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Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including eggs) in or near appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and  breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Busy highway or highway with obstructions such that snakes rarely if ever cross successfully; major river, lake, pond, or deep marsh (this barrier pertains only to upland species and does not apply to aquatic or wetland snakes); densely urbanized area dominated by buildings and pavement.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":1.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Available information on movements of colubrid snakes is limited to a small minority of species. These data indicate that nearly all species have home ranges smaller or much smaller than 25 ha (e.g., less than 3 ha, <i>Pituophis catenifer</i> in California, Rodriguez-Robles 2003), with some up to about 75 ha (<i>Heterodon platirhinos</i>, average 50 ha, Plummer and Mills 2000), and the largest up to 225 ha in the biggest colubrids (<i>Drymarchon</i>, summer mean 50-100 ha, USFWS 1998). <br><br>Radiotelemetry data for <i>Pantherophis </i>indicate that residents of hibernacula that are 1-2 km apart (with suitable intervening habitat) probably interbreed (Prior et al. 1997, Blouin-Demers and Weatherhead 2002). However, \"evidence of genetic structure even over short distances (e.g., 2-20 km) implies that gene flow among rat snake populations can be easily disrupted\" (Prior et al. 1997). Loughheed et al. (1999) found evidence of substantial genetic exchange among local hibernacula (< 6 km apart), but gene flow over distances of 10s of km appears to be substantially less. Based on extensive radio-tracking data, Blouin-Demers and Weatherhead (2002) found that home range size of <i>Pantherophis </i>averaged 18.5 ha and ranged up to 93 ha; based on the most mobile individuals, <i>Pantherophis </i>from hibernacula up to 8 km apart can come together for mating. <i>Pantherophis </i>and probably other colubrids exhibit high fidelity to hibernacula and shift even to nearby sites only rarely (Prior et al. 2001). <br><br>Many of the several studies that report small home ranges for colubrids did not employ methods (e.g., radio telemetry) suitable for detecting full annual or multi-annual home range size, dispersal, or other long-distance movements, so these may have yielded underestimates of home ranges or activity areas.  <br><br>At least some colubrids, including medium-sized species such as garter snakes, not uncommonly move between areas up to a few kilometers apart, and several species make extensive movements of up to several kilometers, so separation distances of 1-2 km for suitable habitat are too small for medium-sized and large colubrids.<br><br>A separation distance of 10 km for suitable habitat was selected as most appropriate for snakes assigned to this Specs Group because it seems generally unlikely that two locations separated by less than 10 km of suitable habitat would represent distinct occurrences.<br><br>For the purposes of these occurrence specifications, upland habitat is regarded as unsuitable habitat for aquatic and wetland snakes. For upland snakes, shallow or patchy wetlands are treated as unsuitable habitat whereas large deepwater habitats (subjective determination) are barriers.","versionDate":"2013-02-12","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":"Separation distance for suitable habitat was changed from 5 km to 10 km based on comments from Dale Jackson (12 Feb 2013).","lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:05.987846Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":105253,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":106685,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:28:34.074223Z"}],"references":[{"id":1068017,"citation":"Blaney, R. M., and P. K. Blaney. 1979. The <i>Nerodia sipedon</i> complex of water snakes in Mississippi and southeastern Louisiana. Herpetologica 35(4):350-359.","shortCitationAuthor":"Blaney and Blaney","shortCitationYear":1979,"referenceCode":"A79BLA04NAUS","lastModified":"2020-11-11T02:14:44.257104Z"},{"id":120569,"citation":"Collins, J. T. 1982. Amphibians and reptiles in Kansas. Second edition. Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist., Pub. Ed. Ser. 8. xiii + 356 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Collins","shortCitationYear":1982,"referenceCode":"B82COL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:09.428867Z"},{"id":137880,"citation":"Collins, J. T. 1990. Standard common and current scientific names for North American amphibians and reptiles. 3rd ed. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. Herpetological Circular No. 19. 41 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Collins","shortCitationYear":1990,"referenceCode":"B90COL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:15.579798Z"},{"id":1068016,"citation":"Conant, R. 1963. Evidence for the Specific status of the water snake <i>Natrix fasciata</i>. American Museum Novitates (2122):1-38.","shortCitationAuthor":"Conant","shortCitationYear":1963,"referenceCode":"A63CON03NAUS","lastModified":"2020-11-11T02:14:44.257104Z"},{"id":140525,"citation":"Conant, R., and J. T. Collins. 1998. A field guide to reptiles and amphibians: eastern and central North America. Third edition, expanded. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, Massachusetts. 616 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Conant and Collins","shortCitationYear":1998,"referenceCode":"B98CON01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:57.819328Z"},{"id":621810,"citation":"Crother, B. I. (editor). 2008. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. Sixth edition. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles Herpetological Circular 37:1-84. Online with updates at: http://www.ssarherps.org/pages/comm_names/Index.php","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother","shortCitationYear":2008,"referenceCode":"B08CRO01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:20.142383Z"},{"id":722484,"citation":"Crother, B. I. (editor). 2012. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. 7th edition. SSAR Herpetological Circular 39:1-92.","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother","shortCitationYear":2012,"referenceCode":"B12CRO01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.08501Z"},{"id":943912,"citation":"Crother, B. I. (editor). 2017. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. 8th edition. SSAR Herpetological Circular 43:1-104. [Updates in SSAR North American Species Names Database at: https://ssarherps.org/cndb]","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother","shortCitationYear":2017,"referenceCode":"B17CRO01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:53.413199Z"},{"id":115940,"citation":"DeGraaf, R. M., and D. D. Rudis. 1983a. Amphibians and reptiles of New England. Habitats and natural history. Univ. Massachusetts Press. vii + 83 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"DeGraaf and Rudis","shortCitationYear":1983,"referenceCode":"B83DEG01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:26.951601Z"},{"id":169022,"citation":"Ernst, C. H., and E. M. Ernst. 2003. Snakes of the United States and Canada. Smithsonian Books, Washington, D.C.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ernst and Ernst","shortCitationYear":2003,"referenceCode":"B03ERN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.08501Z"},{"id":473158,"citation":"Gibbons, J. W., and M. E. Dorcas. 2004. North American watersnakes: a natural history. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. xxvi + 439 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Gibbons and Dorcas","shortCitationYear":2004,"referenceCode":"B04GIB01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:41.805268Z"},{"id":138394,"citation":"Hammerson, G. A. 1982b. Amphibians and reptiles in Colorado. Colorado Division of Wildlife, Denver. vii + 131 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Hammerson","shortCitationYear":1982,"referenceCode":"B82HAM01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:18.040312Z"},{"id":147534,"citation":"Lawson, R. 1987. Molecular studies of thamnophiine snakes: 1. The phylogeny of the genus <i>Nerodia</i>. J. Herpetology 21:140-157.","shortCitationAuthor":"Lawson","shortCitationYear":1987,"referenceCode":"A87LAW01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-11-11T02:03:28.669281Z"},{"id":127198,"citation":"Minton, S. A., Jr. 1972. Amphibians and reptiles of Indiana. Indiana Academy Science Monographs 3. v + 346 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Minton","shortCitationYear":1972,"referenceCode":"B72MIN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:59.913087Z"},{"id":1066991,"citation":"Pyron, R. A., F. T. Burbrink, and J. J. Wiens. 2013. A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 29:131.","shortCitationAuthor":"Pyron et al.","shortCitationYear":2013,"referenceCode":"A13PYR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-11-11T02:01:29.214412Z"},{"id":1068018,"citation":"Schwaner, T. D., and R. H. Mount. 1976. Systematic and ecological relationships of the water snakes <i>Natrix sipedon</i> and <i>N. fasciata</i> in Alabama and the Florida Panhandle. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas (45):1-44.","shortCitationAuthor":"Schwaner and Mount","shortCitationYear":1976,"referenceCode":"A76SCH04NAUS","lastModified":"2020-11-11T02:14:44.257104Z"},{"id":1068019,"citation":"Schwaner, T. D., H. C. Dessauer, and L. A. Landry, Jr. 1980. Genetic divergence of <i>Nerodia sipedon</i> and <i>N. fasciata</i> in south Louisiana. Isozyme Bull 13:102.","shortCitationAuthor":"Schwaner et al.","shortCitationYear":1980,"referenceCode":"A80SCH01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-11-11T02:14:44.257104Z"},{"id":266629,"citation":"Stebbins, R. C. 2003. A field guide to western reptiles and amphibians. Third edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.","shortCitationAuthor":"Stebbins","shortCitationYear":2003,"referenceCode":"B03STE01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.08501Z"},{"id":149912,"citation":"Tiebout, H. M., III, and J. R. Cary. 1987. Dynamic spatialecology of the water snake, <i>Nerodia sipedon</i>. Copeia 1987: 1-18.","shortCitationAuthor":"Tiebout and Cary","shortCitationYear":1987,"referenceCode":"A87TIE01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-11-11T02:14:44.257104Z"},{"id":120413,"citation":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 30 August 1999. Threatened status for Lake Erie water snake (Nerodia sipedon insularum) on the offshore islands of western Lake Erie. Federal Register 64(167):47126-47134.","shortCitationAuthor":"USFWS","shortCitationYear":1999,"referenceCode":"A99FWS12NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:24:29.690045Z"},{"id":132352,"citation":"Vogt, R. C. 1981c. Natural history of amphibians and reptiles of Wisconsin. Milwaukee Public Museum. 205 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Vogt","shortCitationYear":1981,"referenceCode":"B81VOG01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:18.569643Z"},{"id":1068020,"citation":"Walley, H.D., R.B. King, J.M. Ray, and T.L. Wusterbarth. 2012. <i>Nerodia sipedon</i>. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles:899.1.","shortCitationAuthor":"Walley et al.","shortCitationYear":2012,"referenceCode":"A12WAL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-11-11T02:03:28.38799Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[{"id":135348,"name":"Couleuvre d'eau","language":"FR"},{"id":145054,"name":"northern watersnake","language":"EN"},{"id":119258,"name":"Northern Water Snake","language":"EN"}],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":105253,"cites":null,"cosewic":null,"fwsRegion":null,"genusSize":{"id":3,"genusSizeDescEn":"Small genus","genusSizeDescEs":"Género pequeño","genusSizeDescFr":"Petit genre"},"jurisEndem":{"id":5,"jurisEndemDescEn":"occurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations","jurisEndemDescEs":"Se encuentra en varias naciones (de manera regular, como un taxón nativo)","jurisEndemDescFr":"Se trouve dans plusieurs nations (de façon régulière, tel un taxon indigène)"},"nomenclaturallyEst":null,"usesa":null,"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":7,"level1":"Animals","level2":"Vertebrates","level3":"Reptiles","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":2,"distributionStatus":"complete","displayOrder":1100},"parentSpecies":null,"infraspecies":false,"kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Craniata","taxclass":"Reptilia","taxorder":"Squamata","family":"Colubridae","genus":"Nerodia","americanFisheriesStatus":null,"americanFisheriesStatusDate":null,"saraStatus":null,"saraStatusDate":null,"cosewicDate":null,"interpretedCosewic":"PS:SC,NAR","cosewicComments":"The Lake Erie Watersnake is Special Concern and the Northern Watersnake is Not at Risk.","usesaDate":null,"interpretedUsesa":null,"usesaComments":"Subspecies <i>insularum </i>has been removed from the Federal List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife due to recovery (Federal Register, 16 August 2011).","completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[{"id":101911,"synonym":"Natrix sipedon","synonymAuthor":"(Linnaeus, 1758)","formattedSynonym":"<i>Natrix sipedon</i>"}],"infraspeciesList":[{"infraspeciesId":100749,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.100749","formattedScientificName":"<i>Nerodia sipedon williamengelsi</i>","scientificName":"Nerodia sipedon williamengelsi","primaryCommonName":"Carolina Watersnake","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.100749/Nerodia_sipedon_williamengelsi"},{"infraspeciesId":102045,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.102045","formattedScientificName":"<i>Nerodia sipedon sipedon</i>","scientificName":"Nerodia sipedon sipedon","primaryCommonName":"Northern Watersnake","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.102045/Nerodia_sipedon_sipedon"},{"infraspeciesId":105775,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.105775","formattedScientificName":"<i>Nerodia sipedon insularum</i>","scientificName":"Nerodia sipedon insularum","primaryCommonName":"Lake Erie Watersnake","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.105775/Nerodia_sipedon_insularum"},{"infraspeciesId":105256,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.105256","formattedScientificName":"<i>Nerodia sipedon pleuralis</i>","scientificName":"Nerodia sipedon pleuralis","primaryCommonName":"Midland Watersnake","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.105256/Nerodia_sipedon_pleuralis"}],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":false,"ebarGlobalScope":false,"ebarKbaGroup":"Amphibians and Reptiles","caGeneralStatusId":"GS000783"},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":105253,"reproductionComments":"Courtship and mating occur in spring (generally late April to early June. Reproductive females give birth to up to several dozen young usually from August to October in the north, primarily in July or August in the southern part of the range. Females sexually mature in 2-3 years (Vogt 1981). Females may not breed every year.","ecologyComments":"Movements may exhibit great individual variation; in Wisconsin, individuals moved over an area of &gt; 15 hectares (usually much less) during spring-summer (Tiebout and Cary 1987).<br /><br />If captured by hand, northern water snakes may release voluminous fluid from the vent, including the malodorous secretions from the cloacal sacs, and they usually bite, often drawing blood with the sharp teeth. Adults have high endurance and may expend considerable energy in fleeing or defending themselves.","habitatComments":"Habitats include creeks, rivers, canals, lakes, oxbows, ponds, reservoirs, marshes, bogs, and swamps. This snake usually inhabits freshwater but also occurs in brackish and saltwater habitats in some areas (Ernst and Ernst 2003, Gibbons and Dorcas 2004). It frequents sunny areas, especially piles of flood-deposited debris, logs, or rocks, at the water's edge. Hibernation sites often are in burrows, among rocks, or in deep crevices, at the water's edge or in uplands near water.","generalDescription":"Front part of body crossbanded, rear part crossbanded or blotched; pattern sometimes obscure, especially in large individuals; belly often with red or orange blotches; upper scales keeled, with a pair of minute pits near the tip of each scale; anal scale divided; more than two scales between eye and nostril; maximum total length around 150 cm. The end of the tail not uncommonly is missing. Mature male: knobbed keels on dorsal scales near vent. Newborn: average generally 16-19 cm snout-vent length. Source: Hammerson (1999).","diagnosticCharacteristics":null,"speciesMarineHabitats":[],"speciesTerrestrialHabitats":[],"speciesRiverineHabitats":[{"cagRiverineHabId":-101697,"riverineHabitat":{"id":1,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"BIG RIVER","riverineHabitatDescEs":"RÍO GRANDE","riverineHabitatDescFr":"GRANDE RIVIÈRE","displayOrder":1}},{"cagRiverineHabId":-101698,"riverineHabitat":{"id":2,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"MEDIUM RIVER","riverineHabitatDescEs":"RÍO MEDIANO","riverineHabitatDescFr":"MOYENNE RIVIÈRE","displayOrder":2}},{"cagRiverineHabId":-101699,"riverineHabitat":{"id":3,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"CREEK","riverineHabitatDescEs":"ARROYO","riverineHabitatDescFr":"RUISSEAU","displayOrder":3}},{"cagRiverineHabId":-101700,"riverineHabitat":{"id":4,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"SPRING/SPRING BROOK","riverineHabitatDescEs":"MANANTIAL/VERTIENTE","riverineHabitatDescFr":"PRINTEMPS/RUISSEAUX PRINTANIERS","displayOrder":4}},{"cagRiverineHabId":-101701,"riverineHabitat":{"id":6,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"Moderate gradient","riverineHabitatDescEs":"Pendiente de flujo medio","riverineHabitatDescFr":"Pente d’écoulement moyenne","displayOrder":6}},{"cagRiverineHabId":-101702,"riverineHabitat":{"id":7,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"Low gradient","riverineHabitatDescEs":"Pendiente de bajo flujo","riverineHabitatDescFr":"Pente d’écoulement faible","displayOrder":7}}],"speciesPalustrineHabitats":[{"cagPalusHabId":-100869,"palustrineHabitat":{"id":2,"palustrineHabitatDescEn":"HERBACEOUS WETLAND","palustrineHabitatDescEs":"HUMEDAL HERBÁCEO","palustrineHabitatDescFr":"TERRE HUMIDE HERBACÉE","displayOrder":2}},{"cagPalusHabId":-100870,"palustrineHabitat":{"id":3,"palustrineHabitatDescEn":"SCRUB-SHRUB WETLAND","palustrineHabitatDescEs":"HUMEDAL DE MATORRALES","palustrineHabitatDescFr":"FRUTICÉE HUMIDE","displayOrder":3}},{"cagPalusHabId":-100871,"palustrineHabitat":{"id":4,"palustrineHabitatDescEn":"FORESTED WETLAND","palustrineHabitatDescEs":"HUMEDAL BOSCOSO","palustrineHabitatDescFr":"TERRE HUMIDE FORESTIÈRE","displayOrder":4}},{"cagPalusHabId":-100872,"palustrineHabitat":{"id":6,"palustrineHabitatDescEn":"Riparian","palustrineHabitatDescEs":"Ribereño","palustrineHabitatDescFr":"Riverain","displayOrder":6}}],"speciesLacustrineHabitats":[{"cagLacusHabId":-100153,"lacustrineHabitat":{"id":2,"lacustrineHabitatDescEn":"Shallow water","lacustrineHabitatDescEs":"Aguas poco profundas","lacustrineHabitatDescFr":"Eau peu profonde","displayOrder":2}}],"speciesSubterraneanHabitats":[],"speciesEstuarineHabitats":[{"cagEstuarineHabId":-100106,"estuarineHabitat":{"id":1,"estuarineHabitatDescEn":"Bay/sound","estuarineHabitatDescEs":"Bahía/Estrecho","estuarineHabitatDescFr":"Baie/détroit","displayOrder":1}},{"cagEstuarineHabId":-100107,"estuarineHabitat":{"id":2,"estuarineHabitatDescEn":"River mouth/tidal river","estuarineHabitatDescEs":"Desembocadura del río/río de marea","estuarineHabitatDescFr":"Embouchure/rivière à marées","displayOrder":2}},{"cagEstuarineHabId":-100108,"estuarineHabitat":{"id":5,"estuarineHabitatDescEn":"Herbaceous wetland","estuarineHabitatDescEs":"Humedal herbáceo","estuarineHabitatDescFr":"Terre humide herbacée","displayOrder":5}}]},"primaryReference":{"id":943912,"citation":"Crother, B. I. (editor). 2017. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. 8th edition. SSAR Herpetological Circular 43:1-104. [Updates in SSAR North American Species Names Database at: https://ssarherps.org/cndb]","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother","shortCitationYear":2017,"referenceCode":"B17CRO01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:53.413199Z"},"predecessors":[],"elementGlobalThreatAssessments":[]}