{"elementGlobalId":104885,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":11,"iucnDescEn":"Least concern","iucnDescEs":"Menos preocupante","iucnDescFr":"Moins préoccupante","iucnCode":"LC"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":7,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":" Rank calculation - Biotics v2","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by calculator","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Chelonia mydas</i>","scientificName":"Chelonia mydas","scientificNameAuthor":"(Linnaeus, 1758)","primaryCommonName":"Green Sea Turtle","relatedItisNames":"<i>Chelonia mydas</i> (Linnaeus, 1758) (TSN 173833)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.104885","elcode":"ARAAA02010","conceptRefFullCitation":"King, F. W., and R. L. Burke, editors. 1989. Crocodilian, tuatara, and turtle species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Association of Systematics Collections, Washington, D.C. 216 pp.","conceptName":"<i>Chelonia mydas</i>","taxonomicComments":"The Black Turtle of the Pacific Ocean has been considered a separate species (<i>Chelonia agassizii</i>) by some authors (e.g., Pritchard and Trebbau 1984, Okamato and Kamezaki 2014), a subspecies of <i>Chelonia mydas</i> by others (Kamezaki and Matsui 1995), and synonymous with <i>Chelonia mydas</i> by others (e.g., Bowen et al. 1992) (Crother 2017). Crother (2017) and the Turtle Taxonomy Working Group (2021) do not recognize it.","roundedGRank":"G4","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2025-10-13","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Hammerson, G., and D. R. Jackson (2014); rev. R. L. 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The population declined by approximately 50% until protections were afforded beginning in the 1970s. The population has since begun to rebound. It remains threatened primarily by nesting habitat degradation and poaching.","grank":"G4","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":104885,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":1,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Highly vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"Altamente vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"Très vulnérable"},"longTermTrend":{"id":25,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 50-70%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 50 al 70%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 50 à 70 %"},"numberEos":{"id":14,"numberEosDescEn":"81 to >300","numberEosDescEs":"De 81 a >300","numberEosDescFr":"De 81 à >300"},"numberGoodEos":null,"numberProtEos":{"id":15,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Very many (>40) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Muchas ocurrencias (>40) protegidas y controladas adecuadamente","numberProtEosDescFr":"Beaucoup d’occurrences (>40) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":34,"popSizeDescEn":"100,000 - 1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 100.000 a 1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 100 000 à 1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":35,"rangeExtentDescEn":">2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":">2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (más ","rangeExtentDescFr":">2 500 000 km carrés (plus de 1 000 000 miles carrés)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":43,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Increase of 10-25%","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Aumenta del 10 al 25%.","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Augmentation de 10 à 25 %"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":5,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"High","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Alto","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Élevé"},"rangeExtentComments":"Distribution is pantropical in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans. In some areas this species occurs in higher temperate latitudes due to drifting in ocean currents in conjunction with above-normal sea temperatures or as a normal life history event; young turtles regularly range as far north as New England. Major nesting activity occurs on Ascension Island (British Overseas Territory), Aves Island (Venezuela), Tortuguero, Costa Rica, and in Suriname (CSTC 1990). See Hirth (1980) for a map of major nesting beaches.<br/><br/>In U.S. Atlantic waters, green sea turtles occur around the U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico, where small numbers nest (islas Mona, Vieques, and Culebra, and St. Thomas, St. John, St. Croix), and a juvenile population exists in eastern portion of Puerto Rican Bank (Collazo et al. 1992), and from Texas to Massachusetts. Relatively small numbers nest in Florida, particularly in Brevard, Indian River, St. Lucie, Martin, Palm Beach, and Broward counties (CSTC 1990), mostly from Volusia County to Dade County (Ehrhart and Witherington 1992), with rare recent nesting on the Gulf Coast in Santa Rosa County (Ehrhart and Witherington 1992); important feeding areas in Florida include the Indian River, Florida Bay, Homossassa Bay, Crystal River, and Cedar Key (CSTC 1990). Rarely nests in Georgia, North Carolina, and Texas.","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"What constitutes an occurrence for sea turtles is challenging. Seminoff et al. (2015) identified 11 distinct population segments (DPS) across the range and documented 428 nesting sites worldwide.","popSizeComments":"Seminoff et al. (2015) estimated 423,858 nesting females across the range. Assuming an equal number of adult males yields a global population of 847,716 adults.<br/><br/>At 46 nesting areas worldwide, representing most but not all of the global population, 2007 data indicated an annual nesting population of approximately 109,000-151,000 females (NMFS and USFWS 2007). Assuming an average remigration interval of 3 years, this indicates an adult female population size of roughly 327,000-453,000. Assuming an equal number of adult males yields 654,000-906,000 adults for this subset of the global population.","viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"Major threats, which vary throughout the range, include degradation of nesting habitat, including beach lighting, which may disorient hatchlings and/or nesting females; human predation on nesting females and turtles in foraging areas (e.g., for meat and use in commercial products); collection of eggs for human consumption; predation on eggs and hatchlings by raccoons, dogs, etc.; mortality in fishing gear and other entangling debris; collisions with power boats; contact with chemical pollutants; and epidemic outbreaks of fibropapilloma or \"tumor\" infections (Mitchell 1991, Ehrhart and Witherington 1992, Tuato`o-Bartley et al. 1993, Losey et al. 1994, Barrett 1996, NMFS and USFWS 2007, Seminoff et al. 2015). In the north, juveniles experience periodic mortality due to cold-stunning associated with rapid temperature declines in fall. See USFWS (1998) and NMFS and USFWS (2007) for further information on certain threats, including beach erosion, beach armoring, beach nourishment, artificial lighting, beach cleaning, increased human presence, recreational beach equipment, exotic dune and beach vegetation, nest loss to abiotic factors, predation, poaching, and disease. Restrepo et al. (2023) gives a brief review of human consumption in the Caribbean.","shortTermTrendComments":"Since protections for this species began in the 1970s and became increasingly implemented globally, abundance has been increasing across most of the range (Seminoff et al. 2015).","longTermTrendComments":"The Marine Turtle Specialist Group of the World Conservation Union analyzed population trends at 32 index nesting sites around the world and found a 48-65% decline in the number of mature females nesting annually over the past 100-150 years.","inventoryNeeds":"Important sites for nonreproductive functions (feeding, development, wintering) need to be determined. The initiation of long-term monitoring is needed for the South Atlantic and North Indian distinct population segments (Seminoff et al. 2015).","numberProtEosComments":"Nesting beaches in many parts of world receive some protection, though poaching may occur even on those. Listed threatened by USFWS, except in Florida and Pacific coast of Mexico, where listed as endangered. Legally protected in many countries, though still exploited. NMFS (1998) designated critical habitat in the vicinity of the Culebra archipelago, Puerto Rico (seaward to 5.6 km).","protectionNeeds":"Foraging, developmental, and nesting habitat need protection from from any type of human activity. Purchase of turtle products should be discouraged.<br/><br/>See \"Recovery plan for U.S. Pacific populations of the green turtle (<i>Chelonia mydas</i>)\" and \"Recovery plan for U.S. Pacific populations of the east Pacific green turtle (<i>Chelonia mydas</i>).\"","otherConsiderations":"Individuals migrate up to 2,000 km between nesting beaches and feeding areas. Hence local populations may experience negative impacts from distant threats.","intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":"Females of this species take 15 or more years to reach sexual maturity (Seminoff et al. 2015). Nesting occurs on the same beaches during the same seasonal period each year, leaving the species vulnerable to poaching.","enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":104885,"majorHabitat":{"id":1,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Marine","majorHabitatDescEs":"Marino","majorHabitatDescFr":"Marine"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":true,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Adults migrate up to about 3,000 km between nesting beaches and feeding areas (e.g., between Ascension Island and the South American coast). See Balazs (1982) for a map of documented migrations between the major nesting area in Hawaii (French Frigate Shoals) and foraging areas elsewhere in the Hawaiian Islands. See Morreale and Standora (no date) for information on movements along the east coast of the United States. <br><br>Seminoff et al. (2002) documented migration between nesting area on the coast of Michoacan (Mexico; January 2000) and a feeding ground on the Sonoran coast of the Gulf of California (Mexico; September 2000).<br><br>See Mortimer and Porter (1989) for information on internesting movements at Ascension Island.<br><br>Neonates migrate far from natal beaches to foraging areas and return to natal beach to breed/nest up to 40+ years later.","foodHabitsComments":"Diet includes\"seagrass,\" macroalgae and other marine vegetation, and various invertebrates such as mollusks, sponges, crustaceans, and jellyfish. ","animalPhenologyComments":"Turtles in the northern Gulf of California overwinter in a dormant condition. Nesting occurs generally at night. In Hawaii, green sea turtles may bask on beaches mid-morning to mid-afternoon, especially after a period of rainy weather (Whittow and Balazs 1982).","colonialBreeder":true,"length":122,"width":null,"weight":200000,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":103149,"animalPhenology":{"id":2,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Circadian","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Circadiano","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Circadien","displayOrder":2},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":105839,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":105840,"foodHabits":{"id":4,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Herbivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Herbívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Herbivore","displayOrder":4},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1189,"locationUseClass":{"id":7,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Hibernaculum","locationUseClassDescEs":"Hibernáculo","locationUseClassDescFr":"Gîte d’hibernation","displayOrder":8},"eoSpecGroupName":"Sea Turtles (Cheloniidae and Dermochelyidae)","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Reliable observation of multiple dormant individuals. Multiple years of information should be used to reliably identify significant, persistent occurrences.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":10.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance refers to known concentrations of dormant individuals.  In most cases, occurrences should not be extensive areas such as the Atlantic coast of Florida but rather portions of such areas that stand out as strongly meeting the occurrence criteria.  <br><br>Analyses of mitochondrial DNA variation have increased our understanding of the phylogenetic relationships among certain populations of sea turtles and have allowed the recognition of some evolutionarily distinctive units. However, available information on genetics, dispersion, and movement patterns of most sea turtle populations generally is insufficient to determine biologically meaningful separation distances for the different kinds of occurrences covered by the specifications. The separation distances used here do not attempt to identify biologically distinct populations but rather are arbitrary values that attempt to identify relatively distinct geographic areas that have frequent or concentrated activity and that are of practical size for conservation use. Additionally, these specifications assume that it is best to have uniform occurrence standards for all sea turtle species, placing greater emphasis on the general similarity of their life history patterns than on specific biological differences among species.","versionDate":"2004-10-20","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:22.159951Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":1191,"locationUseClass":{"id":15,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Adult foraging area","locationUseClassDescEs":"Zona de alimentación de adultos","locationUseClassDescFr":"Aire d’alimentation adulte","displayOrder":15},"eoSpecGroupName":"Sea Turtles (Cheloniidae and Dermochelyidae)","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Reliable observation of multiple adults in an area that supports productive populations of appropriate food organisms. Multiple years of information should be used to reliably identify significant, persistent occurrences.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":10.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance refers to known areas of concentrated foraging activity. In most cases, occurrences should not be extensive areas such as the entirety of Long Island Sound or Chesapeake Bay but rather portions of such areas that stand out as strongly meeting the occurrence criteria.  <br><br>Analyses of mitochondrial DNA variation have increased our understanding of the phylogenetic relationships among certain populations of sea turtles and have allowed the recognition of some evolutionarily distinctive units. However, available information on genetics, dispersion, and movement patterns of most sea turtle populations generally is insufficient to determine biologically meaningful separation distances for the different kinds of occurrences covered by the specifications. The separation distances used here do not attempt to identify biologically distinct populations but rather are arbitrary values that attempt to identify relatively distinct geographic areas that have frequent or concentrated activity and that are of practical size for conservation use. Additionally, these specifications assume that it is best to have uniform occurrence standards for all sea turtle species, placing greater emphasis on the general similarity of their life history patterns than on specific biological differences among species.<br><br>Foraging home range sizes of individual hawksbill turtles in the West Indies were 1.96-49.5 sq km and were positively correlated with average water depth (Horrocks et al. 2001). <br>","versionDate":"2004-10-20","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:22.159951Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":1192,"locationUseClass":{"id":17,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Juvenile foraging area","locationUseClassDescEs":"Zona de alimentación de los jóvenes","locationUseClassDescFr":"Aire d’alimentation juvénile","displayOrder":16},"eoSpecGroupName":"Sea Turtles (Cheloniidae and Dermochelyidae)","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Reliable observation of multiple juveniles in an area that supports productive populations of appropriate food organisms. Multiple years of information should be used to reliably identify significant, persistent occurrences.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":10.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance refers to known areas of concentrated foraging activity. In most cases, occurrences should not be extensive areas such as the entirety of Long Island Sound or Chesapeake Bay but rather portions of such areas that stand out as strongly meeting the occurrence criteria.  <br><br>Analyses of mitochondrial DNA variation have increased our understanding of the phylogenetic relationships among certain populations of sea turtles and have allowed the recognition of some evolutionarily distinctive units. However, available information on genetics, dispersion, and movement patterns of most sea turtle populations generally is insufficient to determine biologically meaningful separation distances for the different kinds of occurrences covered by the specifications. The separation distances used here do not attempt to identify biologically distinct populations but rather are arbitrary values that attempt to identify relatively distinct geographic areas that have frequent or concentrated activity and that are of practical size for conservation use. Additionally, these specifications assume that it is best to have uniform occurrence standards for all sea turtle species, placing greater emphasis on the general similarity of their life history patterns than on specific biological differences among species.<br>","versionDate":"2004-10-20","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:22.159951Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":1190,"locationUseClass":{"id":16,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Nesting area","locationUseClassDescEs":"Zona de anidación","locationUseClassDescFr":"Aire de nidification","displayOrder":17},"eoSpecGroupName":"Sea Turtles (Cheloniidae and Dermochelyidae)","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more nesting individuals or nests with eggs.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":10.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Analyses of mitochondrial DNA variation have increased our understanding of the phylogenetic relationships among certain populations of sea turtles and have allowed the recognition of some evolutionarily distinctive units. However, available information on genetics, dispersion, and movement patterns of most sea turtle populations generally is insufficient to determine biologically meaningful separation distances for the different kinds of occurrences covered by the specifications. The separation distances used here do not attempt to identify biologically distinct populations but rather are arbitrary values that attempt to identify relatively distinct geographic areas that have frequent or concentrated activity and that are of practical size for conservation use. Additionally, these specifications assume that it is best to have uniform occurrence standards for all sea turtle species, placing greater emphasis on the general similarity of their life history patterns than on specific biological differences among species.<br><br>Nesting populations on separate islands or mainland areas within the separation distance should be treated as parts of the same occurrence. However, each distinct nesting location can be treated as a distinct sub-occurrence (sub-EO) or source feature for which specific data can be recorded.","versionDate":"2004-04-26","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:22.159951Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":104885,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":"Pattern of nesting on natal beach may inhibit natural recolonization of breeding sites of decimated populations.","siteConservationPlansConsidered":"Local foraging populations may consist of individuals from widely separated nesting populations. For example, mtDNA data indicate that a foraging population of juveniles from Hutchinson Island, Florida, consisted of individuals from Costa Rica, United States and Mexico, and Aves Island (Venezuela and Surinam; another population of juveniles from the Bahamas represented Costa Rica, United States and Mexico, Aves Island and Suriname, and Ascension Island and Guinea Bissau (Bass and Witzell 2000). Thus the success of preserves for foraging juveniles may depend on cooperative international management (Bass and Witzell 2000).","managementMethods":"Frazer (1992) emphasized the primary need for clean and productive marine and coastal environments; installation of turtle excluder devices in shrimp trawl nets and use of low pressure sodium lighting on beaches were suggested as appropriate sea turtle conservation technologies, whereas headstarting, captive breeding, and hatcheries were regarded as ineffective at best. \"Head-starting\" and broad-scale nest translocation remain unproven as effective management measures (Ehrhart and Witherington 1992). See Bjorndal (1982) for several papers containing management and research recommendations and discussion of conservation issues. <br><br>See NMFS (Federal Register, 19 December 1996, pp. 66933-66947) for recent amendments to regulations pertaining to the use of turtle excluder devices along the Gulf and Atlantic coasts of the southeastern U.S. See NMFS (1993) for recent shrimp trawling regulations for an area off the coast of North Carolina (allow tow-time limits as an interim alternative to the use of turtle excluder devices). <br><br>If beach lighting cannot be eliminated, low pressure sodium vapor lights may be the least disruptive to nesting turtles (Witherington 1992). <br><br>A recovery plan is available; see Marine Turtle Recovery Team (1984). See also recovery plans for U.S. Pacific and east Pacific populations (NMFS 1998) . <br><br>[Move to GPROTNEED: Ehrhart and Witherington (1992) emphasized the need to protect nesting areas in southern Brevard and northern Indian River counties in southeastern Florida.]","monitoringMethods":"Beaches should be monitored and managed to prevent excessive nest predation (Ehrhart and Witherington 1992). <br><br>See Bjorndahl et al. (1996, J. Herpetol. 30:567-571) for information on probability of tag loss.","managementProgramContacts":"Wider Carribbean Sea Turtle Conservation Network (WIDECAST) is a United Nations-sponsored program devoted to the recovery of endangered Caribbean sea turtles.","monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":"Better information is needed on demography, migrations, and developmental requirements.","additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":106326,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:27:43.792176Z"}],"references":[{"id":118731,"citation":"Allard, M. 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