly large number of areas with adequate protection.","protectionNeeds":"Fire ant control is a primary conservation need for this species. Habitat management, such as fire or grazing, to maintain a low","otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":"This species is a dietary specialist, primarily eating ants and beetles (Richards and Watson 2024).","enviromentalSpecificityComments":"This species requires habitat with ample open ground and occasional taller vegetation used for shade (Anderson et al. 2017, Tucker et al. 2023)."},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":105969,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Home range size and movements seem quite variable. Munger (1984a) found that single-season home range size in southern Arizona averaged 1.3 ha in females and 2.4 ha in males. Home range length extended up to about 400 m but often was 100-300 m, and some individuals that were observed more than 30 times moved over an area less than 55 m across. Some individuals tended not to remain in a limited area. Overlap of home ranges occurred but was not extensive.<br/><br/>In southern New Mexico, home range size was about 1 ha or less (Worthington 1972). Whitford and Bryant (1979) recorded movements of 9-91 m per day (average 47 m) in New Mexico. Individuals followed a zig-zag course and rarely crossed their own path.<br/><br/>In Colorado, Montgomery and Mackessy (in Mackessy 1998) reported that a juvenile moved approximately 100 m in two days. Another juvenile was recaptured 480 m from its original capture location after 47 days.<br/><br/>In Texas, total area of use varied from 291 sq m (25 days) to 14,690 sq m (116 days); weekly home ranges appeared to be mobile (Fair and Henke 1999). Annual adult survival rate was between 9 and 54% (Fair and Henke 1999). Another study in central Texas found home range sizes of males (2.22-3.15 ha) to be larger than females (0.38-1.01 ha) (Anderson 2012).<br/><br/>In Oklahoma, average individual daily linear movements for all lizards was 45.0 m (range 10-220 m); males moved significantly farther than females in but not after May when their average daily movements were very similar; average individual daily activity area for all lizards was 232.8 square meters (range 1.7-3011.4 sq m); males covered drastically larger areas in a day during May than did females (Stark et al. 2005).","foodHabitsComments":"Eats mainly ants but also other small insects, particularly beetles (Stebbins 1985, Richards and Watson 2024).","animalPhenologyComments":"Active April to September in north (Collins 1982, Hammerson 1982). Sometimes found on warm roads at night (Hammerson 1982).","colonialBreeder":false,"length":18,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":100985,"animalPhenology":{"id":1,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Hibernates/aestivates","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Hibernación/Estivación","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Hiberne/estive","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":100986,"animalPhenology":{"id":3,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Diurnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Diurno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Diurne","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":101926,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1162,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Phrynosomatid Lizards","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":0.2,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including eggs) in or near appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Busy highway or highway with obstructions such that lizards rarely if ever cross successfully; major river, lake, pond, or deep marsh; urbanized area dominated by buildings and pavement.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":1.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Phrynosomatid lizards have small home range sizes, usually less than 0.5 ha (often much less) and rarely more than 1 ha  (see examples in BCD EO Specs). In a study that documented exceptionally large home range size for a phrynosomatid, Munger (1984a) found that single-season home range size of <i>Phrynosoma cornutum</i> in southern Arizona averaged less than 2.5 ha. Dispersal distances are poorly known, and most studies have not been designed to detect long distance movements. The separation distance for suitable habitat is a compromise between the typical sedentary habits of these lizards, their physical ability to cover fairly large distances in a short period of time, their tendency to occur throughout patches of suitable habitat, and the likely low probability that two occupied locations separated by less than several kilometers of suitable habitat would represent independent populations.","versionDate":"2004-09-21","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:06:33.240021Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":105969,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":"Based on abundance of harvester ants, McIntyre (2003) found no evidence that Conservation Reserve Program plots planted in exotic grasses are significantly poorer habitat for <i>P. cornutum</i> than native grass plantings.","monitoringMethods":"See Fair and Henke (1997) for information on different capture/survey methods.","managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":"More studies are needed to quantify the impacts of red imported fire ants.","additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":107381,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:30:17.669514Z"}],"references":[{"id":1156186,"citation":"Anderson, W. M. 2012. Home range, habitat use, and conservation of the Texas horned lizard (<i>Phrynosoma cornutum</i>) in central Texas. M.S. thesis. Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX. 71 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Anderson","shortCitationYear":2012,"referenceCode":"N12AND01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-09-05T22:05:05.898369Z"},{"id":1156187,"citation":"Anderson, W. M., D. B. Wester, C. J. Salice, and G. Perry. 2017. Habitat utilization by the Texas horned lizard (<i>Phrynosoma cornutum</i>) from two sites in central Texas. The Journal of North American Herpetology 2017(1): 28-33.","shortCitationAuthor":"Anderson et al.","shortCitationYear":2017,"referenceCode":"A17AND03NAUS","lastModified":"2025-09-05T22:05:05.900369Z"},{"id":1156177,"citation":"Arenas Monroy, J. C., U. O. García Vázquez, R. A. Carbajal Márquez, and A. Cardona Arceo. 2014. A new state record for Aguascalientes, Mexico: <i>Phrynosoma cornutum</i> (Squamata: Phrynosomatidae), the Texas horned lizard. Herpetology Notes 7: 551-553.","shortCitationAuthor":"Arenas Monroy et al.","shortCitationYear":2014,"referenceCode":"A14ARE01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-09-05T22:05:05.882365Z"},{"id":121383,"citation":"Bartlett, R. D., and P. P. Bartlett. 1999a. A field guide to Texas reptiles &amp; amphibians. Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, Texas. xviii + 331 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Bartlett and Bartlett","shortCitationYear":1999,"referenceCode":"B99BAR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:24.173666Z"},{"id":137372,"citation":"Behler, J. L., and F. W. King. 1979. The Audubon Society field guide to North American reptiles and amphibians. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. 719 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Behler and King","shortCitationYear":1979,"referenceCode":"B79BEH01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:24.173666Z"},{"id":110727,"citation":"Busby, W. H. and J. R. Parmalee. 1996. Historical changes in a herpetofaunal assemblage in the Flint Hills of Kansas. American Midland Naturalist 135: 81-91.","shortCitationAuthor":"Busby and Parmalee","shortCitationYear":1996,"referenceCode":"A96BUS01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:26:17.894789Z"},{"id":109259,"citation":"Carpenter, C. C., R. St. Clair, P. Gier, and C. C. Vaughn. 1993. Determination of the distribution and abundance of the Texas horned lizard (<i>Phrynosoma cornutum</i>) in Oklahoma. Final Report to Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation, Federal Aid Project E-18.","shortCitationAuthor":"Carpenter et al.","shortCitationYear":1993,"referenceCode":"R93CAR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-11-11T02:16:28.555346Z"},{"id":120569,"citation":"Collins, J. T. 1982. Amphibians and reptiles in Kansas. Second edition. Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist., Pub. Ed. Ser. 8. xiii + 356 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Collins","shortCitationYear":1982,"referenceCode":"B82COL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:09.428867Z"},{"id":137880,"citation":"Collins, J. T. 1990. Standard common and current scientific names for North American amphibians and reptiles. 3rd ed. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. Herpetological Circular No. 19. 41 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Collins","shortCitationYear":1990,"referenceCode":"B90COL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:15.579798Z"},{"id":104608,"citation":"Conant, R. and J. T. Collins. 1991. A field guide to reptiles and amphibians: eastern and central North America. Third edition. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, Massachusetts. 450 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Conant and Collins","shortCitationYear":1991,"referenceCode":"B91CON01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.303794Z"},{"id":140525,"citation":"Conant, R., and J. T. Collins. 1998. A field guide to reptiles and amphibians: eastern and central North America. Third edition, expanded. 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