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Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea, and W.B. Scott. 1991. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 20. 183 pp.","conceptName":"<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>","taxonomicComments":"This highly variable species formerly was known as <i>Salmo gairdneri</i>, but this taxon is closely related to Pacific salmon and is conspecific with Asiatic steelhead (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>). For a complete taxonomic history, see Smith and Stearley (1989), Robins et al. (1991), and Behnke (1992).<br/><br/>\"Redband\" trout has been used as the name for nonanadromous populations adapted to harsh arid environments (Wishard et al. 1984); however, the term \"redband\" should not be used to imply a taxonomic relationship among all groups of rainbow trout in interior basins of Oregon and adjacent areas of Idaho, Nevada, and California (Wishard et al. 1984, Currens et al. 1990). Currens et al. (1990) found no evidence that all isolated groups of rainbow trout with plesiomorphic characteristics in the White River, Oregon desert basins, and northern California represent a monophyletic group. <br/><br/>Behnke (1992) included in <i>O. mykiss </i>three major groups: (1) the redband trout of the Columbia River basin east of the Cascade Mountains, and in upper Fraser River basin and the Athabasca headwaters of the Mackenzie River basin (subspecies <i>gairdneri</i>); (2) the redband trout of the Sacramento River basin, which he regarded as comprising two Kern River drainage subspecies (<i>aguabonita </i>and <i>gilberti</i>), plus the McCloud River subspecies (provisionally denoted as subspecies <i>stonei</i>); and (3) the coastal rainbow trout (nominal subspecies <i>irideus</i> of North America and <i>mykiss</i> of eastern Asia, though no known taxonomic characters separate <i>mykiss</i> from <i>irideus</i>). Behnke concluded that other forms, such as the redband trout native to Oregon desert basins, Upper Klamath Lake, the Pit River drainage, and Eagle Lake, California, cannot be consistently distinguished from the three groups listed above. He noted that their classification is a matter of personal preference and professional judgment. However, in the same publication, he stated that \"the trout specialized for lacustrine conditions in Klamath Lake...is well differentiated from other groups of both redband and coastal rainbow trout and could be recognized as a subspecies, <i>O. m. newberrii</i>.\" <br/><br/>Hatchery rainbow trout derived mainly from coastal steelhead are widely stocked throughout the ranges of western trout (Behnke 1992). 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large range; abundant; secure on a range-wide scale. See also information for the many subspecies and stocks (e.g., steelhead, redband trout, etc.).","grank":"G5","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":105164,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":null,"numberEos":{"id":15,"numberEosDescEn":"> 300","numberEosDescEs":"> 300","numberEosDescFr":"> 300"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":21,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Very many (>125)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Muchos (>125)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"Beaucoup (>125)"},"numberProtEos":{"id":15,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Very many (>40) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Muchas ocurrencias (>40) protegidas y controladas adecuadamente","numberProtEosDescFr":"Beaucoup d’occurrences (>40) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":36,"popSizeDescEn":">1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":">1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":">1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":35,"rangeExtentDescEn":">2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":">2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (más ","rangeExtentDescFr":">2 500 000 km carrés (plus de 1 000 000 miles carrés)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":46,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Unknown","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Desconocido","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Inconnu"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":9,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Medium - low","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Medio - bajo","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Moyen — faible"},"rangeExtentComments":"Native to streams along the Pacific coast of North America from the Kuskokwim River, Alaska, south to northern Baja California; also the upper Mackenzie River drainage (Arctic basin), Alberta and British Columbia, and endorheic (i.e. having no outflow of water) basins of southern Oregon (Page and Burr 1991). The species has been widely introduced and established in suitable habitats all over the world (Lee et al. 1980). At sea, <i>O. mykiss</i> occurs throughout the North Pacific above 40° N from the North American coast to the Sea of Okhotsk (Burgner et al. 1992); it is most abundant in the Gulf of Alaska and eastern part of the North Pacific, conforming to the 5°C isotherm in the north and 15°C isotherm in the south. Seasonal shifts in distribution are correlated with changes in water temperature (Sutherland 1973).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"This species is represented by a very large number of occurrences (subpopulations). <br/><br/>In a survey of populations in the contiguous U.S., Huntington et al. (1996) identified 28 healthy native stocks of winter steelhead (20 in Washington, 7 in Oregon, 1 in California) and 6 healthy native stocks of summer steelhead, all in Oregon.","popSizeComments":"Total adult population size for all subspecies and stocks greatly exceeds 1 million. <br/><br/>Total annual abundance for all North American steelhead stocks was estimated at 1.6 million fish (Burgner et al. 1992).","viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"On a range-wide scale, this species is not significantly threatened. However, many subspecies and populations face serious threats (see separate accounts).<br/><br/>Declines in winter steelhead stocks from the Siuslaw River north to Tillamook Bay, Oregon, may have resulted from deterioration of ocean feeding conditions, widespread use of hatchery stock, predation by marine mammals, and ocean drift-net fishing (Nehlsen et al. 1991). Declining winter catches on the Illinois River (tributary to the Rogue River), Oregon, since the mid-1970s have been attributed to water withdrawal for irrigation (Nehlsen et al. 1991). In the Columbia River basin, winter stocks are threatened by habitat degradation, main stem passage problems, and interactions with hatchery fish (Nehlson et al. 1991). Declines in several winter populations in the Puget Sound area of Washington have resulted from habitat degradation (e.g., water quality problems, siltation, and sedimentation); predation by sea lions has been reported as a problem for the Lake Washington population (Nehlsen et al. 1991). Whirling disease has caused population declines in some areas. The disease is caused by a protozoan pathogen (inadvertently introduced from Europe) and involves tubifex worms as an alternate host. Brown trout (<i>Salmo trutta</i>) are unaffected by the protozoan and serve as a reservoir.","shortTermTrendComments":"Species-wide, short-term trend is difficult to evaluate because while some native populations are declining, others are maintained by hatcheries and the species is widely used to stock sport fisheries.<br/><br/>An analysis of adults in 35 coastal British Columbia and Washington populations and smolt survival in 48 populations in British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon found that over 80% had declined from 1980-2013 (Kendall et al. 2017). Declines averaged 13-53% across the geographic regions studied.<br/><br/>Of 867 steelhead stocks in British Columbia and the Yukon, Slaney et al. (1996) categorized 9 as extirpated, 8 as high risk, 10 as moderate risk, 143 as special concern, 282 as unthreatened, and 415 as of unknown status. Many winter steelhead populations are at very low levels; populations have declined in nearly all streams in central and southern California (see Nehlsen et al. 1991 for further details). Winter steelhead stocks from Siuslaw River north to Tillamook Bay, Oregon, have been declining since 1990 (Nehlsen et al. 1991). In the Illinois River (tributary to the Rogue River), Oregon, winter steelhead catches have declined since the mid-1970s (Nehlsen et al. 1991). Several winter populations in the Puget Sound area of Washington have also experienced declines (Nehlsen et al. 1991).<br/>","longTermTrendComments":null,"inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":"Many occurrences are in protected areas.","protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":105164,"majorHabitat":{"id":2,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Freshwater","majorHabitatDescEs":"Agua dulce","majorHabitatDescFr":"Eau douce"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":true,"longDistanceMigrant":true,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Anadromous forms migrate up to at least hundreds of miles between spawning streams and nonspawning marine waters. Stream-dwelling trout may spend an entire life in few hundred meters of stream (Moyle 1976). Lake-dwelling trout typically migrate to tributaries to spawn.","foodHabitsComments":"In lakes, feeds mostly on bottom-dwelling invertebrates (e.g., aquatic insects, amphipods, worms, fish eggs, sometimes small fish) and plankton. In streams, feeds primarily on drift organisms. May ingest aquatic vegetation (probably for attached invertebrates). Diet changes seasonally. In the ocean, the diet consists of fishes and crustaceans.","animalPhenologyComments":"May feed at any time throughout a 24-hour period, but usually feeds most actively around dusk.","colonialBreeder":false,"length":100,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":106005,"foodHabits":{"id":2,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescFr":"Piscivore","displayOrder":2},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":106006,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1073,"locationUseClass":{"id":10,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Freshwater","locationUseClassDescEs":"Agua dulce","locationUseClassDescFr":"Eau douce","displayOrder":12},"eoSpecGroupName":"Fishes with Anadromous Populations","subtypes":"Rearing & Migration Area, Spawning & Rearing Area","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including eggs and larvae) in appropriate habitat. For anadromous populations, occurrences are based on collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more spawning adults, redds, other evidence of spawning, or larvae or juveniles in appropriate spawning/rearing habitat.","mappingGuidance":"Conceptually, the occurrence includes the entire freshwater area used by the population, including spawning, rearing, and migration areas. For anadromous populations, an occurrence should extend from the most upstream spawning areas downstream to the ocean. However, it is desirable (and practical) to subdivide this sometimes very large occurrence, sometimes overlapping with many other spaghetti-like occurrences extending down from the upstream spawning areas to the ocean, into separate source features or sub-occurrences, labeled with a feature label that reflects the life history stage in that area. Moreover, it may make practical sense to treat the areas downstream of spawning and/or rearing areas as a mixed element animal assemblage: Freshwater Salmon Migration Corridor. This negates the need to separately map each occurrence down to the ocean from its upstream spawning location. Information about areas with different life-history uses can be generated by using best professional judgment by district or regional fish biologists and may or may not incorporate specific locational information from spawning surveys or other surveys.","separationBarriers":"Dam lacking a suitable fishway; high waterfall; upland habitat that is very unlikely to be submerged even during periods of exceptionally high water (e.g., 100-year flood or 1% flood).","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":null,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":null,"altSeparationProcedure":"For anadromous populations and migratory populations that have distinct and separate spawning and nonspawning areas, the area used by each population whose spawning area is separated by a gap of at least 10 stream-km from other spawning areas within a stream system is potentially mappable as a distinct occurrence that extends down to the ocean (but see mapping guidance), regardless of whether the spawning areas are in the same or different tributaries. <br/><br/>For other (e.g., nonanadromous) populations in streams, separation distance is 10 stream-km for both suitable and unsuitable habitat. However, if it is known that the same population occupies sites separated by more than 10 km (e.g., this may be common for migratory, nonanadromous populations), those sites should be included within the same occurrence. In lakes, occurrences include all suitable habitat that is presumed to be occupied (based on expert judgment), even if documented collection/observation points are more than 10 km apart. Separate sub-occurrences or source features may usefully document locations of critical spawning areas within a lake.","separationJustification":"The separation distance is arbitrary but was selected to ensure that occurrences are of manageable size but not too small. Because of the difficulty in defining suitable versus unsuitable habitat, especially with respect to dispersal, and to simplify the delineation of occurrences, a single separation distance is used regardless of habitat quality. <br/><br/>\"Restricted movement is the norm in populations of stream salmonids during nonmigratory periods,\" but there is considerable variation in movements within and among species (Rodriguez 2002). Redband trout in Montana had October-December home ranges of 5-377 m, consistent with small movements observed for radio-tagged brook trout and cutthroat trout during fall and winter (Muhlfeld et al. 2001). For nonanadromous populations, little is known about juvenile dispersal (e.g., how far fishes may move between between their embryonic developmental habitat and eventual spawning site).<br/><br/>In summer and fall, radio-tagged cutthroat trout in Strawberry Reservoir in Utah had single-month home ranges that were usually about 3-4 km in maximum length (Baldwin et al. 2002). In the Blackfoot River drainage, Montana, radio-tagged westslope cutthroat trout moved 3-72 km (mean 31 km) to access spawning tributaries (Schmetterling 2001). This indicates that migratory but nonanadromous populations may use extensive areas and that one should not invoke the 10-km separation distance without considering the full extent of the population.","versionDate":"2009-11-25","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G., and L. Master","versionNotes":"This Specs Group comprises fish species that include anadromous populations (may also include nonanadromous populations), such as lampreys, sturgeons, herrings, shads, salmonids, and smelts. <br/><br/>Criteria for marine occurrences (Location Use Class: Marine) have not yet been established. These may not be needed for marine occurrences of species that likely will be dealt with as mixed element assemblages (e.g., Salmonid Marine Concentration Area).<br/><br/><u>Feature Descriptor Definitions: </u><br/><br/>Spawning Area: area used for spawning but not for rearing or migration. <br/><br/>Rearing Area: area used for larval/juvenile development but not for spawning or migration.<br/><br/>Migration Corridor: area used for migration but not for rearing or spawning.","lastModified":"2023-11-04T02:02:32.842731Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":156581,"locationUseClass":{"id":11,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Estuarine","locationUseClassDescEs":"Estuarina","locationUseClassDescFr":"Estuarien","displayOrder":13},"eoSpecGroupName":"Fishes with Anadromous Populations","subtypes":"Rearing & Migration Area, Spawning & Rearing Area, Wintering Area","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including eggs and larvae) in appropriate habitat. For anadromous populations, occurrences are based on collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more spawning adults, redds, other evidence of spawning, or larvae or juveniles in appropriate spawning/rearing habitat.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":null,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":null,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":null,"versionDate":"2023-11-03","versionAuthor":"Shaw, H. and M. McCormack","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2023-11-04T02:02:32.842731Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":156582,"locationUseClass":{"id":12,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Marine","locationUseClassDescEs":"Marina","locationUseClassDescFr":"Marine","displayOrder":14},"eoSpecGroupName":"Fishes with Anadromous Populations","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more non-breeding adults in appropriate marine habitat.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":null,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":null,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":null,"versionDate":"2023-11-03","versionAuthor":"Shaw, H. and M. McCormack","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2023-11-04T02:02:32.842731Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":105164,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":"Smolt-to-adult survival of spring/summer run chinook salmon is negatively associated with releases of hatchery-reared steelhead in the Snake River (Levin and Williams 2002).","restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":"A management concern in the West: keeping rainbow trout out of waters inhabited by native salmonids such as cutthroat trout and Gila trout so that the native species maintain their genetic integrity. <br><br>Allendorf et al. (1997) proposed criteria for prioritizing Pacific salmon stocks for conservation; data limitations introduce subjectivity into the process, so expert judgment and peer review should be incorporated into the process.","monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":106598,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:28:20.980235Z"}],"references":[{"id":119312,"citation":"Allendorf, F. W., D. Bayles, D. L. Bottom, K. P. Currens, C. A. Frissell, D. Hankin, J. A. Lichatowich, W. Nehlsen, P. C. Trotter, and T. H. Williams. 1997. Prioritizing Pacific salmon stocks for conservation. Conservation Biology 11:140-152.","shortCitationAuthor":"Allendorf et al.","shortCitationYear":1997,"referenceCode":"A97ALL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:14:16.024528Z"},{"id":115556,"citation":"Barnhart, R. A. 1986. Species profiles: life histories and environmental requirements of coastal fishes and invertebrates (Pacific Southwest)--steelhead. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report 82(11.60).","shortCitationAuthor":"Barnhart","shortCitationYear":1986,"referenceCode":"B86BAR02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:24:17.564854Z"},{"id":145619,"citation":"Behnke, R. J. 1992. Native trout of western North America. American Fisheries Society Monograph 6. xx + 275 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Behnke","shortCitationYear":1992,"referenceCode":"B92BEH01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:17.329836Z"},{"id":159139,"citation":"Behnke, R. J. 2002. Trout and salmon of North America. The Free Press, New York, New York. 359 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Behnke","shortCitationYear":2002,"referenceCode":"B02BEH01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:51.132636Z"},{"id":155351,"citation":"Berg, D. R. 1995. Riparian silvicultural system design and assessment in the Pacific Northwest Cascade Mountains, USA. Ecological Applications 5:87-96.","shortCitationAuthor":"Berg","shortCitationYear":1995,"referenceCode":"A95BER01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:14:16.024528Z"},{"id":643293,"citation":"Brown, Larry (U.S. Geological Survey,  WRD). 2000. Review and annotation of fish watershed distribution maps. Review requested by Anthony E. Zammit, TNC. June 2000.","shortCitationAuthor":"Brown","shortCitationYear":2000,"referenceCode":"P00BRO01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:36.273005Z"},{"id":763198,"citation":"Burgner, R.L., J.T. Light, L.Margolis, T.Okazaki, A. Tautz and S. Ito. 1992. Distribution and orgins of steelhead trout in offshore waters of the North Pacific Ocean. International North Pacific Fisheries Commission Bulletin No. 51. Vancouver, Canada: International North Pacific Fisheries Commission.","shortCitationAuthor":"Burgner et al.","shortCitationYear":1992,"referenceCode":"U92BUR61HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:24:17.564854Z"},{"id":107858,"citation":"Busby, P. J., T. C. Wainwright, G. J. Bryant, L. J. Lierheimer, R. S. Waples, F. W. Waknitz, and I. V. Lagomarsino. 1996. Status review of west coast steelhead from Washington, Oregon, and California. 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Lays 200-9000 eggs (Wydoski and Whitney 1979), which hatch in 3-4 weeks at 10-15 C. Fry emerge from gravel 2-3 weeks after hatching. Many are sexually mature in 2-3 years. See Stearley (1992) for a discussion of the historical ecology and life history evolution of Pacific salmons and trouts (<i>Oncorhynchus</i>).","ecologyComments":"Normal life span 5-6 years (Simpson and Wallace 1982). Predation by Caspian terns and double-crested cormorants causes significant mortality of juvenile steelhead in the Columbia River estuary (Ryan et al. 2003). Aggressively defends feeding territories in streams. Has caused contraction of range of native brook trout in southern Appalachian Mountains region (Larson and Moore 1985).","habitatComments":"Capable of surviving in a wide range of temperature conditions. Does best where dissolved oxygen concentration is at least 7 ppm. Anadromous populations occur in coastal rivers. Resident populations now inhabit small headwater streams, large rivers, lakes, or reservoirs; often in cool clear lakes and cool swift streams with silt-free substrate. In streams, deep low velocity pools are important wintering habitats (Sublette et al. 1990). <br><br>Usually requires a gravel stream riffle for successful spawning. Lake populations move to tributaries to spawn. Eggs are laid in gravel in a depression made by the female. Salinity of 8 ppt is the upper limit for normal development of eggs and alevins (Morgan et al. 1992).","generalDescription":null,"diagnosticCharacteristics":"Montana: both pure and moderately hybridized populations of westslope cutthroat trout have a high incidence of basibranchial teeth, whereas pure rainbow trout lack these teeth; presence of basibranchial teeth in some individuals of a rainbow trout population indicates hybridization with westslope cutthroat trout (Leary et al. 1996).","speciesMarineHabitats":[{"cagMarineHabId":-100782,"marineHabitat":{"id":1,"marineHabitatDescEn":"Pelagic","marineHabitatDescEs":"Pelágico","marineHabitatDescFr":"Pélagique","displayOrder":1}},{"cagMarineHabId":-100783,"marineHabitat":{"id":3,"marineHabitatDescEn":"Near shore","marineHabitatDescEs":"Cercano a la costa","marineHabitatDescFr":"Côtier","displayOrder":3}}],"speciesTerrestrialHabitats":[],"speciesRiverineHabitats":[{"cagRiverineHabId":-106788,"riverineHabitat":{"id":1,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"BIG RIVER","riverineHabitatDescEs":"RÍO GRANDE","riverineHabitatDescFr":"GRANDE RIVIÈRE","displayOrder":1}},{"cagRiverineHabId":-106789,"riverineHabitat":{"id":2,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"MEDIUM RIVER","riverineHabitatDescEs":"RÍO MEDIANO","riverineHabitatDescFr":"MOYENNE RIVIÈRE","displayOrder":2}},{"cagRiverineHabId":-106790,"riverineHabitat":{"id":3,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"CREEK","riverineHabitatDescEs":"ARROYO","riverineHabitatDescFr":"RUISSEAU","displayOrder":3}},{"cagRiverineHabId":-106793,"riverineHabitat":{"id":5,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"High gradient","riverineHabitatDescEs":"Pendiente de alto flujo","riverineHabitatDescFr":"Pente d’écoulement élevée","displayOrder":5}},{"cagRiverineHabId":-106794,"riverineHabitat":{"id":6,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"Moderate gradient","riverineHabitatDescEs":"Pendiente de flujo medio","riverineHabitatDescFr":"Pente d’écoulement moyenne","displayOrder":6}},{"cagRiverineHabId":-106795,"riverineHabitat":{"id":7,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"Low gradient","riverineHabitatDescEs":"Pendiente de bajo flujo","riverineHabitatDescFr":"Pente d’écoulement faible","displayOrder":7}},{"cagRiverineHabId":-106791,"riverineHabitat":{"id":8,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"Riffle","riverineHabitatDescEs":"Rápido","riverineHabitatDescFr":"Seuil","displayOrder":8}},{"cagRiverineHabId":-106792,"riverineHabitat":{"id":9,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"Pool","riverineHabitatDescEs":"Piscina","riverineHabitatDescFr":"Fosse","displayOrder":9}}],"speciesPalustrineHabitats":[],"speciesLacustrineHabitats":[{"cagLacusHabId":-101070,"lacustrineHabitat":{"id":1,"lacustrineHabitatDescEn":"Deep water","lacustrineHabitatDescEs":"Aguas profundas","lacustrineHabitatDescFr":"Eau profonde","displayOrder":1}},{"cagLacusHabId":-101071,"lacustrineHabitat":{"id":2,"lacustrineHabitatDescEn":"Shallow water","lacustrineHabitatDescEs":"Aguas poco profundas","lacustrineHabitatDescFr":"Eau peu profonde","displayOrder":2}}],"speciesSubterraneanHabitats":[],"speciesEstuarineHabitats":[{"cagEstuarineHabId":-101560,"estuarineHabitat":{"id":1,"estuarineHabitatDescEn":"Bay/sound","estuarineHabitatDescEs":"Bahía/Estrecho","estuarineHabitatDescFr":"Baie/détroit","displayOrder":1}},{"cagEstuarineHabId":-101561,"estuarineHabitat":{"id":2,"estuarineHabitatDescEn":"River mouth/tidal river","estuarineHabitatDescEs":"Desembocadura del río/río de marea","estuarineHabitatDescFr":"Embouchure/rivière à marées","displayOrder":2}},{"cagEstuarineHabId":-101562,"estuarineHabitat":{"id":3,"estuarineHabitatDescEn":"Lagoon","estuarineHabitatDescEs":"Laguna","estuarineHabitatDescFr":"Lagune","displayOrder":3}}]},"primaryReference":{"id":1139849,"citation":"Page, L. M., K. E. Bemis, T. E. Dowling, H.S. Espinosa-Pérez, L.T. Findley, C. R. Gilbert, K. E. Hartel, R. N. Lea, N. E. Mandrak, M. A. Neigbors, J. J. Schmitter-Soto, and H. J. Walker, Jr. 2023. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Eighth edition. 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