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species has a very large range in eastern North America.  It can be locally abundant in many areas though has almost certainly declined in some as a result of habitat loss and fragmentation.  Overall the species is secure because of the large number of viable occurrences, but nevertheless it is of conservation concern in some regions.","grank":"G5","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":105156,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":{"id":9,"enviromentalSpecificityDescEn":"Moderate to broad.","enviromentalSpecificityDescEs":"Moderado a amplio.","enviromentalSpecificityDescFr":"De modéré à vaste."},"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":4,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Moderately vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"Moderadamente vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"Moyennement vulnérable"},"longTermTrend":{"id":38,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of <30% to increase of 25%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de <30% a aumento de 25%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de <30 % à augmentation de 25 %"},"numberEos":{"id":14,"numberEosDescEn":"81 to >300","numberEosDescEs":"De 81 a >300","numberEosDescFr":"De 81 à >300"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":20,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Many to very many (41 to >125)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Muchos a muy muchos (41 a >125)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"De plusieurs à beaucoup (de 41 à >125)"},"numberProtEos":{"id":14,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Many to very many (13 to >40) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"De varios a muchos casos (13 a >40) adecuadamente protegidos y controlados","numberProtEosDescFr":"De plusieurs à beaucoup d’occurrences (de 13 à >40) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":35,"popSizeDescEn":"100,000 to >1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 100.000 a >1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 100 000 à >1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":33,"rangeExtentDescEn":"200,000-2,500,000 square km (about 80,000-1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"200.000 a 2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 80.000 a 1.000.000 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 200 000 à 2 500 000 km carrés (de 80 000 à 1 000 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":40,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Relatively Stable (<=10% change)","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Relativamente estable (variación = <10%)","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Relativement stable (variation = <10 %)"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":11,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Unknown","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Desconocido","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Inconnu"},"rangeExtentComments":"Range extends from extreme southern Indiana and western Kentucky eastward to Virginia, and south to eastern Louisiana, Alabama, and the Florida panhandle (Barbour 1971, Ashton and Ashton 1981, Dundee and Rossman 1989, Mitchell 1994, Palmer and Braswell 1995, Minton 2001, Ernst and Ernst 2003).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"This species is represented by a large number of occurrences (subpopulations); e.g., see dot maps of collection sites in Mount (1975), Dundee and Rossman (1989), Palmer and Braswell 1995), and Krysko et al. 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Record data in conjunction with other biotic surveys, especially on conservation lands.","numberProtEosComments":"Need an inventory that documents protected sites for the species.","protectionNeeds":"Provide legal protection in perpetuity for upland tracts known to be inhabited by the species.  Prevent degradation of xeric and mesic upland habitats within the range of the species.","otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":"Small size increases vulnerability to predation, including to imported red fire ants.","enviromentalSpecificityComments":"From edges of swamps to xeric uplands; can survive in human-altered landscapes as well as natural systems."},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":105156,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":null,"foodHabitsComments":"Eats earthworms, slugs, centipedes, termites, and insect larvae.","animalPhenologyComments":"Active from March to October in north (Minton 1972).","colonialBreeder":false,"length":33,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":103250,"animalPhenology":{"id":1,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Hibernates/aestivates","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Hibernación/Estivación","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Hiberne/estive","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":103251,"animalPhenology":{"id":4,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Nocturnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Nocturno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Nocturne","displayOrder":4},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":106000,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1203,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Small Colubrid Snakes","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":0.2,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including eggs) in or near appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and  breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Busy highway or highway with obstructions such that snakes rarely if ever cross successfully; major river, lake, pond, or deep marsh (this barrier does not apply to aquatic or wetland species); densely urbanized area dominated by buildings and pavement.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":1.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Data are limited to only a few species, but small colubrid snakes such as Diadophis punctatus (Fitch 1975) and Carphophis amoenus (Barbour et al. 1969, Clark 1970) generally have relatively small home ranges less than, or much less than, 1 ha. However, because even small snakes occasionally move large distances (e.g., up to at least 1.7 km in Diadophis punctatus, Fitch 1975). Also, these snakes tend to be secretive and may be easily overlooked or not recorded in areas where they do in fact occur. It seems unlikely that occupied locations separated by a gap of less than several kilometers of suitable habitat would represent independent occurrences over the long term.","versionDate":"2004-09-21","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":"This specs group is a somewhat arbitrary assemblage of small snakes that are believed to be among the most sedentary species of the family Colubridae.","lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:28.019404Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":105156,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":"Study persistence of small populations and the effects of preserve size and population size on long-term viability of local populations.  Greater research is needed on the population effects of predation by imported fire ants.","additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":106590,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:28:19.808351Z"}],"references":[{"id":100882,"citation":"Ashton, R. E., Jr., and P. S. Ashton. 1981. Handbook of reptiles and amphibians of Florida. Part One: The Snakes. 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Herpetological Circular No. 19. 41 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Collins","shortCitationYear":1990,"referenceCode":"B90COL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:15.579798Z"},{"id":140525,"citation":"Conant, R., and J. T. Collins. 1998. A field guide to reptiles and amphibians: eastern and central North America. Third edition, expanded. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, Massachusetts. 616 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Conant and Collins","shortCitationYear":1998,"referenceCode":"B98CON01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:57.819328Z"},{"id":621810,"citation":"Crother, B. I. (editor). 2008. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. Sixth edition. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles Herpetological Circular 37:1-84. Online with updates at: http://www.ssarherps.org/pages/comm_names/Index.php","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother","shortCitationYear":2008,"referenceCode":"B08CRO01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:20.142383Z"},{"id":722484,"citation":"Crother, B. I. (editor). 2012. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. 7th edition. SSAR Herpetological Circular 39:1-92.","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother","shortCitationYear":2012,"referenceCode":"B12CRO01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.08501Z"},{"id":943912,"citation":"Crother, B. I. (editor). 2017. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. 8th edition. SSAR Herpetological Circular 43:1-104. [Updates in SSAR North American Species Names Database at: https://ssarherps.org/cndb]","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother","shortCitationYear":2017,"referenceCode":"B17CRO01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:53.413199Z"},{"id":132381,"citation":"Dundee, H. A., and D. A. Rossman. 1989. The amphibians and reptiles of Louisiana. Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge.","shortCitationAuthor":"Dundee and Rossman","shortCitationYear":1989,"referenceCode":"B89DUN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:01.663271Z"},{"id":169022,"citation":"Ernst, C. H., and E. M. Ernst. 2003. Snakes of the United States and Canada. Smithsonian Books, Washington, D.C.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ernst and Ernst","shortCitationYear":2003,"referenceCode":"B03ERN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.08501Z"},{"id":760626,"citation":"Krysko, K. L., K. M. Enge, and P. E. Moler. 2011. Atlas of amphibians and reptiles in Florida. Final report to Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Tallahassee, Florida. Submitted 15 December 2011.","shortCitationAuthor":"Krysko et al.","shortCitationYear":2011,"referenceCode":"N11KRY01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:57.022443Z"},{"id":124025,"citation":"Martof, B. S., W. M. Palmer, J. R. Bailey, and J. R. Harrison, III. 1980. Amphibians and reptiles of the Carolinas and Virginia. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. 264 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Martof et al.","shortCitationYear":1980,"referenceCode":"B80MAR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:53.397371Z"},{"id":127198,"citation":"Minton, S. A., Jr. 1972. Amphibians and reptiles of Indiana. Indiana Academy Science Monographs 3. v + 346 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Minton","shortCitationYear":1972,"referenceCode":"B72MIN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:59.913087Z"},{"id":123392,"citation":"Minton, S. A., Jr. 2001. Amphibians & reptiles of Indiana. Revised second edition. Indiana Academy of Science, Indianapolis. xiv + 404 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Minton","shortCitationYear":2001,"referenceCode":"B01MIN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:59.913087Z"},{"id":106767,"citation":"Mitchell, J. C. 1994. The reptiles of Virginia. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. xv + 352 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Mitchell","shortCitationYear":1994,"referenceCode":"B94MIT01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:26.929329Z"},{"id":120174,"citation":"Mount, R. H. 1975. The reptiles and amphibians of Alabama. Auburn University Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, Alabama. vii + 347 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Mount","shortCitationYear":1975,"referenceCode":"B75MOU01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:56.616394Z"},{"id":152359,"citation":"Palmer, W. M., and A. L. Braswell. 1995. Reptiles of North Carolina. North Carolina State Museum of Natural Sciences, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.","shortCitationAuthor":"Palmer and Braswell","shortCitationYear":1995,"referenceCode":"B95PAL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:15.475829Z"},{"id":131903,"citation":"Telford, S. R., Jr. 1982. Tantilla coronata. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 308.1-308.2.","shortCitationAuthor":"Telford","shortCitationYear":1982,"referenceCode":"A82TEL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-11-11T02:14:30.1943Z"},{"id":150474,"citation":"Tennant, A. 1997. A field guide to snakes of Florida. Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, Texas. xiii + 257 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Tennant","shortCitationYear":1997,"referenceCode":"B97TEN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:57.022443Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[{"id":145536,"name":"southeastern crowned snake","language":"EN"}],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":105156,"cites":null,"cosewic":null,"fwsRegion":null,"genusSize":{"id":4,"genusSizeDescEn":"Medium to large genus","genusSizeDescEs":"Género de mediano a grande","genusSizeDescFr":"Moyen à grand genre"},"jurisEndem":{"id":3,"jurisEndemDescEn":"endemic to a single nation","jurisEndemDescEs":"Endémico de una nación","jurisEndemDescFr":"Endémique à une nation"},"nomenclaturallyEst":null,"usesa":null,"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":7,"level1":"Animals","level2":"Vertebrates","level3":"Reptiles","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":2,"distributionStatus":"complete","displayOrder":1100},"parentSpecies":null,"infraspecies":false,"kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Craniata","taxclass":"Reptilia","taxorder":"Squamata","family":"Colubridae","genus":"Tantilla","americanFisheriesStatus":null,"americanFisheriesStatusDate":null,"saraStatus":null,"saraStatusDate":null,"cosewicDate":null,"interpretedCosewic":null,"cosewicComments":null,"usesaDate":null,"interpretedUsesa":null,"usesaComments":null,"completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[{"id":101589,"synonym":"Tantilla coronata coronata","synonymAuthor":null,"formattedSynonym":"<i>Tantilla coronata coronata</i>"},{"id":101655,"synonym":"Tantilla coronata mitrifer","synonymAuthor":null,"formattedSynonym":"<i>Tantilla coronata mitrifer</i>"}],"infraspeciesList":[],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":false,"ebarGlobalScope":false,"ebarKbaGroup":"Amphibians and Reptiles","caGeneralStatusId":null},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":105156,"reproductionComments":"Mating occurs in late summer/fall and/or in spring (Aldridge, Copeia 1992:1103-1106). Lays clutch of 1-4 (usually 3-4) eggs, May-June (Florida?); usually 1-3 eggs in June-early July in South Carolina. In Florida, hatching occurs in August (Telford). Functional sexual maturity apparently is attained at about 34 months in males, at 21 months in most females (Aldridge and Semlitsch, 1992, Amphibia-Reptilia 13:209-225).","ecologyComments":null,"habitatComments":"Habitat varies but tends to be relatively dry and wooded (often pine and oak), with an abundance of rocks, logs, or rotting stumps on the surface; specific examples of occupied habitats include xeric pine/oak woodland on hillsides and ridges; sandy pine flatwoods; maritime forests; sandhills; and sometimes mesic meadows, hardwood hammocks, and the wet margins of marshes, swamps, and rivers (Barbour 1971, Mount 1975, Ashton and Ashton 1981, Dunee and Rossman 1989, Mitchell 1994, Palmer and Braswell 1995, Tennant 1997, Minton 2001, Ernst and Ernst 2003). In daytime, this snake generally is under rocks, debris, or other surface cover, or within or under rotting logs or stumps. At night, it may be found on roads. 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