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Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including eggs and larvae) in appropriate habitat.","mappingGuidance":"Conceptually, the occurrence includes the entire area used by the population, including spawning, rearing, migration, and wintering areas. Occupied locations that are separated by a gap of 10 km or more of any aquatic habitat that is not known to be occupied represent different occurrences. However, it is important to evaluate migrations and seasonal changes in habitat (see separation justification) to ensure that spawning areas and nonspawning areas for a single population are not artificially segregated as different occurrences simply because there have been no collections/observations in an intervening area that may exceed the separation distance.","separationBarriers":"Dam lacking a suitable fishway; high waterfall; upland habitat.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":null,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":null,"altSeparationProcedure":"Separation distance is 10 stream-km for both suitable and unsuitable habitat. However, if it is known that the same population occupies sites separated by more than 10 km (e.g., this may be common for migratory populations), those sites should be included within the same occurrence. In lakes, occurrences include all suitable habitat that is presumed to be occupied (based on expert judgment), even if documented collection/observation points are more than 10 km apart.  Separate sub-occurrences or source features may usefully document locations of critical spawning areas within a lake.<br>","separationJustification":"Separation distance is arbitrary; little is known about juvenile dispersal (e.g., how far fishes may move between between their embryonic developmental habitat and eventual spawning site). \"Restricted movement is the norm in populations of stream salmonids during nonmigratory periods,\" but there is considerable variation in movements within and among species (Rodriguez 2002). <br><br>Migrations can be extensive. For example, in the Kennebecasis River, New Brunswick, brook trout moved upstream 65-100 km in spring after ice loss; summer movements were minimal; movements to spawning areas in fall were less than 10 km, then the fish moved back downstream to wintering areas in the lower to middle reaches of the river (Curry et al. 2002). <br><br>Because of the difficulty in defining suitable versus unsuitable habitat, especially with respect to dispersal, and to simplify the delineation of occurrences, a single separation distance is used regardless of habitat quality.","versionDate":"2003-03-11","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:34.535954Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":105890,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":107303,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:30:05.51308Z"}],"references":[{"id":110829,"citation":"Brown, C. 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Science Division, The Nature Conservancy.","shortCitationAuthor":"State Natural Heritage Data Centers","shortCitationYear":1996,"referenceCode":"N96NHP01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.173707Z"},{"id":757610,"citation":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2014. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Revised 12-Month Finding on a Petition To List the Upper Missouri River Distinct Population Segment of Arctic Grayling as an Endangered or Threatened Species; Proposed Rule. Federal Register 79(161):49384-49422.","shortCitationAuthor":"USFWS","shortCitationYear":2014,"referenceCode":"N14FWS10NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:26:00.769584Z"},{"id":1111194,"citation":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2020. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Four Species Not Warranted for Listing as Endangered or Threatened Species. Federal Register 85 (142): 44478-44483.","shortCitationAuthor":"USFWS","shortCitationYear":2020,"referenceCode":"N20FWS01NACA","lastModified":"2022-04-02T02:33:46.389769Z"},{"id":105500,"citation":"Wydoski, R. S., and R. R. Whitney. 1979. Inland fishes of Washington. The University of Washington Press, Seattle. 220 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Wydoski and Whitney","shortCitationYear":1979,"referenceCode":"B79WYD01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:26.554325Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[{"id":134897,"name":"Ombre arctique","language":"FR"}],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":105890,"cites":null,"cosewic":null,"fwsRegion":null,"genusSize":{"id":2,"genusSizeDescEn":"Very small genus","genusSizeDescEs":"Un género muy pequeño","genusSizeDescFr":"Très petit genre"},"jurisEndem":{"id":5,"jurisEndemDescEn":"occurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations","jurisEndemDescEs":"Se encuentra en varias naciones (de manera regular, como un taxón nativo)","jurisEndemDescFr":"Se trouve dans plusieurs nations (de façon régulière, tel un taxon indigène)"},"nomenclaturallyEst":null,"usesa":null,"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":9,"level1":"Animals","level2":"Vertebrates","level3":"Fishes - Freshwater and Anadromous Bony, Cartilaginous; Lampreys","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":2,"distributionStatus":"complete","displayOrder":1120},"parentSpecies":null,"infraspecies":false,"kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Craniata","taxclass":"Actinopterygii","taxorder":"Salmoniformes","family":"Salmonidae","genus":"Thymallus","americanFisheriesStatus":"Extinct","americanFisheriesStatusDate":"2008-08-01","saraStatus":null,"saraStatusDate":null,"cosewicDate":null,"interpretedCosewic":null,"cosewicComments":null,"usesaDate":null,"interpretedUsesa":null,"usesaComments":"In a 12-month petition finding, USFWS found listing the Upper Missouri River DPS of the Arctic Grayling to not be warranted and it was removed from the candidate species list (USFWS 2014). However, this finding was challenged, and as ordered by the court, USFWS has now published a revised finding that listing the Upper Missouri River DPS of Arctic grayling as an endangered species or threatened species under the Act is not warranted (USFWS 2020). A detailed discussion of the basis for this finding can be found in the full revised 12-month finding available on http://www.regulations.gov (under Docket No. FWSR6-ES-2020-0024).","completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[],"infraspeciesList":[{"infraspeciesId":100801,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.100801","formattedScientificName":"<i>Thymallus arcticus</i> pop. 1","scientificName":"Thymallus arcticus pop. 1","primaryCommonName":"Arctic Grayling - Williston Watershed","nsxUrl":null},{"infraspeciesId":946352,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.946352","formattedScientificName":"<i>Thymallus arcticus</i> pop. 5","scientificName":"Thymallus arcticus pop. 5","primaryCommonName":"Arctic Grayling - Western Arctic Populations","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.946352/Thymallus_arcticus_pop_5"},{"infraspeciesId":105978,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.105978","formattedScientificName":"<i>Thymallus arcticus</i> pop. 2","scientificName":"Thymallus arcticus pop. 2","primaryCommonName":"Arctic Grayling - Upper Missouri River Fluvial Distinct Population Segment","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.105978/Thymallus_arcticus_pop_2"},{"infraspeciesId":836212,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.9.28565","formattedScientificName":"<i>Thymallus arcticus</i> pop. 3","scientificName":"Thymallus arcticus pop. 3","primaryCommonName":"Arctic Grayling - Nahanni Lineage Population","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.9.28565/Thymallus_arcticus_pop_3"},{"infraspeciesId":836213,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.9.28568","formattedScientificName":"<i>Thymallus arcticus</i> pop. 4","scientificName":"Thymallus arcticus pop. 4","primaryCommonName":"Arctic Grayling - South Beringia Lineage Population","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.9.28568/Thymallus_arcticus_pop_4"}],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":false,"ebarGlobalScope":false,"ebarKbaGroup":"Fishes","caGeneralStatusId":"GS000705"},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":105890,"reproductionComments":"Spawns usually in early spring (May-June). Male establishes a territory. Normally lays 400-12,500 eggs (Moyle 1976), which hatch in 11-21 days. Sexually mature in 3-4 years. Lifespan usually less than 6 years but up to 10 years (Brown 1971).","ecologyComments":"Predators probably include other fishes and predatory birds (osprey, gulls, eagles) and mammals (mink, otter).","habitatComments":"Open water of clear, cold (47-52 F) medium to large rivers and lakes. Adults move to pools after spawning, spend winter in deep water. Spawning takes place in creeks with gravel-bottomed riffles. Spawning in lakes is rare. Does not construct a redd. Lake populations can spawn in either inlet or outlet streams. At Deer Lake, Montana, most young apparently entered the lake from the outlet stream spawning area during the 6-7-month period of annual ice cover; a small proportion of the fry were lost over a downstream waterfall (Deleray and Kaya 1992). In contrast, young in populations that spawn in inlet streams generally enter lakes much sooner. The extended period of stream residence may be related to avoidance of predation by large conspecifics in Deer Lake (Deleray and Kaya 1992).","generalDescription":null,"diagnosticCharacteristics":null,"speciesMarineHabitats":[],"speciesTerrestrialHabitats":[],"speciesRiverineHabitats":[{"cagRiverineHabId":-104963,"riverineHabitat":{"id":1,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"BIG RIVER","riverineHabitatDescEs":"RÍO GRANDE","riverineHabitatDescFr":"GRANDE RIVIÈRE","displayOrder":1}},{"cagRiverineHabId":-104964,"riverineHabitat":{"id":2,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"MEDIUM RIVER","riverineHabitatDescEs":"RÍO MEDIANO","riverineHabitatDescFr":"MOYENNE RIVIÈRE","displayOrder":2}},{"cagRiverineHabId":-104965,"riverineHabitat":{"id":3,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"CREEK","riverineHabitatDescEs":"ARROYO","riverineHabitatDescFr":"RUISSEAU","displayOrder":3}},{"cagRiverineHabId":-104968,"riverineHabitat":{"id":6,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"Moderate gradient","riverineHabitatDescEs":"Pendiente de flujo medio","riverineHabitatDescFr":"Pente d’écoulement moyenne","displayOrder":6}},{"cagRiverineHabId":-104966,"riverineHabitat":{"id":8,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"Riffle","riverineHabitatDescEs":"Rápido","riverineHabitatDescFr":"Seuil","displayOrder":8}},{"cagRiverineHabId":-104967,"riverineHabitat":{"id":9,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"Pool","riverineHabitatDescEs":"Piscina","riverineHabitatDescFr":"Fosse","displayOrder":9}}],"speciesPalustrineHabitats":[],"speciesLacustrineHabitats":[{"cagLacusHabId":-100760,"lacustrineHabitat":{"id":1,"lacustrineHabitatDescEn":"Deep water","lacustrineHabitatDescEs":"Aguas profundas","lacustrineHabitatDescFr":"Eau profonde","displayOrder":1}}],"speciesSubterraneanHabitats":[],"speciesEstuarineHabitats":[]},"primaryReference":{"id":1139849,"citation":"Page, L. M., K. E. Bemis, T. E. Dowling, H.S. Espinosa-Pérez, L.T. Findley, C. R. Gilbert, K. E. Hartel, R. N. Lea, N. E. Mandrak, M. A. Neigbors, J. J. Schmitter-Soto, and H. J. Walker, Jr. 2023. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Eighth edition. American Fisheries Society (AFS), Special Publication 37, Bethesda, Maryland, 439 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Page et al.","shortCitationYear":2023,"referenceCode":"B23PAG01NAUS","lastModified":"2024-08-02T21:41:01.515075Z"},"predecessors":[],"elementGlobalThreatAssessments":[{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":19660,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":36,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"9","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Pollution","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"9 - Pollution","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":630,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":null,"iucnThreatLevel":1},"iucnThreatScope":null,"iucnThreatSeverity":null,"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":4,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"Insignificant/Negligible: Only in past and unlikely to return, or no direct affect but limiting","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Insignificant/negligible or past","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":4},"threatImpactCalc":null},{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":19661,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":38,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"9.2","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Industrial & military effluents","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"9.2 - Industrial & military effluents","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":650,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":36,"iucnThreatLevel":2},"iucnThreatScope":null,"iucnThreatSeverity":null,"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":4,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"Insignificant/Negligible: Only in past and unlikely to return, or no direct affect but limiting","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Insignificant/negligible or past","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":4},"threatImpactCalc":null}]}