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Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea, and W.B. Scott. 1991. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 20. 183 pp.","conceptName":"<i>Coregonus clupeaformis</i>","taxonomicComments":"\"Squanga whitefish\" (restricted to 4 Yukon lakes) was regarded as distinct from <i>C. clupeaformis</i> by Bodaly et al. (1988). <br /><br />In eastern Canada and northern Maine, dwarf and normal phenotypes exist in sympatry and allopatry; mtDNA restriction analysis revealed two monophyletic assemblages, one with a western distribution (normal phenotype) and one with an eastern distribution (normal phenotype in allopatric populations, dwarf phenotype where sympatric with western form in Allegash basin); weak mtDNA differences occur between sympatric pairs; apparently these two groups evolved in separate glacial refugia and have speciated with only minor alterations of the ancestral gene pool (Bernatchez and Dodson 1990). A range-wide analysis of mtDNA indicated the existence of four distinct phylogeographic assemblages: a Berigean assemblage, confined to Yukon and Alaska; an Acadian assemblage, confined to se. North America; an Atlantic assemblage, confined to southern Quebec and the northeastern U.S., and also observed in anadromous populations of northern Hudson Bay; and a Mississippian assemblage, occupying most of the species' range, from the Mackenzie delta to Labrador (Bernatchez and Dodson 1991). <br /><br />Pigeon et al. (1997) examined mtDNA variation among seven sympatric pairs of dwarf and normal morphotypes from northern Quebec and the St. John River drainage; the hypothesis of genetic differentiation was supported for all sympatic pairs from the St. John River drainage, but lack of mtDNA diversity precluded any test of reproductive isolation for northern Quebec populations; the data for the St. John River drainage indicated a complex picture of evolution that implied sympatric divergence and multiple allopatric divergence/secondary contact events on a small geographic scale; trophic niche availability may promote population divergence in whitefish.<br /><br />Page and Burr (1991) and Mecklenburg et al. (2002) recognized <i>C. nelsonii</i> (Alaska whitefish) as a distinct species but Nelson et al. (2004) did not. Nelson et al. 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However, it is important to evaluate migrations and seasonal changes in habitat (see separation justification) to ensure that spawning areas and nonspawning areas for a single population are not artificially segregated as different occurrences simply because there have been no collections/observations in an intervening area that may exceed the separation distance.","separationBarriers":"Dam lacking a suitable fishway; high waterfall; upland habitat.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":null,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":null,"altSeparationProcedure":"Separation distance is 10 stream-km for both suitable and unsuitable habitat. However, if it is known that the same population occupies sites separated by more than 10 km (e.g., this may be common for migratory populations), those sites should be included within the same occurrence. In lakes, occurrences include all suitable habitat that is presumed to be occupied (based on expert judgment), even if documented collection/observation points are more than 10 km apart.  Separate sub-occurrences or source features may usefully document locations of critical spawning areas within a lake.<br>","separationJustification":"Separation distance is arbitrary; little is known about juvenile dispersal (e.g., how far fishes may move between between their embryonic developmental habitat and eventual spawning site). \"Restricted movement is the norm in populations of stream salmonids during nonmigratory periods,\" but there is considerable variation in movements within and among species (Rodriguez 2002). <br><br>Migrations can be extensive. 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