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species is widespread and abundant in the eastern U.S., eastern Canada, and northern México. This species is adaptable to a variety of habitat conditions and resilient against multiple threats such as habitat degradation. It is also widespread across the western U.S. and many countries where it is not native.","grank":"G5","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":105926,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":{"id":36,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 10-30%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 10 al 30%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 10 à 30 %"},"numberEos":{"id":15,"numberEosDescEn":"> 300","numberEosDescEs":"> 300","numberEosDescFr":"> 300"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":21,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Very many (>125)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Muchos (>125)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"Beaucoup (>125)"},"numberProtEos":{"id":15,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Very many (>40) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Muchas ocurrencias (>40) protegidas y controladas adecuadamente","numberProtEosDescFr":"Beaucoup d’occurrences (>40) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":36,"popSizeDescEn":">1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":">1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":">1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":35,"rangeExtentDescEn":">2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":">2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (más ","rangeExtentDescFr":">2 500 000 km carrés (plus de 1 000 000 miles carrés)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":40,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Relatively Stable (<=10% change)","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Relativamente estable (variación = <10%)","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Relativement stable (variation = <10 %)"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":10,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Low","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Bajo","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Faible"},"rangeExtentComments":"The native range extends from Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and southern Quebec, Canada, west to the Great Lakes region, and south through most of the central and eastern United States and south into northeastern México (Dodd Jr. 2023). The western limits of the native range are ambiguous due to widespread introductions in western North America.<br/><br/>This species also has been introduced in many parts of the world where it is considered an invasive species.","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"There are many and/or large occurrences throughout most of the range.","popSizeComments":"Total adult population size is unknown but clearly exceeds 1,000,000 individuals.","viabilityComments":"Most occurrences have good viability.","threatImpactComments":"There are no major rangewide threats to this species. Aquatic and upland habitat loss is a threat, although this species is adaptable to many habitat types and habitat conditions.","shortTermTrendComments":"The population within the native range is likely relatively stable.","longTermTrendComments":"The population within the native range has undoubtedly declined to some degree due to habitat loss (Dodd Jr. 2023).","inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":"There are many occurrences on conservation lands and this species is adaptable to disturbed habitats.","protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":105926,"majorHabitat":{"id":2,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Freshwater","majorHabitatDescEs":"Agua dulce","majorHabitatDescFr":"Eau douce"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":true,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":"May make seasonal migrations to and from ephemeral bodies of water, or between adjacent permanent aquatic habitats. Usually remains in one pond or in a cluster of adjacent ponds throughout season but may move up to a mile or more from one year to the next. In Missouri, Willis et al. (1956) found that R. catesbeiana made interpond movements of 0.16-2.8 km.","foodHabitsComments":"Metamorphosed frogs eat any animal that can be captured and swallowed, including all kinds of vertebrates and invertebrates. Larvae eat suspended matter, organic debris, algae, plant tissue, and small aquatic invertebrates.","animalPhenologyComments":"Bullfrogs are easily observed in daytime or (with a light) at night; movements and breeding activity during summer occur mostly at dusk and at night, though calling commonly occurs in daytime as well. Bullfrogs are relatively inactive during cold winter months, where they situate themselves at the bottom of pools or under various sorts of cover in or near water.","colonialBreeder":false,"length":20,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":100943,"animalPhenology":{"id":1,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Hibernates/aestivates","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Hibernación/Estivación","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Hiberne/estive","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":100944,"animalPhenology":{"id":2,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Circadian","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Circadiano","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Circadien","displayOrder":2},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":100945,"animalPhenology":{"id":4,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Nocturnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Nocturno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Nocturne","displayOrder":4},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":100946,"animalPhenology":{"id":5,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Crepuscular","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Crepuscular","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Crépusculaire","displayOrder":5},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":101868,"foodHabits":{"id":1,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Carnivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Carnívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Carnivore","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":false},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":101869,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":false},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":101870,"foodHabits":{"id":4,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Herbivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Herbívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Herbivore","displayOrder":4},"adult":false,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1179,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Ranid Frogs","subtypes":"Breeding Location","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including larvae or eggs) in or near appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Busy major highway, especially at night, such that frogs rarely if ever cross successfully; urban development dominated by buildings and pavement; habitat in which site-specific data indicate the frogs virtually never occur.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":1.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"BARRIERS/UNSUITABLE HABITAT: Rivers may or may not be effective barriers, depending on stream width and flow dynamics; identification of streams as barriers is a subjective determination. Ranid frog species vary in habitat use, but even the most aquatic species may traverse upland habitat when conditions are suitable (Pope and Matthews 2001); natural and seminatural upland habitat generally does not constitute a barrier. Here, unsuitable habitat refers to upland habitat devoid or nearly devoid of wetlands, streams, ponds, or lakes. Bodies of water dominated by predatory fishes may be barriers to some species but suitable habitat for others; in most cases, such waters probably should be regarded as unsuitable habitat.<br /><br />SUITABLE HABITAT (Applies to most North American ranids, but not <i>Lithobates sevosa</i> or <i>L. </i><i>capit</i>o): Suitable habitat includes riparian/riverine corridors, wetlands, and wetland/upland mosaics in which wetland patches are separated by less than 1 km of upland habitat; it also includes any upland habitat regularly used for feeding or wintering (e.g., mesic forest for wood frogs).<br /><br />MOVEMENTS (Applies to most North American ranids, but not <i>Lithobates sevosa</i> or <i>L. </i><i>capit</i>o): Available information indicates that individual ranids occasionally move distances of several km (<i>R. luteiventris</i>: Reaser 1996, cited by Koch et al. 1997; <i>R. blairi</i>: Gillis 1975) but most individuals stay within a few kilometers of their breeding sites (<i>R. aurora draytonii</i>: USFWS, Federal Register, 11 September 2000; <i>L. capito</i>: Franz et al. 1988; <i>R. clamitans</i>: Lamoureux and Madison 1999; <i>R. luteiventris</i>: Turner 1960, Hollenbeck 1974, Bull and Hayes 2001). Similarly, maximum distance between capture points generally is a few kilometers or less (<i>R. aurora</i>: Hayes et al. 2001; USFWS, Federal Register, 11 September 2000; <i>L. catesbeiana</i>: Willis et al. 1956; <i>R. luteiventris</i>: Reaser and Pilliod, in press; Engle 2000; <i>R. muscosa</i>: Pope and Matthews 2001). Dispersal data for juveniles are lacking for most species.<br /><br />Adult and juvenile <i>L. sylvaticus</i> readily traveled in excess of 300 m from their pools of origin (Vasconcelos and Calhoun 2004). Bellis (1965) determined that adult and juvenile <i>L. sylvaticus</i> in a peat bog had traveled at least 410 m from the nearest breeding pool. Berven and Grudzien (1990) found that dispersing <i>L. sylvaticus</i> juveniles traveled an average of 1,208 m from their natal pools. In the Shenandoah Mountains, data for <i>L. sylvaticus</i> indicated that ponds separated by a distance greater than 1,000 m should experience little gene flow (Berven and Grudzien 1991). In contrast, populations in Minnesota were very similar in allelic frequencies, even at distances greater than several kilometers (Squire and Newman 2002). However, sample sizes and number of loci examined were small, and genetic patterns do not necessarily reflect movement distances.<br /><br />See Humphries and Sisson (2012) for information about movements, habitat needs, and area requirements for <i>L. capito</i>.<br /><br />The preponderance of data for ranids indicate that a separation distance of several kilometers may be appropriate for suitable habitat and practical for occurrence delineation, despite occasional movements that are longer and that may allow some genetic interchange between distant populations. The movement data for ranids are here regarded as consistent enough to allow the same separation distance to be used for different species; much of the apparent variation in movements doubtless reflects differences in study methods and in the ability to detect long-distance movements.","versionDate":"2005-04-01","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-10-03T20:47:46.301189Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":105926,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":"Implicated in declines of native anurans in western United States (e.g., see Bury and Whelan 1984; Schwalbe and Rosen 1988; Hammerson 1982, 1999; Pearl et al. 2004). Hayes and Jennings (1986) reviewed ranid declines in western North America and concluded that factors other than bullfrogs may be most important in most declines of native ranids; further study is needed. <br><br>Kupferberg (UC Berkeley) found that bullfrog larvae perturbed aquatic community structure and exerted detrimental effects on <i>Rana boylii </i>populations in northern California but had only a slight impact on <i>Pseudacris regilla</i> (Froglog, September 1993). Lawler et al. (1999) documented strong negative impacts of bullfrog larvae on red-legged frog (<i>R. aurora</i>) larvae. Kiesecker and Blaustein (1998) found that <i>R. aurora</i> was negatively impacted when exposed to the combined effects of bullfrog larvae and adults or bullfrog larvae and smallmouth bass. Pearl et al. (2004) found that bullfrogs appear to have a greater negative impact on <i>Rana pretiosa</i> than on <i>Rana aurora</i>; the former is more aquatic than the latter. Hecnar and M'Closkey (1997) found that <i>Rana clamitans</i> populations increased greatly after bullfrog extirpation at a site in Ontario.","restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":"See Bury and Whelan (1984) for management information.","monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":107339,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:30:11.450659Z"}],"references":[{"id":461675,"citation":"Arano, B., Llorente, G., García-Paris, M. and Herreo, P. 1995. 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Discordant temporal and geographic patterns in maternal lineages of eastern north American frogs, <i>Rana catesbeiana</i> (Ranidae) and <i>Pseudacris crucifer</i> (Hylidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 32(3):799-816.","shortCitationAuthor":"Austin et al.","shortCitationYear":2004,"referenceCode":"A04AUS02NAUS","lastModified":"2021-07-03T04:14:20.453843Z"},{"id":134853,"citation":"Barbour, R. W. 1971. Amphibians and reptiles of Kentucky. Univ. Press of Kentucky, Lexington. x + 334 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Barbour","shortCitationYear":1971,"referenceCode":"B71BAR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:59.913087Z"},{"id":460932,"citation":"Barrio, C.L. 2001. Amphibian decline in Venezuela - The state of knowledge. FrogLog. 47:2-4.","shortCitationAuthor":"Barrio","shortCitationYear":2001,"referenceCode":"A01BAR0200LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:26:06.347741Z"},{"id":112779,"citation":"Blackburn, L., P. Nanjappa, and M. J. Lannoo. 2001. 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