{"elementGlobalId":105136,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":2,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"2 - Moderate","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"2 - Moderado","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"2 – Modérée"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":11,"iucnDescEn":"Least concern","iucnDescEs":"Menos preocupante","iucnDescFr":"Moins préoccupante","iucnCode":"LC"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":4,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":"Expertise without calculation","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by inspection","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Ensatina eschscholtzii</i>","scientificName":"Ensatina eschscholtzii","scientificNameAuthor":"Gray, 1850","primaryCommonName":"Ensatina","relatedItisNames":"<i>Ensatina eschscholtzii</i> Gray, 1850 (TSN 173732)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.105136","elcode":"AAAAD04010","conceptRefFullCitation":"Frost, D. R. 1985. Amphibian species of the world. A taxonomic and geographical reference. Allen Press, Inc., and The Association of  Systematics Collections, Lawrence, Kansas. v + 732 pp.","conceptName":"<i>Ensatina eschscholtzii</i>","taxonomicComments":"The taxonomy of this complex is controversial. Some authors would recognize from two (e.g., Frost and Hillis 1990) to as many as 11 or more species (e.g., Highton 1998), whereas others (e.g., Wake 1997, Wake and Schneider 1998, Pereira and Wake 2009, Kuchta and Wake 2016) consider evidence for evolutionary independence of segments of the complex to be inadequate or equivocal. Narrow hybrid zones have been demonstrated to exist between populations assigned to the subspecies xanthoptica and platensis, and between klauberi and eschscholtzii, and one site of sympatry with no hybridization between the latter pair has been reported (Wake et al. 1989, in D. Otte and J. A. Endler [eds.]). Broader zones of genetic admixture and reticulation between units of the complex in many areas raise questions about evolutionary independence, and borders of taxa are elusive (Crother 2017).","roundedGRank":"G5","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2002-03-21","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Hammerson, G.","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":162892,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":38,"nameEn":"Canada","nameEs":"Canadá","nameFr":"Canada","isoCode":"CA","region":"Canada"},"roundedNRank":"N5","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":264278,"subnation":{"id":61,"nameEn":"British Columbia","nameEs":"Columbia Británica","nameFr":"Colombie-Britannique","subnationCode":"BC","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":264278,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":2024,"nrank":"N5","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":162892,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementNationalId":168455,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N5","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":282194,"subnation":{"id":44,"nameEn":"Oregon","nameEs":"Oregón","nameFr":"Oregon","subnationCode":"OR","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":282194,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":298735,"subnation":{"id":56,"nameEn":"Washington","nameEs":"Washington","nameFr":"Washington","subnationCode":"WA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":298735,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":363154,"subnation":{"id":7,"nameEn":"California","nameEs":"California","nameFr":"Californie","subnationCode":"CA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNR","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNR","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":363154,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":1251901,"subnation":{"id":6,"nameEn":"Arizona","nameEs":"Arizona","nameFr":"Arizona","subnationCode":"AZ","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNA","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNA","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":1251901,"hybrid":false,"exotic":true,"native":false}}],"nrankReviewYear":1996,"nrank":"N5","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":168455,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T21:45:13.871289Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.105136/Ensatina_eschscholtzii","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"2001-10-18","grankReviewDate":"2015-06-05","grankReasons":"Large range along the coastal ranges and Sierra Nevada from southern British Columbia to northern Baja California; many stable populations; no major pervasive threats.","grank":"G5","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":105136,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":{"id":8,"enviromentalSpecificityDescEn":"Moderate.  Generalist or community with some key requirements scarce.","enviromentalSpecificityDescEs":"Moderado.  Generalista o comunidad con algunos requisitos claves escasos.","enviromentalSpecificityDescFr":"Modéré. Généralistes ou communautés répondant à certains critères clés sont rares."},"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":4,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Moderately vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"Moderadamente vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"Moyennement vulnérable"},"longTermTrend":{"id":38,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of <30% to increase of 25%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de <30% a aumento de 25%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de <30 % à augmentation de 25 %"},"numberEos":{"id":13,"numberEosDescEn":"81 - 300","numberEosDescEs":"De 81 a 300","numberEosDescFr":"De 81 à 300"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":19,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Many (41-125)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Muchos (41-125)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"Plusieurs (de 41 à 125)"},"numberProtEos":null,"popSize":{"id":34,"popSizeDescEn":"100,000 - 1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 100.000 a 1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 100 000 à 1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":33,"rangeExtentDescEn":"200,000-2,500,000 square km (about 80,000-1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"200.000 a 2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 80.000 a 1.000.000 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 200 000 à 2 500 000 km carrés (de 80 000 à 1 000 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":37,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of <30% to relatively stable","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de <30% a relativamente estable","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de <30 % à relativement stable"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":8,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Medium","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Medio","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Moyen"},"rangeExtentComments":"Southwestern British Columbia south along Coast Ranges to extreme northwestern Baja California and the Sierra San Pedro Martir, Baja California (Mahrdt et al. 1998); and along western slopes of Cascade Range and Sierra Nevada. Recently recorded east of the Cascade crest in Washington (Darda et al. 2001). Absent from Sacramento-San Joaquin valley, California. Occurs from sea level to elevations of about 8,000 ft (Stebbins 1985). See Moritz et al. (1992) for a general but up-to-date distribution map.","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"Represented by many and/or large occurrences throughout the range.","popSizeComments":"Total adult population size is unknown but likely exceeds 100,000.","viabilityComments":"Likely more than 40 occurrences have good viability.","threatImpactComments":"Habitat destruction and degradation likely are affecting a low percentage of existing populations.  The nominate subspecies is probably heavily impacted by the loss of habitat as a result of the development and expansion of vineyards.","shortTermTrendComments":"Recent trend likely is a slight decline.","longTermTrendComments":"Extent of occurrence has been relatively stable. Area of occupancy and population size surely have declined somewhat, but probably by less than 25%.","inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":"E. e. klauberi occurs in the Sierra San Pedro Martir National Park. This species is protected by Mexican Law under the \"Special Protection\" category (Pr).","protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":105136,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":null,"foodHabitsComments":"Feeds on a variety of invertebrates including insects (e.g., beetles, springtails, crickets), spiders, and millipedes.","animalPhenologyComments":"Inactive in cold temperatures and hot, dry weather. Emerges in fall with onset of rainly season and usually remains active until end of May or June (in the north and at high elevations) (Behler and King 1979).","colonialBreeder":false,"length":15,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":103240,"animalPhenology":{"id":1,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Hibernates/aestivates","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Hibernación/Estivación","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Hiberne/estive","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":105984,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1234,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Terrestrial Plethodontid Salamanders","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":0.1,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including eggs) in or near appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and  breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Busy highway, especially with high traffic volume at night; major river or lake; other totally inappropriate habitat that the salamanders cannot traverse.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":1.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":3.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"These salamanders rarely successfully cross roadways that have heavy traffic volume at night, when most movements occur. Rivers and lakes pose formidable impediments to movement and generally function as barriers, with the effect increasing with river and lake size. Treatment of these as barriers or unsuitable habitat is a subjective determination.<br><br>Compared to larger ambystomatid salamanders, the movements of plethodontids are poorly documented, but it is clear that home ranges tend to be very small (e.g., Marvin 2001), on the order of a few meters to a few dozen meters in diameter. For example, Welsh and Lind (1992) found that over six months, 66% of Plethodon elongatus males and 80% of females recaptured were in the same 7.5 x 7.5 m grid, and the maximum distance moved was 36.2 m. D. Clayton (pers. comm 1998) estimated that average home ranges may be  as small as one square meter. Yet, on occasion, dispersing plethodontids likely travel at least several hundred meters. The separation distance for unsuitable habitat reflects the nominal minimum value of 1 km. The separation distance for suitable habitat reflects the limited movements of these salamanders, tempered by their tendency to occur throughout patches of suitable habitat and the likely low probability that two locations separated by a gap of less than a few kilometers of suitable habitat would represent independent occurrences over the long term.<br>","versionDate":"2004-09-10","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:00.737752Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":105136,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":106571,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:28:17.089733Z"}],"references":[{"id":137372,"citation":"Behler, J. L., and F. W. King. 1979. The Audubon Society field guide to North American reptiles and amphibians. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. 719 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Behler and King","shortCitationYear":1979,"referenceCode":"B79BEH01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:24.173666Z"},{"id":112779,"citation":"Blackburn, L., P. Nanjappa, and M. J. Lannoo. 2001. An Atlas of the Distribution of U.S. Amphibians. Copyright, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, USA.","shortCitationAuthor":"Blackburn et al.","shortCitationYear":2001,"referenceCode":"B01BLA01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:24.173666Z"},{"id":123711,"citation":"Corn, P. S., and R. B. Bury. 1991. Terrestrial amphibian communities in the Oregon Coast Range. Pages 3-4-317 in L. F. Ruggerio, K. B. Aubry, and M. H. Huff, technical coordinators. Wildlife and vegetation of unmanaged Douglas-fir forests. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Olympia, Washington, General Technical Report PNW-GTR-285.","shortCitationAuthor":"Corn and Bury","shortCitationYear":1991,"referenceCode":"A91COR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:16:49.761239Z"},{"id":943912,"citation":"Crother, B. I. (editor). 2017. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. 8th edition. SSAR Herpetological Circular 43:1-104. [Updates in SSAR North American Species Names Database at: https://ssarherps.org/cndb]","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother","shortCitationYear":2017,"referenceCode":"B17CRO01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:53.413199Z"},{"id":132058,"citation":"Darda, D. M., J. W. Baugh, and P. A. Garvey-Darda. 2001. Geographic distribution. Ensatina eschscholzii. Herpetological Review 32:53.","shortCitationAuthor":"Darda et al.","shortCitationYear":2001,"referenceCode":"A01DAR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:24:13.674667Z"},{"id":119796,"citation":"Frost, D. R. 1985. Amphibian species of the world. A taxonomic and geographical reference. Allen Press, Inc., and The Association of  Systematics Collections, Lawrence, Kansas. v + 732 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Frost","shortCitationYear":1985,"referenceCode":"B85FRO01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:24.173666Z"},{"id":1054360,"citation":"Frost, D.R. 2020. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. Online: http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.html","shortCitationAuthor":"Frost","shortCitationYear":2020,"referenceCode":"W20FRO02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T19:41:47.447453Z"},{"id":120238,"citation":"Frost, D. R., and D. M. Hillis. 1990. Species in concept and practice: herpetological applications. 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Scientific and Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North America North of Mexico, with Comments Regarding Confidence in Our Understanding. Ninth Edition. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. 87 pp. Online database available at: https://cnah.org/SSARnames.aspx","shortCitationAuthor":"Nicholson","shortCitationYear":2025,"referenceCode":"B25NIC01NAUS","lastModified":"2026-06-06T01:36:32.018241Z"},{"id":129828,"citation":"Nussbaum, R.A., E.D. Brodie, Jr., and R.M. Storm. 1983. Amphibians and Reptiles of the Pacific Northwest. University Press of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho. 332 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Nussbaum et al.","shortCitationYear":1983,"referenceCode":"B83NUS01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:10.866443Z"},{"id":1101140,"citation":"Pereira, R. J., and D. B. Wake. 2009. Genetic leakage after adaptive and nonadaptive divergence in the <i>Ensatina eschscholtzii</i> ring species. 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D. Houck, editors. The biology of plethodontid salamanders. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York.","shortCitationAuthor":"Wake and Jockusch","shortCitationYear":2000,"referenceCode":"A00WAK01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:20:19.358364Z"},{"id":1101142,"citation":"Wake, D. B., K. P. Yanev, and M. M. Frelow. 1989. Sympatry and hybridization in a 'ring species': the plethodontid salamander <i>Ensatina eschscholtzii</i>. Otte, D., and J. A. Endler eds., Speciation and its Consequences: 134-157. Sunderland, Massachusetts, Sinauer Associates, Inc..","shortCitationAuthor":"Wake et al.","shortCitationYear":1989,"referenceCode":"A89WAK01NAUS","lastModified":"2021-06-05T03:06:22.039459Z"},{"id":1116516,"citation":"Washington Herp Atlas. 2009 (map products updated March 2017). A cooperative effort of Washington Natural Heritage Program, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, U.S.D.I. Bureau of Land Management, and U.S. Forest Service. 250 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Washington Herp Atlas","shortCitationYear":2009,"referenceCode":"N09WAS01NAUS","lastModified":"2024-10-05T00:12:08.857757Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[{"id":136029,"name":"Common Ensatina","language":"EN"},{"id":134822,"name":"Salamandre variable","language":"FR"}],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":105136,"cites":null,"cosewic":{"id":6,"cosewicDescEn":"Not at Risk","cosewicDescEs":"No está en riesgo","cosewicDescFr":"Non en péril","cosewicCode":"NAR"},"fwsRegion":null,"genusSize":{"id":1,"genusSizeDescEn":"Monotypic genus","genusSizeDescEs":"Género monotípico","genusSizeDescFr":"Genre monotypique"},"jurisEndem":{"id":5,"jurisEndemDescEn":"occurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations","jurisEndemDescEs":"Se encuentra en varias naciones (de manera regular, como un taxón nativo)","jurisEndemDescFr":"Se trouve dans plusieurs nations (de façon régulière, tel un taxon indigène)"},"nomenclaturallyEst":null,"usesa":null,"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":3,"level1":"Animals","level2":"Vertebrates","level3":"Amphibians","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":2,"distributionStatus":"complete","displayOrder":1060},"parentSpecies":null,"infraspecies":false,"kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Craniata","taxclass":"Amphibia","taxorder":"Caudata","family":"Plethodontidae","genus":"Ensatina","americanFisheriesStatus":null,"americanFisheriesStatusDate":null,"saraStatus":null,"saraStatusDate":null,"cosewicDate":"1999-04-01","interpretedCosewic":null,"cosewicComments":"Reason for Designation: Despite possible losses of habitat due to development, this species is more widespread than originally thought. It is not subject to population fluctuations, and is not much affected by the fragmentation of its range. Although this species may be susceptible to changes in the forest habitat as a result of logging, it is not presently at risk.<br/><br/>Status History: Designated Not at Risk in April 1999. More recently (2015) considered a medium priority candidate for re-assessment.","usesaDate":null,"interpretedUsesa":null,"usesaComments":null,"completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[],"infraspeciesList":[{"infraspeciesId":100958,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.100958","formattedScientificName":"<i>Ensatina eschscholtzii croceater</i>","scientificName":"Ensatina eschscholtzii croceater","primaryCommonName":"Yellow-blotched Salamander","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.100958/Ensatina_eschscholtzii_croceater"},{"infraspeciesId":101179,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.101179","formattedScientificName":"<i>Ensatina eschscholtzii oregonensis</i>","scientificName":"Ensatina eschscholtzii oregonensis","primaryCommonName":"Oregon Ensatina","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.101179/Ensatina_eschscholtzii_oregonensis"},{"infraspeciesId":103519,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.103519","formattedScientificName":"<i>Ensatina eschscholtzii eschscholtzii</i>","scientificName":"Ensatina eschscholtzii eschscholtzii","primaryCommonName":"Monterey Ensatina","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.103519/Ensatina_eschscholtzii_eschscholtzii"},{"infraspeciesId":105671,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.105671","formattedScientificName":"<i>Ensatina eschscholtzii xanthoptica</i>","scientificName":"Ensatina eschscholtzii xanthoptica","primaryCommonName":"Yellow-eyed Ensatina","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.105671/Ensatina_eschscholtzii_xanthoptica"},{"infraspeciesId":106321,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.106321","formattedScientificName":"<i>Ensatina eschscholtzii picta</i>","scientificName":"Ensatina eschscholtzii picta","primaryCommonName":"Painted Ensatina","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.106321/Ensatina_eschscholtzii_picta"},{"infraspeciesId":106526,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.106526","formattedScientificName":"<i>Ensatina eschscholtzii platensis</i>","scientificName":"Ensatina eschscholtzii platensis","primaryCommonName":"Sierra Nevada Ensatina","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.106526/Ensatina_eschscholtzii_platensis"},{"infraspeciesId":104247,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.104247","formattedScientificName":"<i>Ensatina eschscholtzii klauberi</i>","scientificName":"Ensatina eschscholtzii klauberi","primaryCommonName":"Large-Blotched Ensatina","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.104247/Ensatina_eschscholtzii_klauberi"}],"ebarId":"EBAR105136","ebarCanadianScope":true,"ebarGlobalScope":false,"ebarKbaGroup":"Amphibians and Reptiles","caGeneralStatusId":"GS000761"},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":105136,"reproductionComments":"Breeding occurs primarily in spring and fall (Stebbins 1985). Female broods a cluster of 7-25 eggs. Eggs hatch in fall or early winter. There is no aquatic larval stage. Reaches sexual maturity in 2.5-3.5 years (Stebbins 1954, Behler and King 1979). Maximum estimated age in the Sierra Nevada was 15 years (Staub et al. 1995).","ecologyComments":"Population densities of 283 salamanders/ha have been reported (Nussbaum et al. 1983). In the Sierra Nevada of California (subspecies PLATENSIS), in old-growth conifer forest, maximum distance moved in a multi-year study was 120 m for males and 61 m for females (Staub et al. 1995).","habitatComments":"North: Douglas-fir/maple forests, forest clearings. In coastal areas, redwood forest, chaparral, oak woodland, canyons. Sierra Nevada: pine-oak-incense cedar forests. In dry or cold weather: in caves, underground, in rotting logs. Eggs are laid undergound, or under the bark of or within rotting logs (Stebbins 1985).","generalDescription":null,"diagnosticCharacteristics":null,"speciesMarineHabitats":[],"speciesTerrestrialHabitats":[{"cagTerrHabId":-111659,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":1,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Forest - Hardwood","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Bosque - Madera dura","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Forêt — Feuillu","displayOrder":2}},{"cagTerrHabId":-111660,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":2,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Forest - Conifer","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Bosque - Conífera","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Forêt — Résineux","displayOrder":3}},{"cagTerrHabId":-111661,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":3,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Forest - Mixed","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Bosque - Mixto","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Forêt — Mixte","displayOrder":4}},{"cagTerrHabId":-111662,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":4,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Woodland - Hardwood","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Lote de madera - Madera dura","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Terrain boisé — Feuillu","displayOrder":6}},{"cagTerrHabId":-111663,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":5,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Woodland - Conifer","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Lote de madera - Conífera","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Terrain boisé — Résineux","displayOrder":7}},{"cagTerrHabId":-111664,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":6,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Woodland - Mixed","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Lote de madera - Mixto","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Terrain boisé — Mixte","displayOrder":8}},{"cagTerrHabId":-111658,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":7,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Shrubland/chaparral","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Matorral/Chaparral","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Fruticée/Chaparral","displayOrder":9}}],"speciesRiverineHabitats":[],"speciesPalustrineHabitats":[{"cagPalusHabId":-103395,"palustrineHabitat":{"id":6,"palustrineHabitatDescEn":"Riparian","palustrineHabitatDescEs":"Ribereño","palustrineHabitatDescFr":"Riverain","displayOrder":6}}],"speciesLacustrineHabitats":[],"speciesSubterraneanHabitats":[],"speciesEstuarineHabitats":[]},"primaryReference":{"id":1153425,"citation":"Nicholson, K. E. (ed.). 2025. Scientific and Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North America North of Mexico, with Comments Regarding Confidence in Our Understanding. Ninth Edition. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. 87 pp. Online database available at: https://cnah.org/SSARnames.aspx","shortCitationAuthor":"Nicholson","shortCitationYear":2025,"referenceCode":"B25NIC01NAUS","lastModified":"2026-06-06T01:36:32.018241Z"},"predecessors":[],"elementGlobalThreatAssessments":[{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":17581,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":5,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"2","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Agriculture & aquaculture","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"2 - Agriculture & aquaculture","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":50,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":null,"iucnThreatLevel":1},"iucnThreatScope":null,"iucnThreatSeverity":null,"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":1,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"High: Continuing","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"High (continuing)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"threatImpactCalc":null},{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":17582,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":6,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"2.1","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Annual & perennial non-timber crops","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"2.1 - Annual & perennial non-timber crops","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":60,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":5,"iucnThreatLevel":2},"iucnThreatScope":null,"iucnThreatSeverity":null,"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":1,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"High: Continuing","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"High (continuing)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"threatImpactCalc":null},{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":17584,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":19,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"5","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Biological resource use","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"5 - Biological resource use","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":330,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":null,"iucnThreatLevel":1},"iucnThreatScope":null,"iucnThreatSeverity":null,"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":1,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"High: Continuing","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"High (continuing)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"threatImpactCalc":null},{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":17585,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":22,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"5.3","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Logging & wood harvesting","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"5.3 - Logging & wood harvesting","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":360,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":19,"iucnThreatLevel":2},"iucnThreatScope":null,"iucnThreatSeverity":null,"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":1,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"High: Continuing","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"High (continuing)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"threatImpactCalc":null}]}