{"elementGlobalId":105721,"circumscripConfidence":null,"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":11,"iucnDescEn":"Least concern","iucnDescEs":"Menos preocupante","iucnDescFr":"Moins préoccupante","iucnCode":"LC"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":7,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":" Rank calculation - Biotics v2","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by calculator","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Lepus othus</i>","scientificName":"Lepus othus","scientificNameAuthor":"Merriam, 1900","primaryCommonName":"Alaskan Hare","relatedItisNames":"<i>Lepus othus</i> Merriam, 1900 (TSN 552513)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.105721","elcode":"AMAEB03020","conceptRefFullCitation":"Wilson, D. E., and D. M. Reeder (editors). 1993. Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. xviii + 1206 pp. Available online at: http://www.nmnh.si.edu/msw/.","conceptName":"<i>Lepus othus</i>","taxonomicComments":"The name <i>tschuktschorum </i>has priority over <i>othus</i> and is likely the best name for the species, but the name <i>othus</i> is tentatively retained pending further revision to clarify distributional limits in Russia (ASM 2025). See Cason (2016) for discussion on the inconclusive/conflicting taxonomy with <i>L. othus</i>, <i>L. arcticus</i>, and <i>L. timidus</i>.","roundedGRank":"G4","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2025-05-13","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Droghini, A. (2020, 2025). Gotthardt, T. A., A. Jansen, and G. Hammerson. Reviewed by Dr. David Klein, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, June 2004.","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":163320,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N4","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":338480,"subnation":{"id":1,"nameEn":"Alaska","nameEs":"Alaska","nameFr":"Alaska","subnationCode":"AK","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S4","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S4","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":338480,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrank":"N4","nrankReviewYear":2025,"speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":163320,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T21:46:24.847078Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.105721/Lepus_othus","grankChangeDate":"2020-09-15","grankReasons":"This species has a restricted distribution in western Alaska. The lack of accurate and rangewide population data make it difficult to assess trends. Nevertheless, there have been some concerns by the State of Alaska and by its residents that <i>L. othus</i> has been declining in parts of its range. Although rates of declines are unknown, we assume that this population is experiencing at least some declines.","grankReviewDate":"2025-05-13","grank":"G4","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":105721,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":{"id":10,"enviromentalSpecificityDescEn":"Broad.  Generalist or community with all key requirements common.","enviromentalSpecificityDescEs":"Amplio.  Generalista o comunidad con todos los requisitos claves comunes.","enviromentalSpecificityDescFr":"Vaste. Généralistes ou communautés répondant à tous les critères clés sont répandus."},"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":6,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Not intrinsically vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"No intrínsecamente vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"Non intrinsèquement vulnérable"},"longTermTrend":{"id":46,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Unknown","longTermTrendDescEs":"Desconocido","longTermTrendDescFr":"Inconnu"},"numberEos":{"id":10,"numberEosDescEn":"21 - 80","numberEosDescEs":"De 21 a 80","numberEosDescFr":"De 21 à 80"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":19,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Many (41-125)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Muchos (41-125)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"Plusieurs (de 41 à 125)"},"numberProtEos":{"id":15,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Very many (>40) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Muchas ocurrencias (>40) protegidas y controladas adecuadamente","numberProtEosDescFr":"Beaucoup d’occurrences (>40) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":31,"popSizeDescEn":"10,000 - 100,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 10.000 a 100.000 individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 10 000 à 100 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":33,"rangeExtentDescEn":"200,000-2,500,000 square km (about 80,000-1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"200.000 a 2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 80.000 a 1.000.000 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 200 000 à 2 500 000 km carrés (de 80 000 à 1 000 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":36,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 10-30%","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 10 al 30%.","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 10 à 30 %"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":10,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Low","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Bajo","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Faible"},"rangeExtentComments":"This species is restricted to western Alaska from the Alaska Peninsula north to Kotzebue, USA (Anderson 1974, Anderson 1978, Cason et al. 2016). Occasionally reported on Little Diomede Island, and recent evidence suggests that this species may be present on other Bering Sea Islands including Unimak and Hagemeister (Cason et al. 2016). Estimated range size is ~230,000 sq. km., calculated in GIS based on the map in Cason et al. (2016).","areaOfOccupancy":{"id":97,"areaOfOccupancyType":{"id":4,"areaOfOccupancyTypeDescEn":"4-km2 grid cells","areaOfOccupancyTypeDescEs":"Células de la cuadrícula de 4 km2","areaOfOccupancyTypeDescFr":"Cellules de grille de 4 km2"},"areaOfOccupancyDescEn":"2,501-12,500","areaOfOccupancyDescEs":"De 2.501 a 12.500","areaOfOccupancyDescFr":"De 2 501 à 12 500","bioticsKey":44},"areaOfOccupancyComments":"The area of occupancy value is based on a 10 km separation distance for occurrences and includes records from USGS Bison (downloaded Sep 2020).","numberEosComments":"There are 51 records from USGS Bison (downloaded Sep 2020).","popSizeComments":"Occurs at low densities throughout its range (Carroll and Merizon 2017). Population size is unknown, but it is estimated that ~7,500 individuals were harvested in Alaska in 2013 (Merizon et al. 2015). It is therefore assumed that there are at least 10,000 individuals occurring in the state of Alaska.","viabilityComments":"There are many extant occurrences with good viability.","threatImpactComments":"Minor habitat loss due to anthropogenic development. Potential interference competition with snowshoe hares (Svendsen 1990, Klein 1995), but additional research is needed. Distribution is expected to change in response to climate change, but models disagree on whether suitable habitat will increase (Hope et al. 2015; Leach et al. 2015) or decrease (Marcot et al. 2015). Concerns about declines due to hunting have been suggested by the State of Alaska and by its residents. As a result, the Alaska Board of Game has approved a proposal to close the hunting season for Alaska hares in some Game Management Units where this species occurs (ADF&G 2024).","shortTermTrendComments":"A lack of accurate and rangewide population data make it difficult to assess trends. Nevertheless, there have been some concerns by the State of Alaska and by its residents that this species has been declining in parts of its range.","longTermTrendComments":"Long-term trend is unknown.","inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":"Sport and subsistence harvest is permitted, but is subject to closed season and bag limits (ADFG 2018c). In 2025, the Alaska Board of Game approved of a proposal to close the hunting season for Alaska hares in some Game Management Units where this species occurs (ADF&G 2024). The meat or the hide must be salvaged for human use (ADFG 2018c). Habitat is protected in Bering Land Bridge and Katmai National Parks, Wood-Tikchik State Park, and Yukon Delta, Selawik, Togiak, and Alaska Peninsula National Wildlife Refuges.","protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":"Broad habitat and dietary requirements."},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":105721,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":null,"foodHabitsComments":"Eats mainly green plants in summer, woody vegetation of shrubs (bark, twigs, shoots) in winter and spring (Whitaker 1980, Best and Henry 1994). Also eats crowberry fruits.","animalPhenologyComments":"Hares observed emerging from thickets and feeding in the evenings at the west end of the Alaskan Peninsula (Murie 1938).","colonialBreeder":false,"length":69,"width":null,"weight":4500,"animalPhenologies":[],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":104132,"foodHabits":{"id":4,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Herbivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Herbívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Herbivore","displayOrder":4},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1110,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Jackrabbits and Hares","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":0.6,"inferredExtentNotes":"Based on a modest home range size of 30 hectares (see Separation Justification).","minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals in appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Major water bodies; arbitrarily set at those wider than 500 meters at low water.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":2.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"For most species, unsuitable habitat includes dense forested vegetation and large water bodies that do not freeze. <br><br>For <i>Lepus americanus</i>, unsuitable habitat iincludes dense forest with no understory vegetation, open grassland and tundra, water bodies. <br><br>Jackrabbits and hares are highly mobile and warrant large separation distances for suitable habitat. Dispersal not uncommonly extends several kilometers and sometimes tens of kilometers. For example, in Idaho, <i>L. californicus</i> moved up to 45 km in a 17-week period (French et al. 1965). Snowshoe hares may move up to 8 kilometers occur when food is scarce (Banfield 1974). However, the extreme distances are too large to be used as a basis for establishing occurrence separation distances (the resulting occurrences often would be unreasonably large for conservation purposes). Separation distance for suitable habitat therefore is a compromise between the likely low probability that two occupied areas separated by less than several kilometers of suitable habitat would represent truly independent populations and the need for occurrences of reasonable size.","versionDate":"2004-10-19","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S., and G. Hammerson","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:05:43.458031Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":105721,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":"Assessment and regulation of mining expansion and oil development projects within the distribution of the tundra hare are needed to assure protection of important habitats. <br>","impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":107140,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:29:42.684792Z"}],"references":[{"id":1153288,"citation":"Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G). 2024. 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