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In the western North Atlantic, breeds at least from Cape Dorset on southwestern Baffin Island to Massachusetts; occurs along west coast of Greenland as far north as Disko Island and Avanersuaq, along the east coast to Ittoqqortormiit (Teilman and Dietz 1994); small numbers occur, mostly in river mouths, in parts of Hudson Strait, Ungava Bay, and Hudson Bay; small local populations inhabit some rivers and lakes of western Hudson Bay, moving as far as 240 km inland; small population occurs in the Lacs des Loups Marins (Seal Lakes) at the headwaters of the Nastapoka River in northern Quebec; large population breeds on Sable Island, 125 km off Nova Scotia; extirpated from Lake Champlain and Lake Ontario; sometimes ranges as far north as Ellesmere Island and as far south as Florida (Reeves et al. 1992, which see for distribution in eastern North Atlantic.  In the eastern Pacific, breeds from Bahia San Quintin, Baja California, to Aleutian Islands, Pribilof Islands, and Nome, Alaska; in the western Pacific, Commander Islands south to Hokkaido, Japan (Reeves et al. 1992).  In eastern North Atlantic, ranges from Murmansk to the outer Baltic and northern France, United Kingdom south to east Anglia, southern Ireland, Faroes, Spitsbergen, and Iceland (McLaren, in Macdonald 1985).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"Hundreds of haulouts worldwide.","popSizeComments":"Total population probably is at least 500,000. Population in eastern Canada south of Labrador was about 13,000 (and increasing) in the mid-1980s. In 1986, nearly 13,000 were counted at haul-out sites in Maine. Several thousand occur in winter in coastal southern New England. Total population in the North Pacific was estimated at more than 300,000 in 1979, with at least two-thirds of these in Alaska. Post-pupping population in British Columbia was 75,000-88,000 in the late 1980s. California population was estimated at 34,500 in the mid-1990s (NMFS, Federal Gister, 15 March 1996). See Reeves et al. (1992) for information on","viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"Pacific Ocean: Recent precipitous declines in the numbers of harbor seals observed at some traditional haulout areas indicate that a fairly high level of threat exists to the long-term viability of these populations. These declines have been most recently documented in the Bering Sea region, where comparable declines have also been documented for both fur seals and Steller's sea lions (Pitcher 1990, Fowler 1982, 1985, York and Kozloff 1987, Braham et al. 1980, Merrick et al. 1987, Calkins and Goodwin 1988). The causes for these declines are not fully known, but food shortages, disease, and entanglement in marine debris are primary factors currently being investigated (Pitcher 1990).  Large numbers die from entanglement in gill nets in some areas (annually perhaps 5% of the population in California) (Reeves et al. 1992).  In some areas, populations are reduced through government-sponsored culls (Norway) or commercial harvest (Iceland).","shortTermTrendComments":"Declining rapidly in some regions, increasing in others. Despite lack of any significant exploitation, numbers declined by nearly 50% in the Aleutian, Commander, and Pribilof islands during the 1980s. Tugidak Island in the Gulf of Alaska once supported one of the world's largest concentrations of harbor seals (Pitcher 1990). This population consisted of nearly 20,500 animals in the 1960s but declined by about 85% between 1976 and 1988. Similar trends have occurred in other regions of Alaska, as well as in Japan and the Soviet Union where the species is regarded as rare and endangered (Hoover 1988, Burns et al. 1984). <br /><br />Westlake and O'Corry-Crowe (2002) reported that \"A decline in population size in Prince William Sound over the past few decades was accompanied by a discernible reduction in mtDNA diversity, manifested as a loss of rare haplotypes through random drift. A continued population decline will erode genetic diversity further, with potentially adverse effects on evolutionary potential and individual fitness.\"<br /><br />In Greenland, where never abundant, declined approximately 5% annually from the late 1940s to the early 1990s (Teilmann and Dietz 1994).<br /><br />With protection, the British Columbia population grew greatly in the 1970s and 1980s. Has increased substantially over the past 20 years along the west coast of California (NMFS, Federal Register, 15 March 1996).","longTermTrendComments":null,"inventoryNeeds":"1. Continue existing monitoring programs for all traditional haulout regions. 2. Expand monitoring program to the Aleutian Islands.","numberProtEosComments":"Protected by the Marine Mammal Protection Act (1972) in the United States, but effective management plans have not been developed (Hoover 1988). Many haulout areas are protected by their designation as marine sanctuaries and wildlife refuges. Open water hatitat, however, is not protected. Protected in British Columbia by the Canadian Federal Fisheries Act (1970).","protectionNeeds":"1. Minimize all incidental take and disturbance. 2. Eliminate driftnet fisheries that occur in seal feeding and movement areas. 3. Regulate fisheries take of fish resources known to be important to the maintenance of healthy seal populations.","otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":104705,"majorHabitat":{"id":1,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Marine","majorHabitatDescEs":"Marino","majorHabitatDescFr":"Marine"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":true,"longDistanceMigrant":true,"mobilityMigrationComments":"In some areas, makes seasonal migrations of up to at least several hundred kilometers. Many seals that summer in Bay of Fundy and Maine apparently migrate southward to winter in southern New England (Rosenfeld et al. 1988). In southern California, adults remain close to the Channel Islands year-round (Reeves et al. 1992).","foodHabitsComments":"Newly weaned pups eat mainly bottom-dwelling crustaceans. Older individuals feed opportunistically on various fishes and some cephalopods and crustaceans. In southern California, most dives were 17-87 m (sometimes up to several hundred meters).","animalPhenologyComments":"Activity pattern governed by tides and weather. Usually rests on shore or on rocks exposed during low tide.","colonialBreeder":false,"length":170,"width":null,"weight":136000,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":103077,"animalPhenology":{"id":2,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Circadian","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Circadiano","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Circadien","displayOrder":2},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":105674,"foodHabits":{"id":2,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescFr":"Piscivore","displayOrder":2},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":105675,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1608,"locationUseClass":{"id":2,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Breeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"En reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Reproduction","displayOrder":2},"eoSpecGroupName":null,"subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes reliable observation and documentation of nursing females and their dependent young over several years. Breeding occurrences include both the pupping/nursing area and the surrounding waters used as feeding grounds.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Upland areas.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":15.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":15.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Set arbitrarily low to create occurrences that are manageable for conservation purposes. Mean maximum distance between haulout sites for adult PHOCA VITULINA in Alaska was 14.7 kilometers (Small and ver Hoef 2001).","versionDate":"2002-02-04","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:22:47.204141Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":104705,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":"Numbers counted at a particular location may vary greatly over a short time span; caution should be used in interpreting single-count survey data (Matthews and Kelly 1996). Frost et al. (1999) discussed aerial monitoring procedures and population estimation.","managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":"1. Worldwide monitoring of population trends in harbor seals and other sympatric marine mammals. 2. Focused biological research on potential causes of population declines in specific regions. 3. Regional research on global changes and impacts that are in the marine ecosystem, particularly in the Bering Sea. 4. Long-term viability and recovery studies.","additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":106148,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:27:16.932414Z"}],"references":[{"id":1151804,"citation":"American Society of Mammalogists (ASM). 2025. Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.13) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10595931. Online. 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