{"elementGlobalId":105707,"circumscripConfidence":null,"classificationLevel":{"id":8,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Subspecies","classificationLevelNameEs":"Subespecie","classificationLevelNameFr":"Sous-espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":null,"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":7,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":" Rank calculation - Biotics v2","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by calculator","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Ovis canadensis nelsoni</i>","scientificName":"Ovis canadensis nelsoni","scientificNameAuthor":"Merriam, 1897","primaryCommonName":"Desert Bighorn Sheep","relatedItisNames":null,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.105707","elcode":"AMALE04013","conceptRefFullCitation":"Hall, E. R. 1981a. The Mammals of North America, second edition. Vols. I &amp; II. John Wiley &amp; Sons, New York, New York. 1181 pp.","conceptName":"<i>Ovis canadensis nelsoni</i>","taxonomicComments":"Wehausen and Ramey (2000) examined variation in skull and horn characters in populations from the Great Basin north to British Columbia and Alberta and concluded that: (1) <i>O. c. auduboni</i> does not warrant recognition separate from <i>O. c. canadensis</i>; (2) populations of <i>O. c. \"californiana\"</i> in British Columbia and Washington are best treated as <i>O. c. canadensis</i>; (3) extirpated native populations of <i>O. c. \"californiana\"</i> in northeastern California, Oregon, northern Nevada, and southwestern Idaho should be included in <i>O. c. nelsoni</i> (recognizing that some transition to <i>O. c. canadensis</i> probably occurred along that northern boundary); and (4) <i>O. c. californiana</i> is restricted to the central and southern Sierra Nevada in California. However, the type locality of <i>O. c. californiana</i> is Yakima Co., Washington, a locality now assigned to <i>O. c. canadensis</i>; thus, the Sierra Nevada population is not part of <i>O. c. californiana</i>, but is either <i>O. c. canadensis</i> or a distinct subspecies with a different name. The evidence of Wehausen and Ramey (2000) that this population is fixed for a unique mtDNA haplotype would indicate the latter. Wehausen et al. (2005) and USFWS (2008) reviewed available taxonomic information and concluded that the Sierra Nevada population should be recognized as a distinct subspecies (<i>Ovis canadensis sierrae</i>).<br/><br/>Ramey (1995) examined mtDNA variation in <i>O. canadensis</i> populations in the southwestern United States and adjacent northern Baja California and found a lack of concordance between mtDNA haplotype distributions and current subspecies designations. Additionally, Ramey (1993) and Wehausen and Ramey (1994) found no morphological support for the separation of desert sheep into four subspecies. Ramey (1995) suggested that populations formerly considered to be <i>O. c. nelsoni</i>, <i>O. c. mexicana</i>, <i>O. c. cremnobates</i>, and <i>O. c. weemsi </i>probably should be recognized as a single polytypic subspecies on the basis of morphological and mtDNA data. As such, the subspecies would be <i>O. c. nelsoni</i> Merriam, 1897, and it includes bighorn sheep populations in the Peninsular Ranges of southern California and Baja Califdornia. A study of nuclear DNA markers is needed to test this taxonomic arrangement (Ramey 1995). <br/><br/>As of 2011, Integrated Taxonomic Information System (www.itis.gov; accessed 23 August 2011) did not recognize any subspecies of <i>Ovis canadensis</i>.","roundedGRank":"T3","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2024-07-01","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Hunting, K.","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":162057,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N4","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":343482,"subnation":{"id":40,"nameEn":"Nevada","nameEs":"Nevada","nameFr":"Nevada","subnationCode":"NV","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S4","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S4","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":343482,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":392206,"subnation":{"id":88,"nameEn":"Navajo Nation","nameEs":"La Nación Navajo","nameFr":"Nation Navajo","subnationCode":"NN","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":392206,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":269561,"subnation":{"id":7,"nameEn":"California","nameEs":"California","nameFr":"Californie","subnationCode":"CA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":269561,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":339389,"subnation":{"id":52,"nameEn":"Utah","nameEs":"Utah","nameFr":"Utah","subnationCode":"UT","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":339389,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":1300522,"subnation":{"id":8,"nameEn":"Colorado","nameEs":"Colorado","nameFr":"Colorado","subnationCode":"CO","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNR","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNR","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":1300522,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":388910,"subnation":{"id":6,"nameEn":"Arizona","nameEs":"Arizona","nameFr":"Arizona","subnationCode":"AZ","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":388910,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":1289983,"subnation":{"id":59,"nameEn":"Wyoming","nameEs":"Wyoming","nameFr":"Wyoming","subnationCode":"WY","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNA","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNA","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":1289983,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":381667,"subnation":{"id":44,"nameEn":"Oregon","nameEs":"Oregón","nameFr":"Oregon","subnationCode":"OR","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SX","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SX","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":381667,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":2001,"nrank":"N4","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":162057,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T21:46:38.409061Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.105707/Ovis_canadensis_nelsoni","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"2024-07-01","grankReviewDate":"2024-07-01","grankReasons":"This taxon has a moderate range in western North America and occupies suitable habitat in many parts of this range. Significant declines over historical population and range extent levels have left populations at levels far below past numbers. As a highly managed taxon, most herds are actively managed and are stable or increasing although road mortality and loss of production due to human disturbance at spring lambing areas in California remain serious threats.","grank":"G4T3","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":105707,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":{"id":18,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 70-80%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 70 al 80%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 70 à 80 %"},"numberEos":{"id":13,"numberEosDescEn":"81 - 300","numberEosDescEs":"De 81 a 300","numberEosDescFr":"De 81 à 300"},"numberGoodEos":null,"numberProtEos":{"id":10,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Several (4-12) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Unos pocos casos (4 a 12) protegidos y debidamente controlados","numberProtEosDescFr":"Quelques occurrences (de 4 à 12) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":31,"popSizeDescEn":"10,000 - 100,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 10.000 a 100.000 individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 10 000 à 100 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":30,"rangeExtentDescEn":"20,000-200,000 square km (about 8000-80,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"De 20.000 a 200.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 8.000 a 80.000.000 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 20 000 à 200 000 km carrés (de 8 000 à 80 000 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":40,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Relatively Stable (<=10% change)","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Relativamente estable (variación = <10%)","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Relativement stable (variation = <10 %)"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":5,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"High","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Alto","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Élevé"},"rangeExtentComments":"This taxon occurs in central and western Nevada south through southeastern California east to the margins of Arizona and north into the basin areas of southcentral Utah. The range extent, as estimated by prescribing a minimum convex polygon around the range polygons as described by Smith (2014), is about 85,500 km2.","areaOfOccupancy":{"id":90,"areaOfOccupancyType":{"id":4,"areaOfOccupancyTypeDescEn":"4-km2 grid cells","areaOfOccupancyTypeDescEs":"Células de la cuadrícula de 4 km2","areaOfOccupancyTypeDescFr":"Cellules de grille de 4 km2"},"areaOfOccupancyDescEn":"126-500","areaOfOccupancyDescEs":"De 126 a 500","areaOfOccupancyDescFr":"De 126 à 500","bioticsKey":37},"areaOfOccupancyComments":"Based on the granular mapping of range polygons (Smith 2014) reflecting herd occupation, centroids of these range polygons were analyzed using the Geocat (Geocat.kew.org) utility, generating an occupancy area estimate of 218, 4 km2 grid cells.","numberEosComments":"There are currently an estimated 220 herds of this taxon within its prescribed range which, for purposes of this assessment, are considered the extant occurrences.","popSizeComments":"The range wide population includes probably 1,000 in California (Colby and Botta 2018), 5,000 in Arizona (AZGFD 2016), 7,100 in Nevada (NDW 2023), and about 2,500 in Utah, USA, (UDWR 2018) for a total estimated population size of at least 15,000.","viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"Threats to this taxon include loss and degradation of habitat from urban and agricultural development, habitat fragmentation and direct mortality from major highways and roads, diseases associated with contact with domestic sheep, availability and timing of summer water supplies, and the effects of climate change. Urban development and human disturbance are a primary threat factor in the California Peninsula range with over 100 acres of essential habitat lost to urban development in 2018. Urban development introduces other population stressors including increased vehicle traffic, and potential impacts from pools and fencing. In other parts of this taxon’s range anthropogenic activities including mining and recreational activities contribute to habitat fragmentation. Direct mortality from vehicle collisions is considered a threat in some areas and apparently increasing in key areas impacting movement between subpopulations and impeding recovery efforts. Historical surface water sources (Tinajas, seeps, and springs) are more frequently dry during the mid- to late-summer months from competition with other sources including invasive plants and introduced horses and burros reducing availability for this taxon. In many parts of the southwest, wildlife managers provide artificial water supplies to support populations. Disease is a primary concern throughout this taxon’s range. Poorly managed livestock, domestic animals from encroaching urban development and recreational users, and recent outbreaks of pneumonia contribute to this being a chronic threat factor. Climate change impacts likely include temperature and precipitation extremes becoming more frequent and water availability less predictable due to more frequent and prolonged drought. Stewart et al (2016) ranked the California peninsula bighorn sheep as moderately vulnerable in 3 of 4 assessed climate change scenarios and highly vulnerable in the fourth.","shortTermTrendComments":"The short-term trend of this species is likely stable to increasing. A variety of threat factors continue to act on populations although re-introductions, predator control, and management of disease transmission have resulted in steady population increases in Nevada, Arizona, and Utah (see NDW 2023 for example). In California, the peninsular bighorn sheep, a Distinct Population Segment (DPS) of <i>O. canadensis nelsoni</i> (USFWS 2011) as is listed as endangered by that state.","longTermTrendComments":"The long-term trend of this taxon reflects decline. Historical over-harvest, habitat loss and degradation, and competition with domestic livestock led to a significant decline. The range wide population estimate for the nominal species may have been between 1.5 and 2 million individuals (Bighorn Institute 2024) which, when compared with current estimates, would describe a decline of over 95%.","inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":"In California, several thousand acres have been conserved or are managed for this taxon where it is listed as endangered by the state. Conservation actions in other parts of this taxon’s North American range include habitat restoration, protection of movement corridors, and management of competition with invasive species.","protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":105707,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":null,"foodHabitsComments":null,"animalPhenologyComments":null,"colonialBreeder":false,"length":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[],"animalFoodHabits":[]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1590,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Bighorn Sheep","subtypes":"Lambing range, Summer range, Winter range","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of historical presence, or current and recurring presence, in a given area. Such evidence minimally includes reliable observation and documentation of more than one individual in appropriate habitat where the species is evidently established and breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":null,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":null,"altSeparationProcedure":"Occurrence separations should be based on populations that exhibit specific migration patterns, or on appropriate resource agency management units, rather than on specific prescribed distances.","separationJustification":"Rams especially may travel extensively between winter and summer ranges. Unsuitable habitat: open water, wetlands, thick forests, and other areas without grass understory.","versionDate":"2004-09-23","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G., and S. Cannings","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2021-03-05T23:39:52.336408Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":105707,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":"This taxon is highly managed throughout its range both for its value as a harvest taxon and for its intrinsic ecological value. Most states and Provinces where this taxon occurs have created detailed management plans that describe restoration and management efforts in specific locations and under specific circumstances. USFWS (2011) provides a summary of management actions across this taxon's range including eliminating contact between herds and domestic livestock, managing vegetative communities to provide the matrix needed to support viable herds, minimizing human disturbance, minimizing road mortality, and managing predators in some locations.","impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":107126,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:29:41.028498Z"}],"references":[{"id":1143975,"citation":"Arizona Game and Fish Department (AZGFD). 2016. Arizona Bighorn Sheep Management Plan. Online. Available: https://azgfd-wdw.s3.amazonaws.com/awcs-2022/documents/AZ-Bighorn-Sheep-Management-Plan-2-9-2016.pdf","shortCitationAuthor":"AZGFD","shortCitationYear":2016,"referenceCode":"N16AZG01NAUS","lastModified":"2024-10-05T00:16:54.349474Z"},{"id":108279,"citation":"Berger, J. 1990. Persistence of different-sized populations: an empirical assessment of rapid extinctions in bighorn sheep. Conservation Biology 4:91-98.","shortCitationAuthor":"Berger","shortCitationYear":1990,"referenceCode":"A90BER04NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:17:56.231141Z"},{"id":142613,"citation":"Bissonette, J. A., and M. J. Steinkamp. 1996. Bighorn sheep response to ephemeral habitat fragmentation by cattle. Great Basin Naturalist 56:319-325.","shortCitationAuthor":"Bissonette and Steinkamp","shortCitationYear":1996,"referenceCode":"A96BIS01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:17:56.231141Z"},{"id":138040,"citation":"Bleich, V. C., J. D. Wehausen, and S. A. Holl. 1990. Desert-dwelling mountain sheep: conservation implications of a naturally fragmented distribution. Conservation Biology 4:383-390.","shortCitationAuthor":"Bleich et al.","shortCitationYear":1990,"referenceCode":"A90BLE01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:17:56.231141Z"},{"id":150010,"citation":"Boyce, M. B., R. K. Clark and D. J. Jessop. 1990. Recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of psoroptic scabies in bighorn sheep. Biennial Symposium of the Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council 7:125-128.","shortCitationAuthor":"Boyce et al.","shortCitationYear":1990,"referenceCode":"A90BOY01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:17:56.24679Z"},{"id":201981,"citation":"Boyce, W. M., C. S. O'Brien, and E. S. Rubin. 2003. Response of bighorn sheep (<i>Ovis canadensis</i>) to feral honey bees (<i>Apis mellifera</i>) at water. 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