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S., E. J. Crossman, H. Espinosa-Perez, L. T. Findley, C. R. Gilbert, R. N. Lea, and J. D. Williams. 2004. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico. American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 29, Bethesda, Maryland. 386 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Nelson et al.","shortCitationYear":2004,"referenceCode":"B04NEL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:20:12.297935Z"},{"id":756145,"citation":"Page, L. M., H. Espinosa-Pérez, L. T. Findley, C. R. Gilbert, R. N. Lea, N. E. Mandrak, R. L. Mayden, and J. S. Nelson. 2013. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Seventh edition. American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 34, Bethesda, Maryland.","shortCitationAuthor":"Page et al.","shortCitationYear":2013,"referenceCode":"B13PAG01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:20:12.282291Z"},{"id":1139849,"citation":"Page, L. M., K. E. Bemis, T. E. Dowling, H.S. Espinosa-Pérez, L.T. Findley, C. R. Gilbert, K. E. Hartel, R. N. Lea, N. E. Mandrak, M. A. Neigbors, J. J. Schmitter-Soto, and H. J. Walker, Jr. 2023. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Eighth edition. American Fisheries Society (AFS), Special Publication 37, Bethesda, Maryland, 439 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Page et al.","shortCitationYear":2023,"referenceCode":"B23PAG01NAUS","lastModified":"2024-08-02T21:41:01.515075Z"},{"id":132833,"citation":"Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea, and W.B. Scott. 1991. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. 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Abundance in Canada is probably low relative to historical levels due to large fishery removals in the late 1880s and early 1900s. Trawl surveys provide the only long-term abundance indices but provide limited information on mature individuals, which can avoid this gear. Longline indices better sample mature individuals, but time series are relatively short. Since the 1970s, abundance indices on the Grand Banks and Labrador Shelf declined, but have increased since 2002. Abundance indices show increases, particularly since the 1990s, on the Scotian Shelf and in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Fisheries (directed and bycatch) were essentially unrestricted prior to the 1980s. Management measures since then include catch limits in most areas and a requirement to release small individuals, but catch limits have been exceeded in the past and minimum size is below size at maturity. However, a recent analysis of the Scotian Shelf/Southern Grand Banks population indicates that the population is productive, abundance is above the level which would give maximum sustainable yield, and fishing mortality is below the level of a maximum sustainable yield.<br/><br/>Status history: Designated Not at Risk in November 2011.","usesaDate":null,"interpretedUsesa":null,"usesaComments":null,"completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[],"infraspeciesList":[],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":null,"ebarGlobalScope":null,"ebarKbaGroup":"Fishes","caGeneralStatusId":"GS007629"},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":104845,"reproductionComments":null,"ecologyComments":null,"habitatComments":null,"generalDescription":null,"diagnosticCharacteristics":null,"speciesMarineHabitats":[],"speciesTerrestrialHabitats":[],"speciesRiverineHabitats":[],"speciesPalustrineHabitats":[],"speciesLacustrineHabitats":[],"speciesSubterraneanHabitats":[],"speciesEstuarineHabitats":[]},"primaryReference":{"id":1139849,"citation":"Page, L. 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