{"elementGlobalId":105670,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":5,"iucnDescEn":"Vulnerable","iucnDescEs":"Vulnerable","iucnDescFr":"Vulnérable","iucnCode":"VU"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":1,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":"Legacy Rank calculation - Excel v3.1x","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by calculator","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Cryptobranchus alleganiensis</i>","scientificName":"Cryptobranchus alleganiensis","scientificNameAuthor":"(Sonnini de Manoncourt and Latreille, 1801)","primaryCommonName":"Hellbender","relatedItisNames":"<i>Cryptobranchus alleganiensis</i> (Daudin, 1803) (TSN 173587)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.105670","elcode":"AAAAC01010","conceptRefFullCitation":"Frost, D. R. 1985. Amphibian species of the world. A taxonomic and geographical reference. Allen Press, Inc., and The Association of  Systematics Collections, Lawrence, Kansas. v + 732 pp.","conceptName":"<i>Cryptobranchus alleganiensis</i>","taxonomicComments":"Hime (2017) presented detailed genomic evidence that this taxon consists of five well-defined species-level geographic genetic lineages but did not propose taxonomic changes in his unpublished work. Frétey and Raffaëlli (2021) discussed the nomenclatural status of these populations, allocating <i>C. alleganiensis</i> to the Tennessee River drainage populations, <i>C. bishopi</i> to the Ozark populations, and <i>C. horrida</i> to the Ohio River drainage populations. The distinct species in the Kanawha/New and Missouri River drainages each require new names (Nicholson 2025).","roundedGRank":"G3","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2018-12-17","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Eichelberger, C. (2018), Hammerson, G., R. Jennings, and J. C. Whittaker (2007)","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":165656,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United 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Carolina","nameEs":"Carolina del Norte","nameFr":"Caroline du Nord","subnationCode":"NC","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":1,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"Yes","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"Y"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":396204,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":351280,"subnation":{"id":2,"nameEn":"Alabama","nameEs":"Alabama","nameFr":"Alabama","subnationCode":"AL","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":1,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"Yes","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"Y"},"dataSensitiveCategory":{"id":4,"dataSensitiveCategoryDescEn":"Fragile species or 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Virginia","nameEs":"Virginia Occidental","nameFr":"Virginie-Occidentale","subnationCode":"WV","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S2","dataSensitive":{"id":1,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"Yes","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"Y"},"dataSensitiveCategory":{"id":1,"dataSensitiveCategoryDescEn":"Poaching/Collection Threat","dataSensitiveCategoryDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveCategoryDescFr":null,"nsStandardInd":true},"srank":"S2","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":346864,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":383794,"subnation":{"id":41,"nameEn":"New York","nameEs":"Nueva York","nameFr":"New York","subnationCode":"NY","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":1,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"Yes","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"Y"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":383794,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":352144,"subnation":{"id":45,"nameEn":"Pennsylvania","nameEs":"Pennsylvania","nameFr":"Pennsylvanie","subnationCode":"PA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S2","dataSensitive":{"id":1,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"Yes","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"Y"},"dataSensitiveCategory":{"id":1,"dataSensitiveCategoryDescEn":"Poaching/Collection Threat","dataSensitiveCategoryDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveCategoryDescFr":null,"nsStandardInd":true},"srank":"S2S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":352144,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":2018,"nrank":"N3","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":165656,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T21:46:32.420084Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.105670/Cryptobranchus_alleganiensis","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"2018-12-17","grankReviewDate":"2018-12-17","grankReasons":"Wide range in the central interior portion of the eastern U.S. Declines seem to be occurring across the range, but much is still unknown and better information is needed on the conservation status of this species in much of its range.","grank":"G3","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":105670,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":{"id":1,"enviromentalSpecificityDescEn":"Very narrow.  Specialist or community with key requirements scarce.","enviromentalSpecificityDescEs":"Muy estrecho.  Especialista o comunidad con requisitos claves escasos.","enviromentalSpecificityDescFr":"Très étroit. Spécialistes ou communautés répondant aux critères clés sont rares."},"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":1,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Highly vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"Altamente vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"Très vulnérable"},"longTermTrend":{"id":26,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 30-70%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 30 al 70%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 30 à 70 %"},"numberEos":{"id":15,"numberEosDescEn":"> 300","numberEosDescEs":"> 300","numberEosDescFr":"> 300"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":21,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Very many (>125)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Muchos (>125)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"Beaucoup (>125)"},"numberProtEos":{"id":10,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Several (4-12) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Unos pocos casos (4 a 12) protegidos y debidamente controlados","numberProtEosDescFr":"Quelques occurrences (de 4 à 12) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":31,"popSizeDescEn":"10,000 - 100,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 10.000 a 100.000 individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 10 000 à 100 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":33,"rangeExtentDescEn":"200,000-2,500,000 square km (about 80,000-1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"200.000 a 2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 80.000 a 1.000.000 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 200 000 à 2 500 000 km carrés (de 80 000 à 1 000 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":37,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of <30% to relatively stable","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de <30% a relativamente estable","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de <30 % à relativement stable"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":1,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Very high","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Muy alto","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Très élevé"},"rangeExtentComments":"The range extends from southern Illinois, southern Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and southwestern and southcentral New York to central and southcentral Missouri, northern Arkansas, northern Mississippi, Alabama, northern Georgia, the western Carolinas, western Virginia, West Virginia, and extreme western Maryland. Populations in the White River system in southern Missouri and northern Arkansas often have been recognized as a distinct subspecies (<i>C. a. bishopi</i>; see taxonomy comments).<br /><br />In Kentucky, near the center of the range, Barbour (1971) regarded the species \"most common in the upper reaches of the Cumberland, Kentucky, and Licking river systems.\" In Tennessee, no records exist for locations west of the Tennessee River (Redmond and Scott 1996). Collections are known from southeastern Kansas (Neosha River), but these were likely introduced and not from a naturally occurring population (Collins 1982, 1993; Busby, pers. comm. 1994). There are early reports, of uncertain validity, of hellbenders in Iowa (Nickerson and Mays 1973). Old records from the Great Lakes (Lake Erie) drainage are probably erroneous (Pfingsten and Downs 1989, Harding 1997).<br /><br />Data were not available for Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, Arkansas, or Missouri, however, the MCP encompasses the approximate ranges from Ohio, Kentucky and Indiana. Inclusion of the limited range from Arkansas and Missouri would still seat the range extent well within the assigned category. Range extent calculated using available data: 563,885.104 sq km.","areaOfOccupancy":{"id":95,"areaOfOccupancyType":{"id":4,"areaOfOccupancyTypeDescEn":"4-km2 grid cells","areaOfOccupancyTypeDescEs":"Células de la cuadrícula de 4 km2","areaOfOccupancyTypeDescFr":"Cellules de grille de 4 km2"},"areaOfOccupancyDescEn":"501-12,500","areaOfOccupancyDescEs":"De 501 a 12.500","areaOfOccupancyDescFr":"De 501 à 12 500","bioticsKey":42},"areaOfOccupancyComments":"Area of occupancy was calculated at 2,256 4km2 cells, however, data were not available for Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, Arkansas or Missouri. We suspect that if data for those states were available, the number of calculated grid cells would increase enough to move the area of occupancy into the next category, and accordingly, we selected a value range which accounted for this uncertainty.","numberEosComments":"There are many hundreds of occurrences in at least several dozen rivers.<br /><br />Most maps in state amphibian and reptile books do not distinguish between extant and historical occurrences. Redmond and Scott (1996) mapped more than 50 locations in Tennessee. Green and Pauley (1987) mapped locations in 22 counties in West Virginia. Tobey (1985) mapped 19 observation/collection sites in Virginia. Mount (1975) mapped 8 locations in Alabama. Pfingsten and Down (1989) mapped a couple dozen post-1950 locations in about 15 different rivers in Ohio; most rivers with pre-1950 locations also had post-1950 locations. Phillips et al. (1999) mapped post-1980 locations in two counties in Illinois, with four additional pre-1980 county records. Minton (1972, 2001) stated that in Indiana hellbenders persist in fairly good numbers or as a reproducing population only in Blue River. Johnson (1987, 2000) mapped locations in 18 counties in Missouri. Trauth et al. (2004) mapped 11 localities in 4 general areas in Arkansas.","popSizeComments":"Total adult population size is unknown but likely at least 10,000. In Missouri, a single riffle (4,600 square meters) had an estimated population size 230-270 hellbenders during two studies (Nickerson and Mays 1973, Peterson et al. 1983). Nickerson and Mays (1973) recorded an estimated 1,142 hellbenders in a 2.67-kilometer stretch of river in Missouri.","viabilityComments":"146 element occurrences have good to excellent estimated viability/ecological integrity or higher.","threatImpactComments":"In the past, collection from for commercial biological supply houses for anatomical dissection had impacts on local hellbender populations (Swanson 1948, Harrison 1951, Mayasich et al. 2003). Phillips and Humphries (2005) cited a number of scientific studies that killed remarkable numbers of hellbenders. Incidental persecution by fishermen likely occurs throughout the range (Mayasich et al. 2003). Although likely restricted, hellbenders do make their way into the legal and black market pet trades (Gibbs et al. 2007, Mayasich et al. 2003).<br /><br />Water withdrawals to facilitate shale gas development has been noted as a threat to hellbender populations (Lipps 2013, P. Petokas pers. comm.).<br /><br />Across the hellbender's range, manipulation of waterways through damming, channelization, channel rerouting, and rock removal have had serious impacts on hellbender populations and their abilities to disperse (Humphries 1999, Lipps 2013, Hulse 2010, P. Petokas pers. comm.).<br /><br /><i>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</i> (Bd) has been detected in hellbenders from nearly half of populations sampled in Pennsylvania (Regester et al. 2012) and Georgia (Gonynor et al. 2011), however, mortality and population declines have of hellbenders have not been tied to Bd infection. Ranavirus has also been found in hellbenders, but like Bd, hellbender mortality has not been tied to ranavirus (Lipps 2013). A study focused on <i>Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans</i> did not detect the pathogen in hellbenders (Bales et al. 2015). Evidence exists that introduced brown trout may target young hellbenders (Gall 2008). Hulse (2010) suggested that non-native crayfish may also negatively impact hellbender populations.<br /><br />It's been suggested that northern pike and muskellunge may prey on hellbenders (Foster et al. 2009). Hulse (2010) suggested that reintroduced river otters to Pennsylvania rivers could have implications to already reduced populations of hellbenders.<br /><br />The hellbender's range largely overlaps with active coal mining in Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia, Kentucky, Maryland and Virginia. The loss of hellbenders from aquatic systems that have been polluted by acid mine drainage has been well documented (Lipps 2013, Nickerson and Mays 1973). While Lipps (2013) noted that water quality in Ohio has generally improved since the 1970's, he also noted the potential for additive or synergistic effects of pollutants. In the past ten years shale gas drilling has greatly expanded, and impacts from shale gas development to aquatic systems have been documented (PA Department of Environmental Protection data).<br /><br />Siltation from agriculture, eroding stream banks, water treatment facilities, roads, and construction activities are implicated in reducing, and even eliminating hellbender habitat (Lipps 2013). In addition to impacting the microhabitats used by adult hellbenders, the pebble habitats used by larval hellbenders may be particularly vulnerable to siltation (Lipps 2013).","shortTermTrendComments":"Declines seem to be occurring across the range, but the level of reported declines seems to vary and much is still unknown (Phillips and Humphries 2005). While Humphries (1999) stated that hellbenders were still common in portions of West Virginia, Wheeler et al. (2003) noted a decline of 77% over a 20 year study in Missouri and Lipps (2013) noted a relative decline of 82% over the past 30 years from populations studied in Ohio.","longTermTrendComments":"Long-term data to assess trends for the hellbender are scant, but declines were noted by Smith and Minton (1957), who claimed that the hellbender's range was rapidly shrinking due to modification of stream habitats. Minton (2001) also stated that the hellbender had disappeared from many streams between 1935 and 1965. Lipps (2013) cited the near disappearance of the hellbender from western Ohio, and correlated it with spread mechanized agriculture in the 1930s.","inventoryNeeds":"Assessment of status throughout the range is needed.","numberProtEosComments":"Many of the presently known populations are in national or state forests, national parks, and other public lands, where there is good potential for protecting habitat, except where rivers are negatively impacted by activities in upstream portions of a watershed.","protectionNeeds":"Streams need to be protected from siltation and thermal and chemical pollution. This should include maintenance of buffer zones around the streams.","otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":"Slow to mature. Low vagility and recruitment rate make this species vulnerable to local extirpation.","enviromentalSpecificityComments":"This is a habitat specialist with little tolerance of environmental change (Williams et al. 1981)."},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":105670,"majorHabitat":{"id":2,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Freshwater","majorHabitatDescEs":"Agua dulce","majorHabitatDescFr":"Eau douce"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":null,"foodHabitsComments":"Crayfish are the most important food item, though fishes (often scavenged) and other aquatic invertebrates are also eaten (Peterson et al. 1989).","animalPhenologyComments":"Primarily nocturnal but sometimes active in daylight. In West Virginia, Humphries and Pauley (2000) documented a peak in nocturnal activity in May and June; individuals tended to be hidden in summer and early fall. In Missouri and Arkansas, evidently active throughout the year in streams heavily influenced by springs (Peterson et al. 1989).","colonialBreeder":false,"length":51,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":102185,"animalPhenology":{"id":4,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Nocturnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Nocturno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Nocturne","displayOrder":4},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":104083,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1399,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":null,"subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":0.2,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including larvae or eggs) in or near appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and  breeding.","mappingGuidance":"The full extent of an occurrence may also include smaller tributaries to a major hellbender stream, where larvae may be present (A. Breisch, pers. comm., 1998).","separationBarriers":"Dams and large impoundments; high waterfall; upland habitat.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":10.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"These salamanders are strictly riverine and require cool, flowing water; they cannot cross upland habitat. They are unlikely to successfully traverse an impoundment to reach suitable habitat downstream from a dam, unless the impoundment is very small. Because hellbenders do not climb and probably cannot use fishways, virtually all dams and high water falls constitute a barrier to upstream movements. Water warmer than 20 C or heavily silted or polluted streams may constitute a barrier or at least unsuitable habitat, depending on the severity of the conditions.   <br><br>Hellbenders generally exhibit low vagility. The majority of individuals are recaptured within 10 meters of their initial capture site (Feller, pers. comm., 1998; Peterson, 1987; Hillis and Bellis, 1971). Nickerson and Mays (1973) also reported 70% of recaptures within 30 meters of the tagging site, and Blais (1996), using radio-telemetry, found the largest average linear home range size in any season to be 110.3 meters (maximum of 407.3).  Hulse (pers. comm., 1998) suggested that we may be dealing with numerous local populations with very limited gene flow between populations. Thus, it is not likely that adult hellbenders move distances as great as 500 meters except under exceptional circumstances (e.g., large flooding events or anthropogenic stress). Even in rare cases of displacement it is likely that adults would attempt to find their way back to the home area. Displaced adults appear to have excellent homing capacity, being frequently recaptured within their home range (Blais 1996, Wiggs 1977, Hillis and Bellis 1971). Theoretically, if suitable habitat occurs between two occupied sites, then adults and/or their larvae would occur there as well, and probably do.  Only a thorough search (or series of searches in multiple seasons) of the intervening area will result in a confident statement that this area is for some unseen reason, unsuitable. <br><br>Despite this generally sedentary nature of adult hellbenders, there are enough reports of large unidirectional movements of nondisplaced hellbenders--e.g. 500 meters (Hulse, pers. com., 1998), 990 meters (Nickerson and Mays 1973), and 1500 and 3500 meters (Wiggs 1977)--to suggest that long distance movements do occur and could allow interactions between populations several kilometers apart. And it is probable that larval dispersal occasionally extends several kilometers. The adopted separation distance is necessarily arbitrary but reflects the low probability that two locations separated by a gap of less than several kilometers of suitable habitat would represent independent occurrences over the long term.<br><br>Because of the large \"gray area\" between suitable and unsuitable habitat, we employ one separation distance for all situations.","versionDate":"2001-04-23","versionAuthor":"Blackburn, S. G., and G. Hammerson. Separation distance by G. Hammerson.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:16:17.854626Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":105670,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":"Protection, maintenance, and improvement of water quality are paramount to hellbender conservation. While a monumental task, efforts to curb silt inputs to waterways through establishment of riparian buffers should be encouraged.<br /><br />Throughout the hellbender’s range, locks, dams, and river channelization have destroyed and fragmented hellbender habitat. If this old infrastructure is retired, restoration efforts should include the hellbender as a target species. This could include the restoration of the riverbed with placement of suitable rocks or artificial cover to enable hellbender dispersal.<br /><br />Educating the public about hellbenders may have a positive impact by reducing hellbenders being killed when caught by anglers. Additionally, there is concern that hellbenders may be declining by too frequent lift-and-turn surveys, which disrupt hellbenders and may negatively alter the habitat. Surveys and studies should take these impacts into account, and state natural resource agencies should coordinate surveys to avoid impacts from over surveying hellbender populations.<br /><br />Carefully implemented population augmentation through release of head-started individuals may be an option where populations have been depressed but the site threats have been addressed.","impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":"Buffer zones around streams should be maintained. <br /><br />Translocated individuals may disperse up to 2,340 m (greatest movement during high stream discharge); reintroduction of a small number of individuals may be most effective during early spring period of low stream discharge (Gates et al. 1985).","monitoringMethods":"Effective low-impact methods for hellbender population monitoring need to be developed and routinely performed. Snorkeling or diving probably will be required for adequate monitoring. See Soule and Lindberg (1994, Herpetol. Rev. 25:16) for information on the use of a peavy to facilitate searching for hellbenders under rocks. Electroshock surveys are relatively ineffective. In West Virginia, nocturnal surveys were very useful for documentation of presence/absence in May and June but could not be relied upon in later months (Humphries and Pauley 2000). <br /><br />Water quality and the impacts of human presence on the hellbender should be closely monitored.","managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":"Demographic, behavioral, and ecological studies are needed. Specific research is needed on the impact of spraying for the gypsy moth, siltation, acid mine drainage, and acid precipitation. 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Population declines of a long-lived salamander: a 20+-year study of hellbenders, <i>Cryptobranchus alleganiensis</i>. Biological Consevation 109:151-156.","shortCitationAuthor":"Wheeler et al.","shortCitationYear":2003,"referenceCode":"A03WHE02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:17:36.715832Z"},{"id":472590,"citation":"Wheeler, B. A., M. L. McCallum, and S. E. Trauth. 2002. Abnormalities in the Ozark hellbender, <i>Cryptobranchus alleganiensis bishopi</i>. Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science 56:250-252.","shortCitationAuthor":"Wheeler et al.","shortCitationYear":2002,"referenceCode":"A02WHE01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:17:36.715832Z"},{"id":111390,"citation":"Wiggs, R. L. 1977. Movement and homing in the hellbender, <i>Cryptobranchus alleganiensis</i>, in the Niangua River, Missouri. M.S. thesis, Southwest Missouri State University, Springfield. 45 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Wiggs","shortCitationYear":1977,"referenceCode":"U77WIG01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:25:32.831808Z"},{"id":149648,"citation":"Williams, R. D., J. E. Gates, C. H. Hocutt and G. J. Taylore. 1981. The hellbender: a nongame species in need of management. Wildlife Society Bulletin 9(2):94-100.","shortCitationAuthor":"Williams et al.","shortCitationYear":1981,"referenceCode":"A81WIL01MHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:25:32.816323Z"},{"id":513248,"citation":"Ziehmer, B., and T. Johnson. 1992. Status of the Ozark hellbender in Missouri. 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