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Southernmost populations in the neotropics may represent other species (Molina and Molinari 1999). The species has been introduced in the Czech Republic, Finland, New Zealand, and the West Indies(Grubb, in Wilson and Reeder 1993).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":null,"popSizeComments":null,"viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"Feral dogs may be a nuisance to deer in some areas (Causey and Cude 1980). Some populations in Venezuela are threatened by overhunting and habitat loss (Moscarella et al. 2003).","shortTermTrendComments":"Historically probably not as abundant as at the present time. 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They also commonly eats mushroom, especially in late summer and fall (Great Basin Nat. 52:321), as well as various farm crops in midwestern, plains, and southeastern agricultural regions of the U.S. <br><br>See Miller et al. 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Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals in appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":null,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":null,"altSeparationProcedure":"Occurrence separations should be based on populations that exhibit specific migration patterns, or on appropriate resource agency management units, rather than on specific prescribed distances.","separationJustification":"Annual home range of sedentary populations averages 59-520 ha (Smith 1991). Some populations, however, undergo annual migrations of 10 to 50 kilometers (Marchinton and Hirth 1984). <br><br>White-tailed deer are good swimmers; water is not normally a barrier. Unsuitable habitat, however, includes waters that do not freeze regularly, as well as urban centers (not suburban areas) and extremely rugged mountain terrain.","versionDate":"2004-09-23","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G., and S. Cannings","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:06.522571Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":104777,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":"Woody recruitment in some forests has been hindered by the direct and indirect effects of deer browsing (Rooney 1995). See Underwood et al. 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See Ellingwood and Caturano (1988) for wildlife bureau perspective on deer management. <br><br>See Jones and Whitham (1990) for information on post-translocation survival and movements of metropolitan deer.","monitoringMethods":"See O'Connell et al. (1999) for an annotated bibliography of census and monitoring methods. See Mitchell (1986) for description of census methods involving spotlight searches and track counts. See Novak (1991) for information on the use of catch-effort data to estimate population size. Anderson (1994) found that height of TRILLIUM GRANDIFLORUM was a useful index of deer browsing intensity.","managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":106220,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:27:28.338828Z"}],"references":[{"id":159033,"citation":"Alberico, M., A. 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