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WINTERS: mainly on Pacific and Atlantic coasts of North America from southern British Columbia to California and from New Jersey to South Carolina; Eurasia south to British Isles, northern Europe, southeastern Asia. Accidental in Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and elsewhere (AOU 1998). In the U.S., primary wintering areas include the Atlantic coast from northern South Carolina to southern New Jersey, the vicinity of the Great Salt Lake, and central and northern California (Root 1988).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":null,"popSizeComments":"See Johnson and Herter (1989) for population numbers in Beaufort Sea region. North American population numbers roughly 150,000-170,000.","viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":null,"shortTermTrendComments":"Mid-winter population index was increasing in the 1980s for the eastern population, well above USFWS management objective for both eastern and western populations (USFWS 1988). North American population now believed to be stable.","longTermTrendComments":null,"inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":null,"protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":105749,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":true,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Nearly all swans nesting along Beaufort Sea coast winter on Atlantic coast and migrate through Mackenzie Valley and along Yukon coast in spring (Johnson and Herter 1989). Northward migration over interior U.S. usually occurs in March-April. May arrive in some nesting areas as early as March; begins to arrive in Beaufort Sea area mid- to late May (Johnson and Herter 1989). Fall migration in Beaufort Sea region September-October; nesters from northeastern Alaska and Yukon North Slope migrate south through Mackenzie Valley to Peace-Athabasca delta, Alberta, where they apparently mix with western Alaska birds that nested in Yukon River delta; both populations congregate in large numbers at lakes Claire and Richardson in Peace-Athabasca delta before continuing overland to wintering areas (Johnson and Herter 1989).","foodHabitsComments":"Feeds primarily on aquatic plants. Sago pondweed is a favorite food during brood-rearing period and molt (Johnson and Herter 1989). Also eats grasses, sedges and thin-shelled mollusks. Forages while swimming on the surface of the water, with head and neck below surface; roots and digs at plants, stimulating their growth.","animalPhenologyComments":null,"colonialBreeder":false,"length":132,"width":null,"weight":7100,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":102227,"animalPhenology":{"id":3,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Diurnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Diurno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Diurne","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":104163,"foodHabits":{"id":4,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Herbivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Herbívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Herbivore","displayOrder":4},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1227,"locationUseClass":{"id":2,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Breeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"En reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Reproduction","displayOrder":2},"eoSpecGroupName":"Swans and Geese","subtypes":"Foraging Area, Nest Site","inferredExtentDistance":3.0,"inferredExtentNotes":"Based on the conservative, smaller mean home range for Snow Geese of 6.6 square kilometers (Hughes et al. 1994).","minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of historical breeding , or current and likely recurring breeding, at a given location, minimally a reliable observation of one or more breeding pairs in appropriate habitat. Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single breeding events outside the normal breeding distribution.","mappingGuidance":"Map Foraging Areas in separate polygons from the nest site if they are separated from the nest by areas simply flown over on commuting routes.","separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":10.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Breeding occurrences include nesting areas and foraging areas used during the nesting season, but the separation distance is based on nesting-area polygons. Thus different occurrences may overlap if birds from different nesting areas travel to the same foraging area during the nesting season. The separation distance is arbitrary but is intended to yield occurrences that are not impracticably large for conservation purposes.<br /><br />Canada Geese usually forage near nest site, but adults will forage up to 8 kilometers away (Williams and Sooter 1941, Hammond and Mann 1956) and young will occasionally travel up to 16 kilometers to a foraging area as well (Palmer 1976). Mean home ranges of brood-rearing Snow Geese ranged from 6.6 to 21.7 square kilometers on Bylot Island (Hughes et al. 1994).","versionDate":"2004-04-26","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S. and G. 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Normally only areas where concentrations greater than 50 birds occur regularly for at least 20 days per year would be deemed EOs.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":10.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance arbitrary, set to yield occurrences of managable size for conservation purposes. Occurrences defined primarily on the basis of areas supporting concentrations of foraging birds, rather than on the basis of distinct populations. Swans and geese can travel considerable distances on a daily basis; in winter, flocks of Canada Geese foraged up to 48 km from roost in Texas (Glazener 1946).","versionDate":"2004-04-26","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S., and G. 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Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single events.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":10.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance arbitrary, set to yield occurrences of managable size for conservation purposes.","versionDate":"2017-08-07","versionAuthor":"Ormes, M.","versionNotes":"Created at request of NE; needs review by zoologist.","lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:07:29.678386Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":156352,"locationUseClass":{"id":20,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Winter range","locationUseClassDescEs":null,"locationUseClassDescFr":null,"displayOrder":22},"eoSpecGroupName":"Swans and Geese","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Overlaps with Nonbreeding LUC, but some swans - <i>Cygnus buccinator</i> in particular - have distinct wintering and staging areas. For these, evidence of past or present recurring presence of flocks of nonbreeding birds, and potential recurring presence at a given location. Occurrences should be locations where the species is resident for some time during the appropriate season and habitat; it is preferable to have observations documenting presence over at least 7 days annually. Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single events.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":10.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":null,"versionDate":"2017-08-07","versionAuthor":"Ormes, M.","versionNotes":"Created at request of NE; needs review by zoologist.","lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:07:29.678386Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":105749,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":107168,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:29:46.075593Z"}],"references":[{"id":153779,"citation":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1983. 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BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK.","shortCitationAuthor":"BirdLife International","shortCitationYear":2004,"referenceCode":"N04BIR0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.704742Z"},{"id":110523,"citation":"Castelli, P. M., and J. E. Applegate. 1989. Economic loss caused by tundra swans feeding in cranberry bogs. Trans. Northeast Sect. Wildl. Soc. 46:17-23.","shortCitationAuthor":"Castelli and Applegate","shortCitationYear":1989,"referenceCode":"A89CAS02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:25:40.50361Z"},{"id":141047,"citation":"Glazener, W. C. 1946. Food habits of wild geese on the Gulf Coast of Texas. Journal of Wildlife Management 10:322-329.","shortCitationAuthor":"Glazener","shortCitationYear":1946,"referenceCode":"A46GLA01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:40.211509Z"},{"id":103790,"citation":"Godfrey, W.E. 1966. The birds of Canada. National Museums of Canada. Ottawa. 428 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Godfrey","shortCitationYear":1966,"referenceCode":"B66GOD01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:14.361032Z"},{"id":130972,"citation":"Hammond, M. C., and G. E. Mann. 1956. Waterfowl nesting islands. Journal of Wildlife Management 20:345-352.","shortCitationAuthor":"Hammond and Mann","shortCitationYear":1956,"referenceCode":"A56HAM01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:40.227116Z"},{"id":100210,"citation":"Harrison, C. 1978. A Field Guide to the Nests, Eggs and Nestlings of North American Birds. Collins, Cleveland, Ohio.","shortCitationAuthor":"Harrison","shortCitationYear":1978,"referenceCode":"B78HAR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.657866Z"},{"id":155592,"citation":"Howell, S. N. G., and S. Webb. 1995.  A guide to the birds of Mexico and northern Central America. 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Whistling ducks, swans, geese, sheld-ducks, dabbling ducks. Yale Univ. Press, New Haven. 521 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Palmer","shortCitationYear":1976,"referenceCode":"B76PAL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:02.257821Z"},{"id":158423,"citation":"Parker III, T. A., D. F. Stotz, and J. W. Fitzpatrick. 1996.  Ecological and distributional databases for neotropical birds. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.","shortCitationAuthor":"Parker et al.","shortCitationYear":1996,"referenceCode":"B96PAR0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.689104Z"},{"id":158711,"citation":"Poole, A. F. and F. B. Gill. 1992. The birds of North America. The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. and The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA.","shortCitationAuthor":"Poole and Gill","shortCitationYear":1992,"referenceCode":"B92POO0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.673494Z"},{"id":122670,"citation":"Pratt, H. D., P. L. Bruner, and D. G. Berrett. 1987. 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