{"elementGlobalId":104745,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":2,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"2 - Moderate","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"2 - Moderado","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"2 – Modérée"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":11,"iucnDescEn":"Least concern","iucnDescEs":"Menos preocupante","iucnDescFr":"Moins préoccupante","iucnCode":"LC"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":4,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":"Expertise without calculation","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by inspection","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Gasterosteus aculeatus</i>","scientificName":"Gasterosteus aculeatus","scientificNameAuthor":"(Linnaeus, 1758)","primaryCommonName":"Threespine Stickleback","relatedItisNames":"<i>Gasterosteus aculeatus</i> Linnaeus, 1758 (TSN 166365)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.104745","elcode":"AFCPA03010","conceptRefFullCitation":"Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea, and W.B. Scott. 1991. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 20. 183 pp.","conceptName":"<i>Gasterosteus aculeatus</i>","taxonomicComments":"Complex patterns of variation make taxonomic treatment difficult. This stickleback may be considered a species complex with many unique and reproductively isolated populations, subspecies or species.<br/><br/>Populations exist that are strictly marine, anadromous, and freshwater resident. The marine and anadromous forms have given rise to diverse resident phenotypes. Subspecies have been recognized in the past, but current scientific discussion of this species complex recognizes multiple distinct species within evolutionary radiations; current genetic research is underway to determine relationships between evolutionary groups and species before names can be assigned (Hatfield 2001a, 2001b). Lateral plate morphs of resident freshwater forms are recognized as lows (i.e., lateral plates on anterior parts of the fish only), partials (i.e., lateral plates on anterior and posterior ends of the fish with a gap between), and completes (i.e., lateral plates in a continuous row anterior to posterior). In a rare form, plates are entirely absent; <i>G. a. williamsoni</i> is an endangered plateless form exhibiting reduction in pelvic structure, and only occurs in drainages in southern California. Lows from the Pacific coast of North America have been called <i>G. a. microcephalus</i>, Pacific coast completes are <i>G. a. aculeatus</i>, and Penczak (1964, in Wootton 1976) designated lows from Iceland as <i>G. a. islandicus</i>. A plateless form occurring in Shay Creek, San Bernardino County, California, has been identified as <i>G. a. santaeannae</i> (or <i>santa-annae</i>) but is currently recognized as synonymous with <i>G. a. williamsoni</i> (Ross 1973, Moyle et al. 1989).<br/><br/>Studies of allozyme variation (Haglund et al. 1992) and mitochondrial DNA sequences (Orti et al. 1994) in Asian, North American, and European populations recognized two primary clades: (1) European, North American, and some Japanese samples, which could be divided into an (1a) Atlantic basin clade comprising the eastern North American and European populations, and a (1b) basal Pacific basin assemblage comprising western North American and some Japanese populations; and (2) a divergent group of Japanese populations. The divergent Japanese clade deserves further study and possible taxonomic recognition.<br/><br/>Sympatric species pairs bearing \"limnetic\" and \"benthic\" life histories and distinct morphologies have evolved in several British Columbian lake systems (Thompson et al 1997, Hatfield 2001, Hatfield and Ptolemy 2001). Some populations of these are endangered or already extinct (Wood 2003).<br/><br/>Several low-lying lakes and streams in the Cook Inlet area contain rare and evolutionarily divergent populations of <i>G. aculeatus</i> including three populations polymorphic for lateral plate morphs, several populations polymorphic for pelvic armor morphs, one lake containing 2 freshwater morphs of the species (a benthic and a limnetic feeder), and one lake containing both anadromous and resident freshwater forms of the species (von Hippel, pers. comm.). Bell and Orti (1994) viewed divergent populations in freshwater habitats around Cook Inlet as parts of an endemic radiation warranting special consideration for conservation as a unit.","roundedGRank":"G5","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2008-01-04","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Hammerson, G.","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":168290,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":38,"nameEn":"Canada","nameEs":"Canadá","nameFr":"Canada","isoCode":"CA","region":"Canada"},"roundedNRank":"N5B,N5N","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":395469,"subnation":{"id":61,"nameEn":"British Columbia","nameEs":"Columbia 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In North America, this fish ranges from Alaska to Baja California on the west coast, from Baffin Island and the west side of Hudson Bay to Chesapeake Bay, Virginia, along east coast, and it occurs also in inland areas (including Lake Ontario) along both coasts. Sometimes it occurs in the open ocean. The species has been introduced and is established in certain areas of California, Massachusetts, and the Great Lakes (lakes Huron, Michigan, Erie, and Superior) (Fuller et al. 1999, Stephenson and Momot 2000). It also has been introduced in Europe, Iceland, Greenland, and the Pacific coast of Asia (Page and Burr 2011).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"This species is represented by a very large number of occurrences (subpopulations).","popSizeComments":"Total adult population size is unknown but presumably exceeds 1,000,000. This fish is common and locally abundant in many areas. However, several unique populations have declined to very low levels of abundance including <i>G. a. williamsoni</i> (unarmored form from southern California) and 4 species pairs in British Columbia, one of which is now extinct (Hadley Lake, Lasqueti Island, B.C.; Hatfield 2001a, Wood 2003).","viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"On a range-wide scale, no major threats are known.<br /><br />Locally, threats include human impacts on spawning habitat and water quality, stocking or other introduction of non-native, predatory fishes, including introductions of certain forms of <i>G. aculeatus</i> itself.<br /><br />Craig (1984) noted that large-scale industrial and petroleum extraction development in the Beaufort Sea could cause direct mortality as a result of intake of juvenile fishes with seawater and indirectly harm populations by altering coastal habitat, including water circulation patterns. <br /><br />The California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG) recognized that increasing development along and recreational uses of the Santa Clara River were threats to the existence of the endangered <i>G. a. williamsoni</i> population (CDFG 1974). <br /><br />In British Columbia, beaver activity has resulted in fluctuating water levels that have reduced access to some spawning sites used by the giant stickleback (currently recognized as <i>G. aculeatus</i>, but considered by some scientists to be a separate species, this fish is black in color and more than twice as long as threespine stickleback; occurs only in Mayer Lake, Queen Charlotte Islands; see sources in Rubidge 2000, Species at Risk Canada 2004). Increasing human recreational use of lake habitat also threatens this population (Species at Risk Canada 2004).<br /><br />In Alaska and elsewhere, non-native species such as the northern pike (<i>Esox lucius</i>) and stocked salmonids may threaten sticklebacks through predation and competition for juvenile food resources (Hatfield 2001a, Hatfield and Ptolemy 2001, Foster et al. 2003, Wood 2003). <br /><br />Hybridization between different forms of <i>G. aculeatus</i> threatens the unique genetic characteristics of specific populations recognized as rare or divergent; extensive hybridization between the native <i>G. a. williamsoni</i> (unarmored) and introduced <i>G. a. microcephalus</i> (armored) forms in California contributed to declines in the now endangered <i>G. a. williamsoni</i> (CDFG 1974, Moyle 1976b, Fuller 2005).","shortTermTrendComments":"Overall, extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, number of subpopulations, and population size probably are relatively stable or declining at a rate of less than 10% over 10 years or three generations.","longTermTrendComments":"This species is apparently still abundant throughout range, but some unique, isolated populations have declined to very low levels requiring protection (e.g., <i>G. a. williamsoni</i> and species pairs in B.C.). Other populations have increased or were created as the result of accidental or purposeful introductions to habitats where this species was not native; increasing population size and distribution in the upper Great Lakes area is an example of growing non-indigenous populations in the U.S. (Moyle 1976b, Fuller 2005). <br /><br />Several studies report evidence of considerable fluctuation in population size from year to year (Greenbank and Nelson 1959, Wootton and Smith 2000). A 26-year study (1972-1998) of a Wales population showed cyclic changes in abundance with a period of about 6 years, around a generally declining trend (Wootton and Smith 2000).","inventoryNeeds":"Divergent populations throughout the range should be identified and mapped.","numberProtEosComments":"No formal protection exists at the species level, although certain populations with divergent phenotypes are recognized and protected (Reimchen 1984). The unarmored form known as <i>G. a. williamsoni</i>, which occurs in southern California, is a U.S. federally-listed endangered species (Moyle 1976b, USFWS 2005), although critical habitat has yet to be designated for protection of this form (Federal Register 17 September 2002). Several other populations exhibiting similar rare and divergent characteristics (e.g., loss of spines and plates, pelvic reduction) have been identified in the Queen Charlotte Islands, B.C., in Scotland, Norway, and in the Cook Inlet region of Alaska; these populations may be threatened by habitat change and the introduction of predatory fish, and require protection (Reimchen 1984, Bell and Orti 1994, Wood 2003, Foster et al. 2003, von Hippel pers. comm.). Populations of limnetic-benthic species pairs from Vancouver and Texada Islands, B.C. have been designated Endangered by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC 2005), and some are now extinct (Hatfield 2001a, Foster et al. 2003, Wood 2003). 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Behaviour 137:981-997.","shortCitationAuthor":"Wootton and Smith","shortCitationYear":2000,"referenceCode":"A00WOO02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:23:19.501664Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[{"id":134691,"name":"Épinoche à trois épines","language":"FR"},{"id":144690,"name":"threespine stickleback","language":"EN"}],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":104745,"cites":null,"cosewic":null,"fwsRegion":null,"genusSize":{"id":2,"genusSizeDescEn":"Very small genus","genusSizeDescEs":"Un género muy pequeño","genusSizeDescFr":"Très petit genre"},"jurisEndem":{"id":5,"jurisEndemDescEn":"occurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations","jurisEndemDescEs":"Se encuentra en varias naciones (de manera regular, como un taxón nativo)","jurisEndemDescFr":"Se trouve dans plusieurs nations (de façon régulière, tel un taxon indigène)"},"nomenclaturallyEst":null,"usesa":null,"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":9,"level1":"Animals","level2":"Vertebrates","level3":"Fishes - Freshwater and Anadromous Bony, Cartilaginous; Lampreys","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":2,"distributionStatus":"complete","displayOrder":1120},"parentSpecies":null,"infraspecies":false,"kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Craniata","taxclass":"Actinopterygii","taxorder":"Perciformes","family":"Gasterosteidae","genus":"Gasterosteus","americanFisheriesStatus":null,"americanFisheriesStatusDate":null,"saraStatus":null,"saraStatusDate":null,"cosewicDate":null,"interpretedCosewic":"PS:X,E,T,SC","cosewicComments":null,"usesaDate":null,"interpretedUsesa":"PS","usesaComments":"Subspecies <i>williamsoni</i> of California is listed by USFWS as Endangered.","completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[],"infraspeciesList":[{"infraspeciesId":100966,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.100966","formattedScientificName":"<i>Gasterosteus aculeatus williamsoni</i>","scientificName":"Gasterosteus aculeatus williamsoni","primaryCommonName":"Unarmored Threespine Stickleback","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.100966/Gasterosteus_aculeatus_williamsoni"},{"infraspeciesId":102993,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.102993","formattedScientificName":"<i>Gasterosteus aculeatus santaannae</i>","scientificName":"Gasterosteus aculeatus santaannae","primaryCommonName":"Santa Ana Threespine Stickleback","nsxUrl":null},{"infraspeciesId":820761,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.820761","formattedScientificName":"<i>Gasterosteus aculeatus microcephalus</i>","scientificName":"Gasterosteus aculeatus microcephalus","primaryCommonName":"Threespine Stickleback","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.820761/Gasterosteus_aculeatus_microcephalus"},{"infraspeciesId":958208,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.958208","formattedScientificName":"<i>Gasterosteus aculeatus</i> pop. 2","scientificName":"Gasterosteus aculeatus pop. 2","primaryCommonName":"Little Quarry Lake Benthic Threespine Stickleback","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.958208/Gasterosteus_aculeatus_pop_2"},{"infraspeciesId":958211,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.958211","formattedScientificName":"<i>Gasterosteus aculeatus</i> pop. 3","scientificName":"Gasterosteus aculeatus pop. 3","primaryCommonName":"Little Quarry Lake Limnetic Threespine Stickleback","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.958211/Gasterosteus_aculeatus_pop_3"},{"infraspeciesId":768106,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.768106","formattedScientificName":"<i>Gasterosteus aculeatus</i> pop. 1","scientificName":"Gasterosteus aculeatus pop. 1","primaryCommonName":"Unarmoured Threespine Stickleback","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.768106/Gasterosteus_aculeatus_pop_1"}],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":false,"ebarGlobalScope":false,"ebarKbaGroup":"Fishes","caGeneralStatusId":"GS000597"},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":104745,"reproductionComments":"Spawns in spring and summer. In most populations, most adults are 1-2 years old, do not live beyond 4 years, and presumably die at the end of their first breeding season. Reimchen (1992) described a population in Drizzle Lake, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, in which individuals lived up to 8 years. Male guards eggs and fry. Eggs hatch in about a week. Nest may contain eggs of several females.","ecologyComments":"Forms loose schools except when spawning (Moyle 1976).<br><br>Available density estimates include 7-28 fish/m² in suitable habitat in Wales, 24-63 fish/m² in northwestern England, 2 fish/m² in Kamchatka, Russia, and 4-21 fish/m² in British Columbia (see sources in Wootton and Smith 2000).","habitatComments":"In freshwater areas, this fish typically inhabits quiet weedy pools and backwaters, or occurs among emergent plants at stream edges, over bottoms of sand and mud (Lee et al. 1980, Page and Burr 2011). Marine populations apparently are pelagic, usually staying close to shore. In some lakes, two morphologically and ecologically distinct forms may occur, differing in habitat (one littoral, the other mainly limnetic). Eggs are deposited in freshwater in a nest of plant material made by the male on the bottom in shallow water.","generalDescription":"A small (to 10 cm), laterally compressed, scaleless fish with a very narrow caudal peduncle, 3 (rarely 2 or 4) dorsal spines (the last very short) followed by a soft dorsal fin with 14-16 rays, and large eyes; pelvic fin small, with 1 spine (1 cusp at base) and 1 ray; bony keel along each side of caudal peduncle; 0-30 bony plates on each side (freshwater populations have fewer plates than do marine populations); silver-green to brown above, sides silver, often with dark mottling; large males are black and often have red on fins; breeding males have blue sides, bright red belly and lower sides, and bright blue or green eyes; large females have a pink throat and belly; colors often are subdued in inland populations (Page and Burr 1991, Moyle 1976). <br><br>Bourgeois et al. (1994) found that skeletal reduction in Alaska was related to ion composition of lake water, presence of other fishes, and local gene flow.","diagnosticCharacteristics":"Differs from other sticklebacks in having fewer dorsal spines (usually 3 vs. 4 or more).","speciesMarineHabitats":[{"cagMarineHabId":-100757,"marineHabitat":{"id":3,"marineHabitatDescEn":"Near shore","marineHabitatDescEs":"Cercano a la costa","marineHabitatDescFr":"Côtier","displayOrder":3}}],"speciesTerrestrialHabitats":[],"speciesRiverineHabitats":[{"cagRiverineHabId":-106423,"riverineHabitat":{"id":1,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"BIG RIVER","riverineHabitatDescEs":"RÍO GRANDE","riverineHabitatDescFr":"GRANDE RIVIÈRE","displayOrder":1}},{"cagRiverineHabId":-106424,"riverineHabitat":{"id":2,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"MEDIUM RIVER","riverineHabitatDescEs":"RÍO MEDIANO","riverineHabitatDescFr":"MOYENNE RIVIÈRE","displayOrder":2}},{"cagRiverineHabId":-106425,"riverineHabitat":{"id":3,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"CREEK","riverineHabitatDescEs":"ARROYO","riverineHabitatDescFr":"RUISSEAU","displayOrder":3}},{"cagRiverineHabId":-106426,"riverineHabitat":{"id":7,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"Low gradient","riverineHabitatDescEs":"Pendiente de bajo flujo","riverineHabitatDescFr":"Pente d’écoulement faible","displayOrder":7}}],"speciesPalustrineHabitats":[],"speciesLacustrineHabitats":[{"cagLacusHabId":-101012,"lacustrineHabitat":{"id":2,"lacustrineHabitatDescEn":"Shallow water","lacustrineHabitatDescEs":"Aguas poco profundas","lacustrineHabitatDescFr":"Eau peu profonde","displayOrder":2}}],"speciesSubterraneanHabitats":[],"speciesEstuarineHabitats":[{"cagEstuarineHabId":-101484,"estuarineHabitat":{"id":1,"estuarineHabitatDescEn":"Bay/sound","estuarineHabitatDescEs":"Bahía/Estrecho","estuarineHabitatDescFr":"Baie/détroit","displayOrder":1}},{"cagEstuarineHabId":-101485,"estuarineHabitat":{"id":2,"estuarineHabitatDescEn":"River mouth/tidal river","estuarineHabitatDescEs":"Desembocadura del río/río de marea","estuarineHabitatDescFr":"Embouchure/rivière à marées","displayOrder":2}},{"cagEstuarineHabId":-101486,"estuarineHabitat":{"id":3,"estuarineHabitatDescEn":"Lagoon","estuarineHabitatDescEs":"Laguna","estuarineHabitatDescFr":"Lagune","displayOrder":3}}]},"primaryReference":{"id":1139849,"citation":"Page, L. M., K. E. Bemis, T. E. Dowling, H.S. Espinosa-Pérez, L.T. Findley, C. R. Gilbert, K. E. Hartel, R. N. Lea, N. E. Mandrak, M. A. Neigbors, J. J. Schmitter-Soto, and H. J. Walker, Jr. 2023. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Eighth edition. American Fisheries Society (AFS), Special Publication 37, Bethesda, Maryland, 439 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Page et al.","shortCitationYear":2023,"referenceCode":"B23PAG01NAUS","lastModified":"2024-08-02T21:41:01.515075Z"},"predecessors":[],"elementGlobalThreatAssessments":[{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":23431,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":89,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"No known threats","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"No known threats","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":null,"iucnThreatLevel":null},"iucnThreatScope":null,"iucnThreatSeverity":null,"iucnThreatTiming":null,"threatImpactCalc":null}]}