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have been increasing rapidly; many (tens of thousands) remain in Canada/Alaska, about 2000 south of Canada, 100,000+ in Palearctic. NatureServe rank calculator version 3.1 yielded a rank of G5? and this species is nationally ranked N5 in Canada.","grank":"G5","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":105212,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":null,"numberEos":{"id":14,"numberEosDescEn":"81 to >300","numberEosDescEs":"De 81 a >300","numberEosDescFr":"De 81 à >300"},"numberGoodEos":null,"numberProtEos":{"id":7,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Few to several (1-12) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Gradualmente hasta unos pocos casos (1 a 12) adecuadamente protegidos y controlados","numberProtEosDescFr":"De peu à quelques occurrences (de 1 à 12) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":33,"popSizeDescEn":"10,000 to >1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 10.000 a >1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 10 000 à >1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":35,"rangeExtentDescEn":">2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":">2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (más ","rangeExtentDescFr":">2 500 000 km carrés (plus de 1 000 000 miles carrés)"},"shortTermTrend":null,"threatImpactAssigned":null,"rangeExtentComments":"Formerly throughout North America south through much of Mexico; also Europe and Asia. Replaced by the red wolf in the southeastern United States. Today found south of Canada only in northern Mexico (no recent confirmed reports; extirpated or maybe a few in eastern Sonora, Chihuahua, and/or Zacatecas?), a few areas in the Rocky Mountains (northwestern Montana, reintroduction sites in Wyoming and Idaho), northwestern Great Lakes region (northeastern third of Minnesota, northern Wisconsin, Michigan Upper Peninsula), and Cascade Mountains of northern Washington. Formerly much more numerous in the Rocky Mountain states than in the southwestern U.S. (Johnson 1991). Extirpated in much of southern Canada (see Theberge [1992] and Can. Field-Nat. 106:138 for range/status map); remains in 85% of former total Canadian range (Theberge 1991).<br /><br />In 1995, wolf reintroductions were initiated in the Yellowstone ecosystem and in central Idaho (nonessential experimental populations) (USFWS 1994; Federal Register, 16 August 1994; Bangs and Fritts 1993; End. Sp. Bull. 20(4):4-5). See Bangs et al. (1998) for information on the status of gray wolf restoration in Montana, Idaho, and Wyoming. In 1998, USFWS (Federal Register, 12 January 1998) announced its intention to reintroduce the Mexican gray wolf (subspecies <i>baileyi</i>) into Arizona and New Mexico (Apache and Gila national forests, also possibly White Sands Missile Range). <br /><br />Wolf observations in the Dakotas have increased in recent years, likely related to range expansion and population increases in adjacent areas, especially Minnesota; most occurrences have been of young individuals, suggesting dispersal (Licht and Fritts 1994).<br /><br />Grewal et al. (2004) used genetic data to determine that the wolf population in Algonquin Provincial Park in Ontario, Canada, is a southern part of a larger metapopulation of <i>Canis lycaon</i> (or <i>Canis lupus lycaon</i>).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"Because wolves are wide-ranging it is difficult to estimate the number of distinct occurrences. The 30-km separation between EOs given in EOSPECS is a compromise figure. It could have been smaller in the northern USA where pack home ranges in Minnesota were 130 km2, or larger in Alaska where home ranges up to 13,000 km2 are reported (Mech and Frenzel 1971, Burkholder 1959).","popSizeComments":"Canada: about 50,000-58,500 in 1990; subject to hunting and trapping in all but a few percent of the range (Cohn 1990, Theberge 1991). <br /><br />Alaska: about 6000 (Theberge 1991). <br /><br />In 1998, there were at least 65 wolves in northwestern Montana, at least 122 in central Idaho, and 116 in the Greater Yellowstone Area (Bangs et al. 1998). In 2004, the northern Rocky Mountains population included more than 800 wolves (USFWS 2006).<br /><br />Isle Royale population was about 14-16 in 1995. Michigan Upper Peninsula population was 112 in 1996/1997 (End. Sp. Bull. 22(3):21). Wisconsin: 150 in 1997-1997 (End. Sp. Bull. 22(3):21). Minnesota: nearly 2000 in mid-1990s (Mladenoff et al. 1997). <br /><br />Southwestern U.S. and Mexico: none in the U.S. and very few if any in Mexico. <br /><br />See Jhala and Giles (1991) for information on status in northwestern India (several hundred remain). Population estimates for the 1980s: former Soviet Union, 88,000; Inner Mongolia, less than 10,000; Yugoslavia, 2000-5000; Poland, about 1000; Spain, about 1000; 2000 or less in each of Iran, Afganistan, India, and Romania (see Theberge 1991). Population in the USSR in the mid-1940s was about 200,000-300,000; reduced to lowest numbers in history by the 1960s; increased to 1940s level by the 1980s; about 40,000 in Russia in 1995 (Yuli Gabur 1996, Natural Areas News 1(2):8-9).","viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"Exterminated from large areas through trapping, shooting, poisoning, and reduction in prey populations (ungulate herds). Threatened by direct human-caused mortality and possibly habitat loss. Landscape change resulting from development may interfere with restoration in some areas (Carroll et al. 2003). Heavily persecuted in former Soviet Union and in China.<br /><br />The threats to the northern Rocky Mountain wolf population have been reduced or eliminated as evidenced by the population exceeding the numerical, distributional, and temporal recovery goals each year since 2002 (USFWS 2006).","shortTermTrendComments":"The Northern Rocky Mountain population increased steadily from 1979 to 2004 (USFWS 2006). Wolf recovery in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem and in central Idaho has progressed faster than predicted (Bangs et al. 1998). <br /><br />Currently expanding in the northcentral United States. Mech et al. (1995) documented dispersal and recolonization from northern Minnesota to Wisconsin and Michigan. <br /><br />Wolf recovery has been noted in some areas of Europe (see Cohn 1990). Increasing in Russia in the mid-1990s (Y. Gabur). Trends elsewhere are unknown.","longTermTrendComments":null,"inventoryNeeds":"Determine distribution in Europe and Asia.","numberProtEosComments":"Packs and habitat are protected in at least Isle Royal National Park (Michigan), Denali National Park (Alaska), and Algonquin Provincial Park (Ontario).","protectionNeeds":"Need to protect several large tracts of lands as rangeland for wolf packs.","otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":105212,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Wolves in far northwestern North America may move as required to remain with migratory caribou.<br><br>Home ranges very large but very variable as well, generally ranging from less 100 to 10,000s of square kilometers.  In  Minnesota, Fritts and Mech (1981) found territory sizes ranging from 195 to 555 square kilometers; in south to central Alaska, Ballard et al. (1987) reported territory sizes from 943 to 2541 square kilometers; in the southern Yukon, Hayes (1992) found territory sizes of 583 to 794 km square kilometers; in the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, Peterson et al. (1984) found average territory sizes of 638 square kilometers; and in coastal forests of Vancouver Island, Atkinson and Janz (1994) found territory sizes from 100 to 400 square kilometers. Packs that depend on barren ground caribou migrate with the caribou as far as 360 km (Kuyt 1972; Mech 1970, 1974). In the Glacier National Park area, territory size averages around 780 sq km (Bangs and Fritts 1993). <br><br>In the Northwest Territories and western Nunavut, Walton et al. (2001) fitted 23 wolves in 19 different packs with collar-mounted satellite transmitters. Annual home-range sizes (95% minimum convex polygon) averaged 63,058 sq km for males and 44,936 sq km for females. Straight-line distances from the most distant location on the winter range to the den site averaged 508 km in 1997-1998 and 265 km in 1998-1999 (wolves followed caribou). All but 2 of 15 wolves returned to within 25 km of a previous den, and 2 wolves returned to the same den site.<br><br>Dispersing young may move several hundred kilometers. In Minnesota, most dispersers left when they were 11-12 months old; dispersal occurred mainly in February-April and October-November; 35% of known-age wolves remained in their natal territory for more than 2 years (Gese and Mech 1991). <br>","foodHabitsComments":"Predominant prey: ungulates. When these are low or seasonally unavailable, eats alternative prey, such as beaver, snowshoe hare, rodents, and carrion. Commonly hunts in packs, but lone wolves and pairs are able to kill prey as large as adult moose (Thurber and Peterson 1993). In the vicinity of Glacier National Park, feeds primarily on white-tailed deer; sometimes kills mountain lions and sometimes usurps ungulate prey killed by lions (Bangs and Fritts 1993). White-tailed deer and moose carrion were the primary prey in southern Ontario (Forbes and Theberge 1996).","animalPhenologyComments":"Mainly nocturnal. In fall-winter in Minnesota, spends most of time sleeping, resting, or traveling, little time feeding (Mech, 1992, J. Mamm. 73:570-571). In south-central Alaska, den site activity was mainly nocturnal; there was a high probability that groups of wolves would be present at the den at midday (Ballard et al., 1991, Can. Field-Nat. 105:497-504).","colonialBreeder":false,"length":205,"width":null,"weight":40000,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":100551,"animalPhenology":{"id":4,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Nocturnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Nocturno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Nocturne","displayOrder":4},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":100552,"animalPhenology":{"id":5,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Crepuscular","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Crepuscular","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Crépusculaire","displayOrder":5},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":101181,"foodHabits":{"id":1,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Carnivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Carnívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Carnivore","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1304,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":null,"subtypes":"Den","inferredExtentDistance":16.0,"inferredExtentNotes":"This distance is appropriate for much of the southern portion of the wolf's range; based on a home range of 200 square kilometers. In Alaska and northern Canada, distances of 28 to 36 kilometers (representing home ranges of 600 to 1000 square kilometers) are more appropriate.","minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals in appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":null,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":null,"altSeparationProcedure":"Occurrences generally should be based on major occupied physiographic or ecogeographic units that are separated along areas of relatively low wolf density or use (e.g., major urban areas, very rugged alpine ridges, very wide bodies of water, very sparsely used habitats). These units may be based on available wolf sightings/records or on movements of radio-tagged individuals, or they may be based on the subjective determinations by biologists familiar with wolves and their habitats. Where occupied habitat is exceptionally extensive and continuous, that habitat may be subdivided into multiple contiguous occurrences as long as that does not reduce the occurrence rank (i.e., do not split up an A occurrence into multiple occurrences that would be ranked less than A).","separationJustification":"In the vast majority of the northern part of the species' range in North America, there are few if any true breaks in the distribution.<br><br>Gray wolves are highly mobile and readily disperse or migrate hundreds of kilometers (e.g., Walton et al. 2001); populations and metapopulations tend to encompass very large areas (Craighead 1976, Pearson 1975). Hence, meaningful wolf occurrences should represent large occupied landscape units, but these often will not be demographically isolated from other occurrences. Occurrence separations often must be arbitrary.","versionDate":"2004-09-29","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G., and S. Cannings","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:23:06.516937Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":105212,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":"Natural recolonization from populations to the north may not be sufficient for restoration of wolf populations in the southern Rocky Mountains. Due to predicted reductions in carrying capacity resulting from development trends and likely landscape change, active reintroduction to two sites within the southern Rocky Mountain region may be necessary to ensure low extinction probability (Carroll et al. (2003).","siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":"See Mladenoff et al. (1997) for a discussion of management related to wolf recovery in the Great Lakes region versus other aspects of biodiversity (e.g., wolves depend on high densities of deer, which can have negative impacts on natural communities and their constituent species). See Cohn (1990) and Matthews and Moseley (1990) for brief discussions of issues related to reintroduction (e.g., compensation for livestock losses, wolf protection status, state vs. federal jursidiction over wolf management). See Fritts et al. (1992) for information on management of wolf-livestock conflicts in Minnesota. See USFWS (1994, Final EIS) and Federal Register (16 August 1994) for an extensive discussion of all issues related to reintroduction in Yellowstone and central Idaho. See Jhala and Giles (1991) for management recommendations for populations in northwestern India. See Theberge (1991) for information on management in Canada. <br><br>Limit access of humans and livestock in protected areas.","monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":"Sites proposed for reintroduction in the U.S. include the Yellowstone ecosystem (USFWS 1994), Big Bend National Park/Big Bend Ranch State Park in Texas, White Sands Missle Range in New Mexico, and Central Idaho Wilderness Area. <br><br>As of the early 1990s, cattle growers associations opposed wolf reintroduction in the Southwest. The goal of the Mexican wolf recovery plan is to establish a viable, self-sustaining population of at least 100 individuals in the middle to high elevations of a 5000-square-mile area somewhere within the historic range (Johnson 1991). A few dozen individuals of the southwestern subspecies reside in various zoos. Wolves breed readily in captivity. <br><br>See USFWS (1990) for draft revised recovery plan for eastern timber wolf; plans also have been prepared for the Rocky Mountain and Mexican populations. See USFWS (1990) for brief recovery progress reports for the eastern timber wolf, Mexican gray wolf, and northern Rocky Mountain gray wolf.","monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":106645,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:28:28.37121Z"}],"references":[{"id":101228,"citation":"Allen, D. 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Designating the northern Rocky Mountain population of gray wolf as a distinct population segment; removing the northern Rocky Mountain distinct population segment of gray wolf From the federal list of endangered and threatened wildlife. Federal Register 71(26):6634-6660.","shortCitationAuthor":"USFWS","shortCitationYear":2006,"referenceCode":"A06FWS02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:24:24.86184Z"},{"id":440937,"citation":"Walton, L. R., H. D. Cluff, P. C. Paquet, and M. A. Ramsay. 2001. Movement patterns of barren-ground wolves in the central Canadian arctic. Journal of Mammalogy 82:867-876.","shortCitationAuthor":"Walton et al.","shortCitationYear":2001,"referenceCode":"A01WAL03NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:24:24.877454Z"},{"id":136916,"citation":"Wayne, R. K., et al. 1991. Conservation genetics of the endangered Isle Royale gray wolf. 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Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Third edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. Two volumes. 2,142 pp. [As modified by ASM the Mammal Diversity Database (MDD) at https://www.mammaldiversity.org/index.html]","shortCitationAuthor":"Wilson and Reeder","shortCitationYear":2005,"referenceCode":"B05WIL01NAUS","lastModified":"2022-07-02T00:44:59.638537Z"},{"id":138611,"citation":"Wilson, D. E., and S. Ruff. 1999. The Smithsonian book of North American mammals. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. 750 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Wilson and Ruff","shortCitationYear":1999,"referenceCode":"B99WIL01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:03.647505Z"},{"id":341522,"citation":"Wilson, P. J., S. Grewal, I. D. Lawford, J.N.M. Heal, A. G. Granacki, D. Pennock, J. B. Theberge, M. T. Theberge, D. R. Voigt, W. Waddell, R. E. Chambers, P. C. Paquet, G. Goulet, D. Cluff, and B. N. White. 2000e. DNA profiles of the eastern Canadian wolf and the red wolf provide evidence for a common evolutionary history independent of the gray wolf. Canadian Jounal of Zoology 78:2156-2166.","shortCitationAuthor":"Wilson et al.","shortCitationYear":2000,"referenceCode":"A00WIL07NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:24:24.86184Z"},{"id":341523,"citation":"Wilson, P. J., S. Grewal, T. McFadden, R. C. Chambers, and B. N. White. 2003. Mitochondrial DNA extracted from North American wolves killed in the 1800s is not of gray wolf origin. Canadian Journal of Zoology 81:936-940.","shortCitationAuthor":"Wislon et al.","shortCitationYear":2003,"referenceCode":"A03WIL05NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:24:24.877454Z"},{"id":131379,"citation":"Young, S. P., and E. A. Goldman. 1944. The Wolves of North America. American Wildlife Inst., Washington, D.C.","shortCitationAuthor":"Young and Goldman","shortCitationYear":1944,"referenceCode":"B44YOU01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:23:06.532554Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[{"id":136159,"name":"Grey Wolf","language":"EN"},{"id":101994,"name":"Lobo Gris","language":"ES"},{"id":136160,"name":"Loup gris","language":"FR"},{"id":120344,"name":"Wolf","language":"EN"}],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":105212,"cites":{"id":2,"citesDescEn":"Appendix II","citesDescEs":"Apéndice II","citesDescFr":"Annexe II"},"cosewic":null,"fwsRegion":null,"genusSize":{"id":3,"genusSizeDescEn":"Small genus","genusSizeDescEs":"Género pequeño","genusSizeDescFr":"Petit genre"},"jurisEndem":{"id":5,"jurisEndemDescEn":"occurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations","jurisEndemDescEs":"Se encuentra en varias naciones (de manera regular, como un taxón nativo)","jurisEndemDescFr":"Se trouve dans plusieurs nations (de façon régulière, tel un taxon indigène)"},"nomenclaturallyEst":null,"usesa":null,"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":6,"level1":"Animals","level2":"Vertebrates","level3":"Mammals","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":2,"distributionStatus":"complete","displayOrder":1090},"parentSpecies":null,"infraspecies":false,"kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Craniata","taxclass":"Mammalia","taxorder":"Carnivora","family":"Canidae","genus":"Canis","americanFisheriesStatus":null,"americanFisheriesStatusDate":null,"saraStatus":null,"saraStatusDate":null,"cosewicDate":null,"interpretedCosewic":"PS:T,NAR,DD","cosewicComments":"Subspecies <i>lycaon </i>is designated Threatened. Subspecies <i>occidentalis </i>and <i>nubilus </i>are designated Not at Risk and subspecies <i>arctos </i>is designated Data Deficient.","usesaDate":null,"interpretedUsesa":"E,T,XN","usesaComments":"Summary: In 1978, the gray wolf was reclassified as endangered at the species level (<i>C. lupus</i>) throughout the contiguous United States and Mexico, except for gray wolves in Minnesota which were classified as threatened. The Northern Rocky Mountains population was delisted due to recovery in 2011, except for Wyoming which was delisted in 2017. The Service made a decision in August 2023 that listing of subspecies <i>ligoni </i>was not warranted (USFWS 2023).<br/><br/>1/8/25: In a 90-day finding on two filed petitions to designate and delist a Western Great Lakes (WGL) distinct population segment (DPS) of gray wolf due to recovery; and designate a West Coast States DPS of gray wolf and list it as a threatened species, and potentially delist the remnant areas of the gray wolf entity in the lower 48 States due to extinction, USFWS (2025) find that the petitioned actions are not warranted.<br/><br/>2/7/2024: USFWS (2024) announced a finding on the gray wolf in the Northern Rocky Mountains (NRM) and in the Western United States. After a thorough review of the best available scientific and commercial data, they found that gray wolves within the NRM area do not, on their own, represent a valid listable entity; therefore, the NRM is not warranted for listing under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act). They found that the gray wolf in the Western United States is a valid listable entity; however, it does not meet the definition of an endangered species or a threatened species. Thus, listing the gray wolf in the Western United States is not warranted at this time.<br/><br/>11/3/2023 -- USFWS (2023) published a final rule to comply with a district court order that vacated the November 3, 2020, rule removing the gray wolf from the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife. This final rule implements the court’s order by correcting the Code of Federal Regulations and officially reinstating threatened status for gray wolf in Minnesota; endangered status for gray wolf in all or portions of the remaining 44 U.S. States and Mexico where the species was listed prior to their November 2020 delisting rule; critical habitat for gray wolf in Minnesota and Michigan; and the rule promulgated under section 4(d) of the Act for gray wolf in Minnesota. This action is effective November 3, 2023. However, the court order had legal effect immediately upon its filing on February 10, 2022.<br/><br/>02/17/2022 -- Following a February 10, 2022, court decision, gray wolves in the contiguous 48 states and Mexico, with the exception of the Northern Rocky Mountain population, are now protected under the Endangered Species Act as threatened in Minnesota and endangered in the remaining states. Critical habitat for gray wolves in Minnesota and Michigan and the 4(d) rule for gray wolves in Minnesota are also reinstated.","completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[],"infraspeciesList":[{"infraspeciesId":101766,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.101766","formattedScientificName":"<i>Canis lupus</i> pop. 1","scientificName":"Canis lupus pop. 1","primaryCommonName":"Gray Wolf - Southern Rocky Mountain Population","nsxUrl":null},{"infraspeciesId":105152,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.105152","formattedScientificName":"<i>Canis lupus ligoni</i>","scientificName":"Canis lupus ligoni","primaryCommonName":"Alexander Archipelago Wolf","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.105152/Canis_lupus_ligoni"},{"infraspeciesId":104666,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.104666","formattedScientificName":"<i>Canis lupus baileyi</i>","scientificName":"Canis lupus baileyi","primaryCommonName":"Mexican Wolf","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.104666/Canis_lupus_baileyi"},{"infraspeciesId":741211,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.741211","formattedScientificName":"<i>Canis lupus arctos</i>","scientificName":"Canis lupus arctos","primaryCommonName":"Arctic Grey Wolf","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.741211/Canis_lupus_arctos"},{"infraspeciesId":741244,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.741244","formattedScientificName":"<i>Canis lupus nubilus</i>","scientificName":"Canis lupus nubilus","primaryCommonName":"Southern Gray Wolf","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.741244/Canis_lupus_nubilus"},{"infraspeciesId":741246,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.741246","formattedScientificName":"<i>Canis lupus occidentalis</i>","scientificName":"Canis lupus occidentalis","primaryCommonName":"Northern Gray Wolf","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.741246/Canis_lupus_occidentalis"},{"infraspeciesId":1324643,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1324643","formattedScientificName":"<i>Canis lupus</i> pop. 2","scientificName":"Canis lupus pop. 2","primaryCommonName":"Gray Wolf - Northern Rocky Mountain Distinct Population Segment","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1324643/Canis_lupus_pop_2"}],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":false,"ebarGlobalScope":false,"ebarKbaGroup":"Mammals","caGeneralStatusId":"GS001472"},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":105212,"reproductionComments":"Breeds late fall/early winter in south, February-March in north. Gestation lasts about 2 months. Young are born in March and early April in the south (Hoffmeister 1986), late April in northwestern Montana, late May-early June in Northwest Territories (Heard and Williams 1992). Litter size is 4-10 (average 6-7); 1 litter/year. Only the dominant male/female mate and rear offspring. Pups emerge from the den in about 3 weeks. Pups are weaned in 50 days (also reported as 5 weeks). Young and parents vacate the den when young are about 3 months old (Hoffmeister 1986). Some offspring remain with the pack, others disperse as they mature. Breeding first occurs in the second or third year (Hoffmeister 1986). Lone wolves generally do not successfully rear young, but they may if food is abundant (Boyd and Jimenez, 1994, J. Mamm. 75:14-17).","ecologyComments":"Territorial throughout the year in most areas (but see Migration/Mobility comments). Packs consist of one or more family groups (generally 2-8 members, up to 21) with dominance hierarchy. In the Glacier National Park area, packs generally include 8-12 individuals (Bangs and Fritts 1993). Not uncommonly solitary; lone wolves may move through territories of established packs (e.g., see Thurber and Peterson 1993). <br><br>Population density is low; at Isle Royale National Park, Michigan, peak density was 9/100 sq km. Population density on Isle Royale followed trends in food supply (moose), with lag of 2-3 years (Peterson and Page 1988). <br><br>Generally wolves are not instrumental in causing prey declines; effect varies with other circumstances. In Quebec, winter weather appeared to affect deer population trend more than did wolf predation (Potvin et al. 1992). In south-central Alaska, wolf predation may have limited caribou recruitment (Bergerud and Ballard 1988), though winter starvation also was proposed as a significant poplation control. May take livestock as secondary prey when deer fawns (the primary summer prey) are less vulnerable due to better prenatal nutrition resulting from mild winter (USFWS 1990). In Minnesota, snow-induced changes in deer distribution and mobility resulted in changes in wolf movement patterns, sociality, and feeding behavior (when snow was shallow, wolves traveled farther and more often, spent less time with pack members, and used conifer cover less and killed fewer deer there) (Fuller 1991).","habitatComments":"No particular habitat preference. In Minnesota and Wisconsin, usually occurs in areas with few roads, which increase human access and incompatible land uses (Thiel 1985, Mech et al. 1988, Mech 1989) but apparently can occupy semi-wild lands if ungulate prey are abundant and if not killed by humans (see Mladenoff et al. 1997). Minimum of 10,000-13,000 sq km (with low road density) might be necessary to support a viable population (USFWS 1990); a single pack does not constitute a \"minimum viable population\" (USFWS 1990). Young are born in an underground burrow that has been abandoned by another mammal or dug by wolf. In Northwest Territories, dens were most commonly located witin 50 km of northern tree line, which resulted in maximal availability of caribou during the denning and pup rearing period; within the tundra zone, dens were not preferentially located near caribou calving grounds (Heard and Williams 1992). In Minnesota, dens usually were not near territory boundaries; den use was traditional in most denning alpha females studied for more than 1 year; possibly the availability of a stable food supply source helped determine den location (Ciucci and Mech 1992).","generalDescription":"Largest of the wild dogs; total length to 205 cm, tail to 50 cm, nose pad averaging 31 mm or more in diameter; upper canine more than 12 mm in anteroposterior diameter at base and not extending below level of anterior mental foramen when lower jaw is in place; peleage varies from nearly black to white, some shade of gray in most areas; condylobasal length of skull 203-269 mm (Hall 1981).","diagnosticCharacteristics":"Differs from the coyote in larger nose pad (greater than 1 inch vs. less than 1 inch), more rounded ears, larger anteroposterior diameter of upper canine at gum level (more than 11 mm vs. less than 11 mm), larger heel pad on forefoot (more than 1.25 inches vs. less than 1.25 inches), longer skull (more than 215 mm and 2.5 mm vs. less than 215 mm and 205 mm, for males and females, respectively), and relatively shorter canines (in coyote, tips of upper canines extend below level of anterior mental foramina when lower jaw is in place); also, gray wolf holds the tail high when running, coyote holds it low (see Hall 1981 and Hoffmeister 1986 for further details). In some parts of central and eastern North America, coyote approaches wolf in certain characteristics, due to interbreeding. Differs from the red wolf in larger size, longer skull (condylobasal length more than 213 mm and 203 mm vs. less than these measurements for males and females, respectively), and in certain features og the molars (see Hall 1981); however, the red wolf actually may be a coyote-gray wolf hybrid (see GTAXCOM for CANIS RUFUS). Differs from the domestic dog in generally larger size, broader nose pad, more massive skull with heavier teeth, rostrum relatively longer, supraoccipital shield larger and projecting farther posteriorly, front foot track longer and narrower (Hoffmeister 1986).","speciesMarineHabitats":[],"speciesTerrestrialHabitats":[{"cagTerrHabId":-104154,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":1,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Forest - Hardwood","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Bosque - Madera dura","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Forêt — Feuillu","displayOrder":2}},{"cagTerrHabId":-104155,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":2,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Forest - Conifer","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Bosque - Conífera","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Forêt — Résineux","displayOrder":3}},{"cagTerrHabId":-104156,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":3,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Forest - Mixed","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Bosque - Mixto","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Forêt — Mixte","displayOrder":4}},{"cagTerrHabId":-104157,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":4,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Woodland - Hardwood","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Lote de madera - Madera dura","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Terrain boisé — Feuillu","displayOrder":6}},{"cagTerrHabId":-104158,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":5,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Woodland - Conifer","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Lote de madera - Conífera","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Terrain boisé — Résineux","displayOrder":7}},{"cagTerrHabId":-104159,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":6,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Woodland - Mixed","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Lote de madera - Mixto","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Terrain boisé — Mixte","displayOrder":8}},{"cagTerrHabId":-104151,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":7,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Shrubland/chaparral","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Matorral/Chaparral","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Fruticée/Chaparral","displayOrder":9}},{"cagTerrHabId":-104162,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":8,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Savanna","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Sabana","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Savane","displayOrder":10}},{"cagTerrHabId":-104152,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":9,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Grassland/herbaceous","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Pastizales/cobertura herbácea","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Prairie/couverture herbacée","displayOrder":11}},{"cagTerrHabId":-104153,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":11,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Desert","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Desierto","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Désert","displayOrder":13}},{"cagTerrHabId":-104160,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":12,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Alpine","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Alpino","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Alpin","displayOrder":14}},{"cagTerrHabId":-104161,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":13,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Tundra","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Tundra","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Toundra","displayOrder":15}}],"speciesRiverineHabitats":[],"speciesPalustrineHabitats":[],"speciesLacustrineHabitats":[],"speciesSubterraneanHabitats":[],"speciesEstuarineHabitats":[]},"primaryReference":{"id":1151804,"citation":"American Society of Mammalogists (ASM). 2025. Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.13) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10595931. Online. 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