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Most habitats would be suitable for birds with versatile foraging habits (e.g., most corvids).","versionDate":"2004-09-10","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2025-12-05T22:48:36.225047Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":124588,"locationUseClass":{"id":3,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Nonbreeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"No reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Non-reproduction","displayOrder":3},"eoSpecGroupName":"Passerines","subtypes":"Foraging Area, Roost Site","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Any area used traditionally in the nonbreeding season (used for populations that are not resident in a location year-round). Minimally, reliable observations of 10 or more individuals in appropriate habitat for 20 or more days at a time. For G1-G3 species, observations of fewer individuals could constitute an occurrence of conservation value. Sites used during migration should be documented under the 'migratory stopover' location use class.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance is necessarily arbitrary but attempts to balance the high mobility of birds with the need for occurrences of reasonable spatial scope. Note that a population's roost sites and foraging areas are parts of the same occurrence, even if they are more than 5 km apart.<br/><br/>For swallows and other species with similar behavioral ecology, the separation distance pertains to communal roost sites rather than to foraging areas; the former tend to be more stable and specific over time than the latter.","versionDate":"2004-09-03","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2025-12-05T22:48:36.225047Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":124589,"locationUseClass":{"id":4,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Migratory stopover","locationUseClassDescEs":"Parada migratoria","locationUseClassDescFr":"Halte migratoire","displayOrder":5},"eoSpecGroupName":"Passerines","subtypes":"Foraging Area, Roost Site","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"For most passerines: Evidence of recurring presence of migrating individuals (including historical) and potential recurring presence at a given location; minimally a reliable observation of 25 birds in appropriate habitat.<br/><br/>For swallows: Evidence of recurring presence of migrating flocks (including historical) and potential recurring presence at a given location; minimally a reliable observation of 100 birds in appropriate habitat (e.g., traditional roost sites).<br/><br/>Occurrences should be locations where the species is resident for some time during the appropriate season; it is preferable to have observations documenting presence over at least 7 days annually.<br/><br/>EOs should not be described for species that are nomadic during nonbreeding season: e.g., Lark Bunting.<br/><br/>Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single events.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance somewhat arbitrary but intended to define occurrences of manageable size for conservation purposes. Occurrences defined primarily on the basis of areas supporting concentrations of birds, rather than on the basis of distinct populations.<br/><br/>For swallows and other species with similar behavioral ecology, the separation distance pertains to communal roost sites rather than to foraging areas; the former tend to be more stable and specific over time than the latter.","versionDate":"2004-09-03","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G., and S. Cannings","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2025-12-05T22:48:36.225047Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":124586,"locationUseClass":{"id":13,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Nonmigratory","locationUseClassDescEs":"No migratorio","locationUseClassDescFr":"Non migratrice","displayOrder":20},"eoSpecGroupName":"Passerines","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a particular location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals in or near appropriate habitat.<br/><br/>These occurrence specifications are used for nonmigratory populations of passerine birds.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Significant dispersal and associated high potential for gene flow among populations of birds separated by tens of kilometers (e.g., Moore and Dolbeer 1989), and increasing evidence that individuals leave their usual home range to engage in extrapair copulations, as well as long foraging excursions of some species, make it difficult to circumscribe occurrences on the basis of meaningful population units without occurrences becoming too large. Hence, a moderate, standardized separation distance has been adopted for songbirds and flycatchers; it should yield occurrences that are not too spatially expansive while also accounting for the likelihood of gene flow among populations within a few kilometers of each other.<br/><br/>Be careful not to separate a population's nesting areas and breeding-season foraging areas as different occurrences; include them in the same occurrence even if they are more than 5 km apart. Blue jays have small summer home ranges but fly up to 4 kilometers to harvest mast (Tarvin and Woolfenden 1999). Flocks of pinyon jays range over 21-29 square kilometers (Ligon 1971, Balda and Bateman 1971); nesting and foraging areas may be widely separated. Tricolored blackbirds forage in flocks that range widely to more than 15 kilometers from the nesting colony (Beedy and Hamilton 1999).<br/><br/>Unsuitable habitat: Habitat not normally used for breeding/feeding by a particular species. For example, unsuitable habitat for grassland and shrubland birds includes forest/woodland, urban/suburban, and aquatic habitats. Most habitats would be suitable for birds with versatile foraging habits (e.g., most corvids).","versionDate":"2004-09-10","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":"These specs pertain to nonmigratory species.","lastModified":"2025-12-05T22:48:36.225047Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":105570,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":106992,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:29:19.512378Z"}],"references":[{"id":153779,"citation":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1983. 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Condor 73:287-302.","shortCitationAuthor":"Balda and Bateman","shortCitationYear":1971,"referenceCode":"A71BAL01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.657866Z"},{"id":137951,"citation":"Banks, R. C., and M. R. Browning. 1995. Comments on the status of revived old names for some North American birds. Auk 112:633-648.","shortCitationAuthor":"Banks and Browning","shortCitationYear":1995,"referenceCode":"A95BAN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.673494Z"},{"id":103790,"citation":"Godfrey, W.E. 1966. The birds of Canada. National Museums of Canada. Ottawa. 428 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Godfrey","shortCitationYear":1966,"referenceCode":"B66GOD01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:14.361032Z"},{"id":100210,"citation":"Harrison, C. 1978. A Field Guide to the Nests, Eggs and Nestlings of North American Birds. Collins, Cleveland, Ohio.","shortCitationAuthor":"Harrison","shortCitationYear":1978,"referenceCode":"B78HAR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.657866Z"},{"id":105464,"citation":"Horn, H. S. 1968. The adaptive significance of colonial nesting in the Brewer's Blackbird. Ecology 49:682-694.","shortCitationAuthor":"Horn","shortCitationYear":1968,"referenceCode":"A68HOR01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.689104Z"},{"id":116541,"citation":"Johnson, S. R. and D. R. Herter. 1989. The Birds of the Beaufort Sea. BP Exploration (Alaska) Inc., Anchorage, Alaska. 372 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Johnson and Herter","shortCitationYear":1989,"referenceCode":"B89JOH01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:18.8767Z"},{"id":144453,"citation":"Ligon, J. D. 1971. Late summer-autumnal breeding of the piñon jay in New Mexico. Condor 73:147-153.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ligon","shortCitationYear":1971,"referenceCode":"A71LIG01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.704742Z"},{"id":115752,"citation":"Moore, W. S., and R. A. Dolbeer. 1989. The use of banding recovery data to estimate dispersal rates and gene flow in avian species: case studies in the Red-winged Blackbird and Common Grackle. Condor 91:242-253.","shortCitationAuthor":"Moore and Dolbeer","shortCitationYear":1989,"referenceCode":"A89MOO01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.657866Z"},{"id":123753,"citation":"National Geographic Society (NGS). 1983. Field guide to the birds of North America. National Geographic Society, Washington, DC.","shortCitationAuthor":"National Geographic Society (NGS)","shortCitationYear":1983,"referenceCode":"B83NAT01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:14.376662Z"},{"id":106631,"citation":"Oberholser, H.C. 1974. The bird life of Texas. 2 vols. Univ. of Texas Press, Austin.","shortCitationAuthor":"Oberholser","shortCitationYear":1974,"referenceCode":"B74OBE01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.673494Z"},{"id":146621,"citation":"Tarvin, K. A., and G. E. Woolfenden. 1999. Blue Jay (<i>Cyanocitta cristata</i>). No. 469 IN A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The birds of North America. The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA. 32pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Tarvin and Woolfenden","shortCitationYear":1999,"referenceCode":"A99TAR01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.657866Z"},{"id":148565,"citation":"Terres, J. K. 1980. The Audubon Society encyclopedia of North American birds. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.","shortCitationAuthor":"Terres","shortCitationYear":1980,"referenceCode":"B80TER01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.657866Z"},{"id":106130,"citation":"Thompson, F. R., III. 1994. Temporal and spatial patterns of breeding brown-headed cowbirds in the midwestern United States. Auk 111:979-990.","shortCitationAuthor":"Thompson","shortCitationYear":1994,"referenceCode":"A94THO02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.673494Z"},{"id":125063,"citation":"Williams, L. 1952b. Breeding behavior of the Brewer blackbird. Condor 54:3-47.","shortCitationAuthor":"Williams","shortCitationYear":1952,"referenceCode":"A52WIL01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.657866Z"},{"id":140794,"citation":"Willson, M. F. 1966. Breeding ecology of the Yellow-headed Blackbird. Ecological Monographs 36:51-77.","shortCitationAuthor":"Willson","shortCitationYear":1966,"referenceCode":"A66WIL01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.673494Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[{"id":113856,"name":"Jaseur boréal","language":"FR"}],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":105570,"cites":null,"cosewic":null,"fwsRegion":null,"genusSize":{"id":2,"genusSizeDescEn":"Very small genus","genusSizeDescEs":"Un género muy pequeño","genusSizeDescFr":"Très petit genre"},"jurisEndem":{"id":5,"jurisEndemDescEn":"occurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations","jurisEndemDescEs":"Se encuentra en varias naciones (de manera regular, como un taxón nativo)","jurisEndemDescFr":"Se trouve dans plusieurs nations (de façon régulière, tel un taxon indigène)"},"nomenclaturallyEst":null,"usesa":null,"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":4,"level1":"Animals","level2":"Vertebrates","level3":"Birds","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":2,"distributionStatus":"complete","displayOrder":1070},"parentSpecies":null,"infraspecies":false,"kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Craniata","taxclass":"Aves","taxorder":"Passeriformes","family":"Bombycillidae","genus":"Bombycilla","americanFisheriesStatus":null,"americanFisheriesStatusDate":null,"saraStatus":null,"saraStatusDate":null,"cosewicDate":null,"interpretedCosewic":null,"cosewicComments":null,"usesaDate":null,"interpretedUsesa":null,"usesaComments":null,"completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[],"infraspeciesList":[],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":null,"ebarGlobalScope":null,"ebarKbaGroup":"Birds","caGeneralStatusId":"GS001125"},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":105570,"reproductionComments":"Female incubates 4-6 eggs for ca. 14 days. Nestlings altricial. Young tended by both adults, leave the nest about 13-15 days after hatching (Terres 1980).","ecologyComments":"Sometimes travels in cedar waxwing flocks.","habitatComments":"Open coniferous or deciduous forest, muskeg and, less frequently, mixed coniferous-deciduous woodland; in migration and winter also open woodland, vineyards, suburban gardens, and parks (AOU 1983). BREEDING: Nests in trees, usually on outer horizontal limb, 1-15 m above ground (Terres 1980).","generalDescription":null,"diagnosticCharacteristics":null,"speciesMarineHabitats":[],"speciesTerrestrialHabitats":[{"cagTerrHabId":-108663,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":2,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Forest - Conifer","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Bosque - Conífera","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Forêt — Résineux","displayOrder":3}},{"cagTerrHabId":-108664,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":3,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Forest - Mixed","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Bosque - Mixto","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Forêt — Mixte","displayOrder":4}},{"cagTerrHabId":-108665,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":5,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Woodland - Conifer","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Lote de madera - Conífera","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Terrain boisé — Résineux","displayOrder":7}},{"cagTerrHabId":-108666,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":6,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Woodland - Mixed","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Lote de madera - Mixto","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Terrain boisé — Mixte","displayOrder":8}},{"cagTerrHabId":-108662,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":20,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Suburban/orchard","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Suburbano/ huertos","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Banlieusard/verger","displayOrder":23}}],"speciesRiverineHabitats":[],"speciesPalustrineHabitats":[{"cagPalusHabId":-102380,"palustrineHabitat":{"id":5,"palustrineHabitatDescEn":"Bog/fen","palustrineHabitatDescEs":"Pantanoso","palustrineHabitatDescFr":"Tourbière oligotrophe/marais","displayOrder":5}}],"speciesLacustrineHabitats":[],"speciesSubterraneanHabitats":[],"speciesEstuarineHabitats":[]},"primaryReference":{"id":134424,"citation":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1998. Check-list of North American birds. Seventh edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. [as modified by subsequent supplements and corrections published in <i>The Auk</i>]. Also available online: http://www.aou.org/.","shortCitationAuthor":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU)","shortCitationYear":1998,"referenceCode":"B98AOU01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.673494Z"},"predecessors":[],"elementGlobalThreatAssessments":[]}