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R. 1985. Amphibian species of the world. A taxonomic and geographical reference. Allen Press, Inc., and The Association of  Systematics Collections, Lawrence, Kansas. v + 732 pp.","conceptName":"<i>Eleutherodactylus coqui</i>","taxonomicComments":"See Hedges (1989) for information on relationships of West Indian <i>Eleutherodactylus</i>.","roundedGRank":"G4","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2004-04-20","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Hammerson, G.","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":163216,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"NNA","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":280033,"subnation":{"id":23,"nameEn":"Louisiana","nameEs":"Louisiana","nameFr":"Louisiane","subnationCode":"LA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNA","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNA","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":280033,"hybrid":false,"exotic":true,"native":false}},{"elementSubnationalId":357508,"subnation":{"id":16,"nameEn":"Hawaii","nameEs":"Hawai","nameFr":"Hawaï","subnationCode":"HI","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNA","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNA","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":357508,"hybrid":false,"exotic":true,"native":false}},{"elementSubnationalId":362440,"subnation":{"id":12,"nameEn":"Florida","nameEs":"Florida","nameFr":"Floride","subnationCode":"FL","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNA","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNA","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":362440,"hybrid":false,"exotic":true,"native":false}}],"nrankReviewYear":1996,"nrank":"NNA","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":163216,"exotic":true,"native":false}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T21:45:08.558095Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.105062/Eleutherodactylus_coqui","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"1996-10-18","grankReviewDate":"2004-04-20","grankReasons":null,"grank":"G4","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":105062,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":{"id":10,"enviromentalSpecificityDescEn":"Broad.  Generalist or community with all key requirements common.","enviromentalSpecificityDescEs":"Amplio.  Generalista o comunidad con todos los requisitos claves comunes.","enviromentalSpecificityDescFr":"Vaste. 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Sea level to 1200 m (Toro Negro) (Schwartz and Henderson 1988). <br><br>Introduced on St. Thomas and St. Croix, Dominican Republic (Joglar and Rios-Lopez, 1998, Herpetol. Rev. 29:107), and  Hawaii (Kraus et al. 1999). Also introduced in Florida, where this frog now exists apparently only in greenhouses; not clearly established (Bartlett and Bartlett 1999).  Purported record from New Orleans, Louisiana (e.g., Conant and Collins 1991), is based only on a few males that lived in a greenhouse for a few years and do not constitute a legitimate occurrence (Dundee, 1991, Herpetol. Rev. 22:122).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"Represented by many and/or large occurrences throughout most of the range.","popSizeComments":"Total adult population size is unknown but surely exceeds 100,000.","viabilityComments":"Many occurrences have good viability.","threatImpactComments":"Tolerant of substantial habitat alteration. Burrowes et al. 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Populations of this species have recently declined in parts of El Yunque, one of the best protected forests in Puerto Rico (Burrows et al. 2004).","longTermTrendComments":null,"inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":null,"protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":105062,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Total nightly movements average 3-4.5 m (Woolbright 1985).","foodHabitsComments":"Eats mainly arthropods, rarely small vertebrates such as lizards. Nonbrooding adults forage at night in forest canopy (Stewart 1993). Juveniles forage on upper surfaces of leaves within 2 m of ground (Formanowicz et al. 1981). Foraging success reduced during dry season (Woolbright and Stewart 1987).","animalPhenologyComments":"Calling peaks between dusk and midnight; lesser peak occurs at dawn (Drewry and Rand 1983, Woolbright 1985). Locomotor activity is most frequent shortly after dusk and shortly before dawn; more active when foliage is wet (Woolbright 1985).","colonialBreeder":false,"length":6,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":103216,"animalPhenology":{"id":4,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Nocturnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Nocturno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Nocturne","displayOrder":4},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":103217,"animalPhenology":{"id":5,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Crepuscular","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Crepuscular","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Crépusculaire","displayOrder":5},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":105939,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":false}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1132,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Leptodactylid Frogs","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":0.5,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including immature stages) in or near appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and  breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Busy major highway such that frogs rarely if ever cross successfully; major lake or fast-flowing river; intensive development dominated by buildings and pavement.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":1.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Movements of these frogs are poorly known. During wet weather at night, leptodactylids undoubtedly can traverse most natural and seminatural upland habitats. Because these frogs are not tied to permanent aquatic habitats for breeding, likely they range fairly widely in upland habitats, though certain habitat specialists may be less likely to do so. Total nightly movements of individual Eleutherodactylus coqui averaged 3-4.5 m (Woolbright 1985), but annual home range size is unknown. Until further information on home range and dispersal is available, the default minimum separation distance of 1 km should be used for unsuitable habitat. Because these frogs are certainly capable of long moves, it seems unlikely that locations separated by a gap of less than a several kilometers of suitable habitat would represent independent occurrences over the long term.","versionDate":"2004-09-21","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:03:54.909562Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":105062,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":106499,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:28:07.448787Z"}],"references":[{"id":121080,"citation":"Bartlett, R. 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Herpetologica 41:1-9.","shortCitationAuthor":"Woolbright","shortCitationYear":1985,"referenceCode":"A85WOO01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:24:03.470886Z"},{"id":154740,"citation":"Woolbright, L. L. 1991. The impact of Hurricane Hugo on forest frogs in Puerto Rico. Biotropica 23:462-467.","shortCitationAuthor":"Woolbright","shortCitationYear":1991,"referenceCode":"A91WOO01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:24:03.455265Z"},{"id":116454,"citation":"Woolbright, L. L., and M. M. Stewart. 1987. Foraging success of the tropical frog, ELEUTHERODACTYLUS COQUI: the cost of calling. Copeia 1987:69-75.","shortCitationAuthor":"Woolbright and Stewart","shortCitationYear":1987,"referenceCode":"A87WOO01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:24:03.470886Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[{"id":114684,"name":"Common Coqui","language":"EN"},{"id":205771,"name":"Puerto Rican Coqui","language":"EN"}],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":105062,"cites":null,"cosewic":null,"fwsRegion":null,"genusSize":{"id":4,"genusSizeDescEn":"Medium to large genus","genusSizeDescEs":"Género de mediano a grande","genusSizeDescFr":"Moyen à grand genre"},"jurisEndem":{"id":3,"jurisEndemDescEn":"endemic to a single nation","jurisEndemDescEs":"Endémico de una nación","jurisEndemDescFr":"Endémique à une nation"},"nomenclaturallyEst":null,"usesa":null,"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":3,"level1":"Animals","level2":"Vertebrates","level3":"Amphibians","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":2,"distributionStatus":"complete","displayOrder":1060},"parentSpecies":null,"infraspecies":false,"kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Craniata","taxclass":"Amphibia","taxorder":"Anura","family":"Leptodactylidae","genus":"Eleutherodactylus","americanFisheriesStatus":null,"americanFisheriesStatusDate":null,"saraStatus":null,"saraStatusDate":null,"cosewicDate":null,"interpretedCosewic":null,"cosewicComments":null,"usesaDate":null,"interpretedUsesa":null,"usesaComments":null,"completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[],"infraspeciesList":[],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":false,"ebarGlobalScope":false,"ebarKbaGroup":"Amphibians and Reptiles","caGeneralStatusId":null},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":105062,"reproductionComments":"Breeds throughout year, mostly in wet season (April-October). Up to 5 clutches per season (Townsend 1989). Mean interclutch interval about 8 weeks during wet season (Townsend and Stewart 1994). Male attends eggs throughout development, reducing desiccation and cannibalism. Eggs hatch in 17 (June-July) to 26 (January-February) days (Townsend and Stewart 1986). Sexually mature in about 1 year (Woolbright and Stewart 1987). Few adults survive to the following year (Stewart 1995). See Michael (1995, Herpetological Review 26:27-29) for information on captive breeding.","ecologyComments":"Males defend diurnal shelters; feeding territories defended by females (Schwartz and Henderson 1991). <br><br>Small juveniles sometimes are preyed on by giant crab spiders (OLIOS) (Formanowicz et al. 1981). Viable eggs sometimes preyed on by flies (Diptera: Phoridae). <br><br>Density ranges as high as 20,570/ha; populations decline with drought (see Stewart 1995). In the central mountain of Puerto Rico, adult density was 8-25 per 100 sq m in the wet season, 3-19 per 100 sq m in the dry season; juvenile density was highest in the wet season, egg density highest in the dry season (Fogarty and Vilella 2002). <br><br>Populations increased after Hurricane Hugo (September 1989), perhaps due to an increase in retreat sites and a decrease in invertebrate predators (Woolbright 1991). <br><br>Annual mortality rate is more than 90% (Stewart 1995).<br><br>This species have an observable effect on forest nutrient dynamics (Beard et al. 2002).","habitatComments":"Mesic broadleaf forest, suburbs, gardens, greenhouses (especially in Florida); in bromeliads, holes in cut banks, under logs, rocks, or trash, in palm axils, curled leaves, tree holes (Schwartz and Henderson 1991). Often climbs to forest canopy at dusk (except juveniles, which stay on or near ground, and calling males, which remain on understory call sites during night); drops to ground at dawn, retreats to cover on or near ground (Stewart 1985, 1993). <br><br>Terrestrial breeder; no aquatic larval stage. Male leads female to semi-enclosed nest site (e.g., dead curled leaf or palm petiole) (Townsend and Stewart 1986) on or near ground. Males call from perch averaging 2 m above ground (Narins and Hurley 1982); calling sites mostly open surfaces or shallow depressions lacking close cover, such as surfaces of leaves and tree trunks and axils of sierra palms (Townsend 1989); calling sites as high as 45 feet in mesic forest, from 20-30 feet in xeric forest (Schwartz and Henderson 1991). Readily uses artificial retreat and nest sites; such use can result in increased population size (Schwartz and Henderson 1991).","generalDescription":null,"diagnosticCharacteristics":null,"speciesMarineHabitats":[],"speciesTerrestrialHabitats":[{"cagTerrHabId":-111581,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":1,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Forest - Hardwood","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Bosque - Madera dura","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Forêt — Feuillu","displayOrder":2}},{"cagTerrHabId":-111582,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":4,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Woodland - Hardwood","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Lote de madera - Madera dura","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Terrain boisé — Feuillu","displayOrder":6}},{"cagTerrHabId":-111580,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":20,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Suburban/orchard","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Suburbano/ huertos","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Banlieusard/verger","displayOrder":23}}],"speciesRiverineHabitats":[],"speciesPalustrineHabitats":[{"cagPalusHabId":-103357,"palustrineHabitat":{"id":6,"palustrineHabitatDescEn":"Riparian","palustrineHabitatDescEs":"Ribereño","palustrineHabitatDescFr":"Riverain","displayOrder":6}}],"speciesLacustrineHabitats":[],"speciesSubterraneanHabitats":[],"speciesEstuarineHabitats":[]},"primaryReference":{"id":1054360,"citation":"Frost, D.R. 2020. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. Online: http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.html","shortCitationAuthor":"Frost","shortCitationYear":2020,"referenceCode":"W20FRO02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T19:41:47.447453Z"},"predecessors":[],"elementGlobalThreatAssessments":[]}