{"elementGlobalId":105324,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":11,"iucnDescEn":"Least concern","iucnDescEs":"Menos preocupante","iucnDescFr":"Moins préoccupante","iucnCode":"LC"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":null,"formattedScientificName":"<i>Hydrophis platurus</i>","scientificName":"Hydrophis platurus","scientificNameAuthor":"(Linnaeus, 1766)","primaryCommonName":"Yellow-bellied Seasnake","relatedItisNames":null,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.105324","elcode":"ARADF01010","conceptRefFullCitation":"Pickwell, G. V., and W. A. Culotta. 1980. <i>Pelamis</i>, <i>P. platurus</i>. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 255:1-4.","conceptName":"<i>Pelamis platurus</i>","taxonomicComments":"A study by Sanders et al. (2013) corrected the long-noted non-monophyly of most seasnake genera (including <i>Pelamis</i>) by recognizing a single large genus <i>Hydrophis</i>, including <i>H. platurus</i> (Crother 2017).","roundedGRank":"G5","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2006-08-26","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Hammerson, G.","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":166838,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"NNA","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":289376,"subnation":{"id":16,"nameEn":"Hawaii","nameEs":"Hawai","nameFr":"Hawaï","subnationCode":"HI","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNA","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNA","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":289376,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":366798,"subnation":{"id":7,"nameEn":"California","nameEs":"California","nameFr":"Californie","subnationCode":"CA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNA","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNA","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":366798,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":1997,"nrank":"NNA","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":166838,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T21:45:39.791077Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.105324/Hydrophis_platurus","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"1996-10-31","grankReviewDate":"2006-08-26","grankReasons":null,"grank":"G5","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":105324,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":{"id":38,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of <30% to increase of 25%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de <30% a aumento de 25%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de <30 % à augmentation de 25 %"},"numberEos":{"id":15,"numberEosDescEn":"> 300","numberEosDescEs":"> 300","numberEosDescFr":"> 300"},"numberGoodEos":null,"numberProtEos":null,"popSize":{"id":35,"popSizeDescEn":"100,000 to >1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 100.000 a >1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 100 000 à >1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":35,"rangeExtentDescEn":">2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":">2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (más ","rangeExtentDescFr":">2 500 000 km carrés (plus de 1 000 000 miles carrés)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":40,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Relatively Stable (<=10% change)","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Relativamente estable (variación = <10%)","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Relativement stable (variation = <10 %)"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":10,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Low","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Bajo","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Faible"},"rangeExtentComments":"This species is mostly restricted to tropical and subtropical warm oceans, from the coasts of eastern Africa, southern Asia, and Australia to the coasts of South America (generally south to Ecuador and northern Peru, occasionally as far south as Easter Island, Chile), Central America, and Mexico, and north to the northern Gulf of California and the west coast of Baja California (Ernst and Ernst 2003, Stebbins 2003, Campbell and Lamar 2004). Individuals sometimes range as far north as southern California, particularly when ocean temperatures are relatively warm. This species rarely has been found off the Atlantic coast of Colombia, possibly as a result of translocation in ballast water from the Pacific Ocean (see Campbell and Lamar 2004). Individuals rarely ascend rivers.","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"This species is represented by a large number of occurrences (subpopulations).","popSizeComments":"Adult population size is unknown but certainly exceeds 100,000 and probably exceeds 1,000,000. This snake sometimes occurs in large aggregations of hundreds or thousands of individuals (see Ernst and Ernst 2003).","viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"No major threats are known.","shortTermTrendComments":"Extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, number of subpopulations, and population size probably are relatively stable.","longTermTrendComments":null,"inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":"Some populations occur along protected beaches.","protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":105324,"majorHabitat":{"id":1,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Marine","majorHabitatDescEs":"Marino","majorHabitatDescFr":"Marine"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":null,"foodHabitsComments":"Eats small fishes. Forages, often in large numbers, along slicks (where sea currents converge) and where flotsam of seaweed, wood, and other debris accumulates (Stebbins 1985, Ernst 1992).","animalPhenologyComments":"Apparently diurnal.","colonialBreeder":false,"length":113,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":103719,"foodHabits":{"id":2,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescFr":"Piscivore","displayOrder":2},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1599,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":null,"subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals in appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and  breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"No data are available on movements. 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A., and W. W. Lamar. 1989. The venomous reptiles of Latin America. Comstock Publ. Associates, Division of Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, New York. xii + 425 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Campbell and Lamar","shortCitationYear":1989,"referenceCode":"B89CAM01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.08501Z"},{"id":381359,"citation":"Campbell, J. A., and W. W. Lamar. 2004. The venomous reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. 2 volumes. Cornell University Press.","shortCitationAuthor":"Campbell and Lamar","shortCitationYear":2004,"referenceCode":"B04CAM01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.08501Z"},{"id":137880,"citation":"Collins, J. T. 1990. Standard common and current scientific names for North American amphibians and reptiles. 3rd ed. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. Herpetological Circular No. 19. 41 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Collins","shortCitationYear":1990,"referenceCode":"B90COL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:15.579798Z"},{"id":621810,"citation":"Crother, B. I. (editor). 2008. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. Sixth edition. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles Herpetological Circular 37:1-84. Online with updates at: http://www.ssarherps.org/pages/comm_names/Index.php","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother","shortCitationYear":2008,"referenceCode":"B08CRO01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:20.142383Z"},{"id":722484,"citation":"Crother, B. I. (editor). 2012. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. 7th edition. SSAR Herpetological Circular 39:1-92.","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother","shortCitationYear":2012,"referenceCode":"B12CRO01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.08501Z"},{"id":943912,"citation":"Crother, B. I. (editor). 2017. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. 8th edition. SSAR Herpetological Circular 43:1-104. [Updates in SSAR North American Species Names Database at: https://ssarherps.org/cndb]","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother","shortCitationYear":2017,"referenceCode":"B17CRO01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:53.413199Z"},{"id":125203,"citation":"Dunson, W. A. 1975. The biology of sea snakes. Univ. Park Press, Baltimore, Maryland. 530 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Dunson","shortCitationYear":1975,"referenceCode":"B75DUN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:24:40.002666Z"},{"id":124442,"citation":"Ernst, C. H. 1992. Venomous reptiles of North America. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. ix + 236 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ernst","shortCitationYear":1992,"referenceCode":"B92ERN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.08501Z"},{"id":169022,"citation":"Ernst, C. H., and E. M. Ernst. 2003. Snakes of the United States and Canada. Smithsonian Books, Washington, D.C.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ernst and Ernst","shortCitationYear":2003,"referenceCode":"B03ERN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.08501Z"},{"id":134553,"citation":"McKeown, S. 1978. Hawaiian reptiles and amphibians. Oriental Pub. Co., Honolulu. 80 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"McKeown","shortCitationYear":1978,"referenceCode":"B78MCK01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:21.616638Z"},{"id":1067045,"citation":"Pickwell, G. V., and W. A. Culotta. 1980. <i>Pelamis</i>, <i>P. platurus</i>. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 255:1-4.","shortCitationAuthor":"Pickwell and Culotta","shortCitationYear":1980,"referenceCode":"A80PIC03NAUS","lastModified":"2020-11-11T02:14:53.757146Z"},{"id":1067044,"citation":"Sanders, K. L., M. SY Lee, T. Bertozzi, and A. R. Rasmussen. 2013. Multilocus phylogeny and recent rapid radiation of the viviparous sea snakes (Elapidae: Hydrophiinae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 66(3):575-591.","shortCitationAuthor":"Sanders et al.","shortCitationYear":2013,"referenceCode":"A13SAN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-11-11T02:14:53.741571Z"},{"id":144435,"citation":"Stebbins, R. C. 1985a. A field guide to western reptiles and amphibians. Second edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts. xiv + 336 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Stebbins","shortCitationYear":1985,"referenceCode":"B85STE01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.08501Z"},{"id":266629,"citation":"Stebbins, R. C. 2003. 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Births occur in the ocean or possibly in habitats such as mangrove swamps (Ernst 1992).","generalDescription":null,"diagnosticCharacteristics":null,"speciesMarineHabitats":[{"cagMarineHabId":-100494,"marineHabitat":{"id":1,"marineHabitatDescEn":"Pelagic","marineHabitatDescEs":"Pelágico","marineHabitatDescFr":"Pélagique","displayOrder":1}},{"cagMarineHabId":-100495,"marineHabitat":{"id":3,"marineHabitatDescEn":"Near shore","marineHabitatDescEs":"Cercano a la costa","marineHabitatDescFr":"Côtier","displayOrder":3}}],"speciesTerrestrialHabitats":[],"speciesRiverineHabitats":[],"speciesPalustrineHabitats":[],"speciesLacustrineHabitats":[],"speciesSubterraneanHabitats":[],"speciesEstuarineHabitats":[{"cagEstuarineHabId":-100849,"estuarineHabitat":{"id":1,"estuarineHabitatDescEn":"Bay/sound","estuarineHabitatDescEs":"Bahía/Estrecho","estuarineHabitatDescFr":"Baie/détroit","displayOrder":1}},{"cagEstuarineHabId":-100850,"estuarineHabitat":{"id":3,"estuarineHabitatDescEn":"Lagoon","estuarineHabitatDescEs":"Laguna","estuarineHabitatDescFr":"Lagune","displayOrder":3}}]},"primaryReference":{"id":943912,"citation":"Crother, B. 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