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They are threatened locally by habitat destruction and drainage of wetlands, but overall, the population is large and fairly stable.","conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.105099/Pseudacris_crucifer","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"2001-11-13","grankReviewDate":"2025-10-26","grankReasons":"Abundant over most of large range.","grank":"G5","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":105099,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":{"id":36,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 10-30%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 10 al 30%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 10 à 30 %"},"numberEos":{"id":15,"numberEosDescEn":"> 300","numberEosDescEs":"> 300","numberEosDescFr":"> 300"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":21,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Very many (>125)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Muchos (>125)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"Beaucoup (>125)"},"numberProtEos":{"id":15,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Very many (>40) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Muchas ocurrencias (>40) protegidas y controladas adecuadamente","numberProtEosDescFr":"Beaucoup d’occurrences (>40) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":35,"popSizeDescEn":"100,000 to >1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 100.000 a >1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 100 000 à >1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":35,"rangeExtentDescEn":">2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":">2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (más ","rangeExtentDescFr":">2 500 000 km carrés (plus de 1 000 000 miles carrés)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":40,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Relatively Stable (<=10% change)","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Relativamente estable (variación = <10%)","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Relativement stable (variation = <10 %)"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":8,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Medium","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Medio","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Moyen"},"rangeExtentComments":"The range extends throughout the eastern United States and adjacent southeastern Canada east to Labrador (Bergman 1999, Rashleigh and Crowell 2018), west to Manitoba, Minnesota, Iowa, eastern Kansas, Oklahoma, and eastern Texas, south to the Gulf Coast and northern Florida (Dodd Jr. 2023).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"This species is represented by many and/or large occurrences throughout most of the range.","popSizeComments":"Total adult population size is unknown but is very large.","viabilityComments":"Most occurrences have good viability.","threatImpactComments":"This species is threatened by habitat loss and degradation. Draining suitable wetland habitats or clearcutting uplands both results in habitat loss and abandonment of the site (Dodd Jr. 2023). This species does not thrive in areas of urbanization and intense agriculture (Dodd Jr. 2023). Cattle ponds are generally not utilized due to high turbidity (Dodd Jr. 2023). Conversion to pine plantation reduces abundance due to habitat degradation (Dodd Jr 2023). Mining results in total habitat loss that can take decades before this species returns (Dodd Jr. 2023).","shortTermTrendComments":"There are no reports of widespread decline.","longTermTrendComments":"This species has declined in abundance and area of occupancy throughout the range, especially in the northeastern U.S. and the western periphery of the range (Dodd Jr. 2023).","inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":"There are many occurrences on conservation lands.","protectionNeeds":"Protect wetlands from drainage for urbanization/ agriculture.","otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":105099,"majorHabitat":{"id":2,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Freshwater","majorHabitatDescEs":"Agua dulce","majorHabitatDescFr":"Eau douce"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":true,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Migrates between breeding pools and adjacent nonbreeding terrestrial habitats.","foodHabitsComments":"Metamorphosed frogs feed opportunistically on various small terrestrial invertebrates. Larvae eat suspended matter, organic debris, algae, and plant tissue.","animalPhenologyComments":"Peepers are most active at dusk and at night but are also active diurnally, especially in wet weather.<br><br>In autumn, long after the breeding season, spring peepers regularly call from upland areas that are far from water. The significance of these nonbreeding vocalizations has not been clearly established.","colonialBreeder":true,"length":4,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":103229,"animalPhenology":{"id":1,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Hibernates/aestivates","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Hibernación/Estivación","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Hiberne/estive","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":103230,"animalPhenology":{"id":2,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Circadian","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Circadiano","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Circadien","displayOrder":2},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":105957,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":false},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":105958,"foodHabits":{"id":4,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Herbivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Herbívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Herbivore","displayOrder":4},"adult":false,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1108,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Hylid Frogs (Treefrogs)","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":0.5,"inferredExtentNotes":"Inferred extent distance pertains to distance from breeding sites.","minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including larvae or eggs) in or near appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and  breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Busy major highway such that frogs rarely if ever cross successfully; intensive urban development dominated by buildings and pavement and lacking suitable vegetated frog refuges.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":1.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Available information is limited but indicates that hylids generally exhibit limited movements on a short-term basis. In New Jersey, Freda and Morin (1984) and Freda and Gonzalez (1986) demonstrated that individual Hyla andersonii often travel distances of 100 m from breeding ponds during the nonbreeding season. In montane Colorado, Spencer (1964) found that Pseudacris triseriata range into wet meadows usually within about 700 m of their breeding sites and sometimes cross a few hundred meters of upland habitat. Kay (1989) determined that most Pseudacris cadaverina individuals range over small segments of streamcourse; 83 percent of movements were less than 25 m in a 1-year study. In Michigan, nonbreeding home range diameters of Pseudacris crucifer, established around forest debris and vegetation, ranged from 1.2 to 5.5 m (Delzell 1958). <br><br>Based on this information it appears that 1 km is an appropriate separation distance for unsuitable habitat. Despite limited data suggesting restricted movements, dispersal data are scant, and these frogs are clearly physically capable of long moves. It seems unlikely that occupied locations separated by a gap of less than several kilometers of suitable habitat would represent independent occurrences over the long term.","versionDate":"2004-09-21","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:11.316048Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":105099,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":106536,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:28:12.402001Z"}],"references":[{"id":1101452,"citation":"Austin, J. D., S. C. Lougheed, and P. T. Boag. 2004. Discordant temporal and geographic patterns in maternal lineages of eastern north American frogs, <i>Rana catesbeiana</i> (Ranidae) and <i>Pseudacris crucifer</i> (Hylidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 32(3):799-816.","shortCitationAuthor":"Austin et al.","shortCitationYear":2004,"referenceCode":"A04AUS02NAUS","lastModified":"2021-07-03T04:14:20.453843Z"},{"id":1101960,"citation":"Banker, S. E., A. R. Lemmon, A. B. Hassinger, S. D. Holland, M. L. Kortyna, O. E. Ospina, H. Ralicki, and E. M. Lemmon. 2020. Hierarchical hybrid enrichment: Multitiered genomic data collection across evolutionary scales, with application to Chorus Frogs (<i>Pseudacris</i>). Systematic Biology 69:756-773.","shortCitationAuthor":"Banker et al.","shortCitationYear":2020,"referenceCode":"A20BAN01NAUS","lastModified":"2021-07-03T06:16:20.495209Z"},{"id":134853,"citation":"Barbour, R. W. 1971. Amphibians and reptiles of Kentucky. Univ. 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Amphibians and Reptiles of the West Indies: Descriptions, Distributions, and Natural History. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, Florida. xvi + 720 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Schwartz and Henderson","shortCitationYear":1991,"referenceCode":"B91SCH01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:57.819328Z"},{"id":132352,"citation":"Vogt, R. C. 1981c. Natural history of amphibians and reptiles of Wisconsin. Milwaukee Public Museum. 205 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Vogt","shortCitationYear":1981,"referenceCode":"B81VOG01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:18.569643Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[{"id":136037,"name":"Northern Spring Peeper","language":"EN"},{"id":134843,"name":"Rainette crucifère","language":"FR"},{"id":145554,"name":"spring peeper","language":"EN"}],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":105099,"cites":null,"cosewic":null,"fwsRegion":null,"genusSize":{"id":3,"genusSizeDescEn":"Small genus","genusSizeDescEs":"Género pequeño","genusSizeDescFr":"Petit genre"},"jurisEndem":{"id":5,"jurisEndemDescEn":"occurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations","jurisEndemDescEs":"Se encuentra en varias naciones (de manera regular, como un taxón nativo)","jurisEndemDescFr":"Se trouve dans plusieurs nations (de façon régulière, tel un taxon indigène)"},"nomenclaturallyEst":null,"usesa":null,"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":3,"level1":"Animals","level2":"Vertebrates","level3":"Amphibians","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":2,"distributionStatus":"complete","displayOrder":1060},"parentSpecies":null,"infraspecies":false,"kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Craniata","taxclass":"Amphibia","taxorder":"Anura","family":"Hylidae","genus":"Pseudacris","americanFisheriesStatus":null,"americanFisheriesStatusDate":null,"saraStatus":null,"saraStatusDate":null,"cosewicDate":null,"interpretedCosewic":null,"cosewicComments":null,"usesaDate":null,"interpretedUsesa":null,"usesaComments":null,"completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[{"id":102044,"synonym":"Hyla crucifer","synonymAuthor":"Wied-Neuwied, 1838","formattedSynonym":"<i>Hyla crucifer</i>"}],"infraspeciesList":[{"infraspeciesId":101379,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.101379","formattedScientificName":"<i>Pseudacris crucifer bartramiana</i>","scientificName":"Pseudacris crucifer bartramiana","primaryCommonName":"Southern Spring Peeper","nsxUrl":null},{"infraspeciesId":101989,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.101989","formattedScientificName":"<i>Pseudacris crucifer crucifer</i>","scientificName":"Pseudacris crucifer crucifer","primaryCommonName":"Northern Spring Peeper","nsxUrl":null}],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":false,"ebarGlobalScope":false,"ebarKbaGroup":"Amphibians and Reptiles","caGeneralStatusId":"GS000735"},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":105099,"reproductionComments":"The breeding season is in early spring in the northern part of the range but may occur in fall, winter, or early spring in the south.  Adult females lay up to several hundred eggs (deposited singly on submerged vegetation or other objects). Eggs hatch in a few to several days. Larvae metamorphose in 2-4 months. Breeders in Maryland were 2-4 years old (Lyken and Forester 1987). Single site may include many dozens of breeding individuals.","ecologyComments":"In Michigan, nonbreeding home range diameters, established around forest debris and vegetation, ranged from 1.2 to 5.5 m (Delzell 1958).","habitatComments":"Spring peepers inhabit moist wooded areas near breeding pools. They are mostly ground dwelling, and they hide under logs, rocks, or other objects when not active on the surface, such as during the cold winter months in the north. Eggs are laid and larvae develop in small temporary or permanent waters of ponds (including those in fields with nearby forest), marshes, ditches, and swamps, especially those with standing plants, sticks, or other debris. In northern Minnesota, successful reproduction in acidic bog water either does not occur or is a rare event (Karns 1992). Males call from among vegetation adjacent to or standing in water, or while perched low in woody vegetation away from water.<br><br>","generalDescription":"The upper side is gray, pink, brown, olive, or yellowish, usually with a dark figure more or less resembling an \"X\" (may be distorted or fragmented). A dark stripe runs from the snout to the eardrum, and a dark stripe extends across the head between the eyes. The hind toes are not distinctly webbed, and the toe tips are not greatly expanded. Maximum snout-vent length is around 1.5 inches (3.7 cm). Newly metamorphosed young are about 14 mm in snout-vent length. In mature males, the throat skin is loose and dark during the breeding season. The expanded vocal sac is rounded. Breeding calls consist of high single peeping whistles, with a slight rise at the end, repeated every second or so. 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