{"elementGlobalId":104691,"circumscripConfidence":null,"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":11,"iucnDescEn":"Least concern","iucnDescEs":"Menos preocupante","iucnDescFr":"Moins préoccupante","iucnCode":"LC"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":7,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":" Rank calculation - Biotics v2","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by calculator","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Dicamptodon tenebrosus</i>","scientificName":"Dicamptodon tenebrosus","scientificNameAuthor":"Baird and Girard, 1852","primaryCommonName":"Coastal Giant Salamander","relatedItisNames":"<i>Dicamptodon tenebrosus</i> (Baird and Girard, 1852) (TSN 550242)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.104691","elcode":"AAAAH01040","conceptRefFullCitation":"Collins, J. T. 1990. Standard common and current scientific names for North American amphibians and reptiles. 3rd ed. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. Herpetological Circular No. 19. 41 pp.","conceptName":"<i>Dicamptodon tenebrosus</i>","taxonomicComments":null,"roundedGRank":"G5","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2025-03-05","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Gundy, R. L. (2025)","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":167402,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N5","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":267121,"subnation":{"id":7,"nameEn":"California","nameEs":"California","nameFr":"Californie","subnationCode":"CA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNR","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNR","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":267121,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":331859,"subnation":{"id":56,"nameEn":"Washington","nameEs":"Washington","nameFr":"Washington","subnationCode":"WA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":331859,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":280281,"subnation":{"id":44,"nameEn":"Oregon","nameEs":"Oregón","nameFr":"Oregon","subnationCode":"OR","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S4","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S4","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":280281,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":1996,"nrank":"N5","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":167402,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementNationalId":165451,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":38,"nameEn":"Canada","nameEs":"Canadá","nameFr":"Canada","isoCode":"CA","region":"Canada"},"roundedNRank":"N2","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":319855,"subnation":{"id":61,"nameEn":"British Columbia","nameEs":"Columbia Británica","nameFr":"Colombie-Britannique","subnationCode":"BC","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S2","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":319855,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":2024,"nrank":"N2N3","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":165451,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T21:44:32.559092Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.104691/Dicamptodon_tenebrosus","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"2001-10-17","grankReviewDate":"2025-03-12","grankReasons":"This species is widespread and abundant within its limited range in northwestern North America. No major threats or declines are reported.","grank":"G5","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":104691,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":{"id":46,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Unknown","longTermTrendDescEs":"Desconocido","longTermTrendDescFr":"Inconnu"},"numberEos":{"id":14,"numberEosDescEn":"81 to >300","numberEosDescEs":"De 81 a >300","numberEosDescFr":"De 81 à >300"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":20,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Many to very many (41 to >125)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Muchos a muy muchos (41 a >125)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"De plusieurs à beaucoup (de 41 à >125)"},"numberProtEos":{"id":15,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Very many (>40) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Muchas ocurrencias (>40) protegidas y controladas adecuadamente","numberProtEosDescFr":"Beaucoup d’occurrences (>40) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":32,"popSizeDescEn":"10,000 - 1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 10.000 a 1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 10 000 à 1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":33,"rangeExtentDescEn":"200,000-2,500,000 square km (about 80,000-1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"200.000 a 2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 80.000 a 1.000.000 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 200 000 à 2 500 000 km carrés (de 80 000 à 1 000 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":40,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Relatively Stable (<=10% change)","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Relativamente estable (variación = <10%)","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Relativement stable (variation = <10 %)"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":10,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Low","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Bajo","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Faible"},"rangeExtentComments":"This species is found in northwestern North America from extreme southwestern British Columbia (Chilliwack River drainage) south through western Washington and western Oregon to northwestern California (Good 1989, Petranka 1998). Using Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) (2025) records from 2000-2025, range extent is estimated to be 239,261 km² (RARECAT 2024).","areaOfOccupancy":{"id":94,"areaOfOccupancyType":{"id":4,"areaOfOccupancyTypeDescEn":"4-km2 grid cells","areaOfOccupancyTypeDescEs":"Células de la cuadrícula de 4 km2","areaOfOccupancyTypeDescFr":"Cellules de grille de 4 km2"},"areaOfOccupancyDescEn":"501-2,500","areaOfOccupancyDescEs":"De 501 a 2.500","areaOfOccupancyDescFr":"De 501 à 2 500","bioticsKey":41},"areaOfOccupancyComments":"Using GBIF (2025) records from 2000-2025, area of occupancy is estimated to be 5,392 km², or 1,348 grid cells (RARECAT 2024).","numberEosComments":"The population is represented by many and/or large occurrences throughout most of the range.","popSizeComments":"Total adult population size is unknown but exceeds 10,000. Ferguson and Johnston (2000) estimated the Canadian population size to be 22,400 mature individuals.","viabilityComments":"Most occurrences likely have good viability.","threatImpactComments":"No major rangewide threats are known.","shortTermTrendComments":"There are no reports of widespread decline.","longTermTrendComments":null,"inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":"There are many occurrences on conservation lands.","protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":"This specie"},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":104691,"majorHabitat":{"id":2,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Freshwater","majorHabitatDescEs":"Agua dulce","majorHabitatDescFr":"Eau douce"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":true,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Migrates between aquatic breeding and terrestrial nonbreeding habitats.","foodHabitsComments":"Larvae feed on a wide variety of aquatic invertebrates as well as terrestrial invertebrates that fall into the water (Parker 1994) and some small vertebrates (e.g., fishes, tadpoles, other larval salamanders). Adults eat terrestrial invertebrates, also small snakes, shrews, mice, and salamanders, etc.","animalPhenologyComments":"In northern California, larvae were active on the streambed surface at night, inactive and under cover during daylight (Parker 1994).","colonialBreeder":false,"length":30,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":103072,"animalPhenology":{"id":1,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Hibernates/aestivates","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Hibernación/Estivación","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Hiberne/estive","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":103073,"animalPhenology":{"id":2,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Circadian","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Circadiano","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Circadien","displayOrder":2},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":105668,"foodHabits":{"id":1,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Carnivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Carnívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Carnivore","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":105669,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1066,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Dicamptodontid (Pacific Giant) Salamanders","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":0.5,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including larvae or eggs) in or near appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and  breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Heavily traveled road, such that salamanders almost never successfully traverse the road; road with a barrier that is impermeable to salamanders; large impoundment or lake containing predatory fishes; areas of intensive development dominated by buildings and pavement.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":1.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Metamorphosed adults readily traverse natural and seminatural upland habitats during wet weather. McComb et al. (1993) found that adult D. tenebrosus typically are within 50 m of a stream but sometimes range up to 400 m away. Radio-tracked D. tenebrosus traveled up to 305 m from their capture site between July and October (Johnston 1998). Other Dicamptodon (except aquatic D. copei) likely behave similarly. D. copei is very rarely found in the metamorphosed stage and is unlikely to travel more than a few feet from a stream or lake edge (Corkran and Thoms 1996, Nussbaum 1983).<br><br>Ferguson (1998) found that larvae are relatively sedentary, with the majority of individuals moving less than 50 m between July and October. Based on patterns of recolonization of small (25-40 m) zones from which larvae were removed, local reproduction appeared to be a more effective mechanism of repopulating an area than larval immigration (Ferguson 2000). Full population recovery occurred within one year in one of four depopulated sites; data indicated that recolonization of a 400-m-long stream segment, such as might be depopulated as a result of logging, could take 8-55 years based on documented dispersal rates (optimistically assuming no decline in habitat suitability) (Ferguson 2000). However, Ferguson's larval study encompassed only about 15 months whereas the time frame for effective dispersal of these long-lived salamanders should be several years. Also, periodic flooding seemingly would facilitate long-distance dispersal of larvae, and adult movements (which might encompass several hundred meters annually) likely promote siginificant upstream dispersal.<br><br>Although dispersal appears to be somewhat slow, it is likely that occupied sites within several kilometers of each other and joined by suitable habitat are part of the same population.","versionDate":"2004-09-21","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:10:42.665633Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":104691,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":106134,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:27:14.979249Z"}],"references":[{"id":135656,"citation":"Anderson, J.D. 1968. Dicamptodon, D. ensatus. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles. 76:1-2.","shortCitationAuthor":"Anderson","shortCitationYear":1968,"referenceCode":"A68AND03NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:21:30.202956Z"},{"id":137372,"citation":"Behler, J. L., and F. W. King. 1979. The Audubon Society field guide to North American reptiles and amphibians. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. 719 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Behler and King","shortCitationYear":1979,"referenceCode":"B79BEH01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:24.173666Z"},{"id":112779,"citation":"Blackburn, L., P. Nanjappa, and M. J. Lannoo. 2001. An Atlas of the Distribution of U.S. Amphibians. Copyright, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, USA.","shortCitationAuthor":"Blackburn et al.","shortCitationYear":2001,"referenceCode":"B01BLA01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:24.173666Z"},{"id":137880,"citation":"Collins, J. T. 1990. Standard common and current scientific names for North American amphibians and reptiles. 3rd ed. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. Herpetological Circular No. 19. 41 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Collins","shortCitationYear":1990,"referenceCode":"B90COL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:15.579798Z"},{"id":943912,"citation":"Crother, B. I. (editor). 2017. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. 8th edition. SSAR Herpetological Circular 43:1-104. [Updates in SSAR North American Species Names Database at: https://ssarherps.org/cndb]","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother","shortCitationYear":2017,"referenceCode":"B17CRO01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:53.413199Z"},{"id":150513,"citation":"Daugherty, C.H., F.W. Allendorf, W.W. Dunlap and K.L. Knudsen. 1983. Systematic implications of geographic patterns of genetic variation in the genus <i>Dicamptodon</i>. Copeia 1983:679-691.","shortCitationAuthor":"Daugherty et al.","shortCitationYear":1983,"referenceCode":"A83DAU01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:21:30.202956Z"},{"id":463259,"citation":"Feral, D., M. A. Camann, and H. H. Welsh, Jr. 2005. <i>Dicamptodon tenebrosus</i> larvae within hyporheic zones of intermittent streams in California. Herpetological Review 36:26-27.","shortCitationAuthor":"Feral et al.","shortCitationYear":2005,"referenceCode":"A05FER01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:23:11.048214Z"},{"id":133397,"citation":"Ferguson, H. M. 1998. Demography, dispersal and colonisation of larvae of Pacific giant salamanders (Dicamptodon tenebrosus) at the northern extent of their range. M.Sc. thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ferguson","shortCitationYear":1998,"referenceCode":"U98FER01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:23:11.048214Z"},{"id":129891,"citation":"Ferguson, H. M. 2000. Larval colonisation and recruitment in the Pacific giant salamander (Dicamptodon tenebrosus) in British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Zoology 78:1238-1242.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ferguson","shortCitationYear":2000,"referenceCode":"A00FER01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:23:11.048214Z"},{"id":1054360,"citation":"Frost, D.R. 2020. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. Online: http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.html","shortCitationAuthor":"Frost","shortCitationYear":2020,"referenceCode":"W20FRO02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T19:41:47.447453Z"},{"id":134657,"citation":"Good, D. A. 1989. Hybridization and cryptic species in <i>Dicamptodon </i>(Caudata: Dicamptodontidae). Evolution 43:728-744.","shortCitationAuthor":"Good","shortCitationYear":1989,"referenceCode":"A89GOO01NAUS","lastModified":"2022-09-02T02:11:20.855995Z"},{"id":108919,"citation":"Johnston, B. 1998. Terrestrial Pacific giant salamanders (Dicamptodon tenebrosus): natural history and their response to forest practices. M.Sc. thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver.","shortCitationAuthor":"Johnston","shortCitationYear":1998,"referenceCode":"U98JOH01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:23:11.048214Z"},{"id":113915,"citation":"Jones, L. L. C., R. B. Bury, and P. S. Corn. 1990. Field observation of the development of a clutch of Pacific giant salamander (DICAMPTODON TENEBROSUS) eggs. Northwestern Naturalist 71:93-94.","shortCitationAuthor":"Jones et al.","shortCitationYear":1990,"referenceCode":"A90JON05NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:23:11.048214Z"},{"id":509293,"citation":"Jones, L.L.C., W. P. Leonard, and D. H. Olson, editors. 2005. Amphibians of the Pacific Northwest. 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Scientific and Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North America North of Mexico, with Comments Regarding Confidence in Our Understanding. Ninth Edition. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. 87 pp. Online database available at: https://cnah.org/SSARnames.aspx","shortCitationAuthor":"Nicholson","shortCitationYear":2025,"referenceCode":"B25NIC01NAUS","lastModified":"2026-06-06T01:36:32.018241Z"},{"id":148445,"citation":"Nussbaum, R.A. 1969. Nests and eggs of the Pacific giant salamander, Dicamptodon ensatus (Escholtz). Herpetologica 25(4):257-262.","shortCitationAuthor":"Nussbaum","shortCitationYear":1969,"referenceCode":"A69NUS01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:21:30.218577Z"},{"id":114374,"citation":"Nussbaum, R.A. 1976. Geographic variation and systematics of salamanders of the genus Dicamptodon Strauch (Ambysomatidae). Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. 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Ecological Applications 8:1118-1132.","shortCitationAuthor":"Welsh and Ollivier","shortCitationYear":1998,"referenceCode":"A98WEL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:23:03.532516Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[{"id":136028,"name":"Coastal Giant Salamander","language":"EN"},{"id":136027,"name":"Grande salamandre","language":"FR"},{"id":205737,"name":"Pacific Giant Salamander","language":"EN"}],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":104691,"cites":null,"cosewic":{"id":4,"cosewicDescEn":"Threatened","cosewicDescEs":"Amenazado","cosewicDescFr":"Menacée","cosewicCode":"T"},"fwsRegion":null,"genusSize":{"id":2,"genusSizeDescEn":"Very small genus","genusSizeDescEs":"Un género muy pequeño","genusSizeDescFr":"Très petit genre"},"jurisEndem":{"id":5,"jurisEndemDescEn":"occurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations","jurisEndemDescEs":"Se encuentra en varias naciones (de manera regular, como un taxón nativo)","jurisEndemDescFr":"Se trouve dans plusieurs nations (de façon régulière, tel un taxon indigène)"},"nomenclaturallyEst":null,"usesa":null,"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":3,"level1":"Animals","level2":"Vertebrates","level3":"Amphibians","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":2,"distributionStatus":"complete","displayOrder":1060},"parentSpecies":null,"infraspecies":false,"kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Craniata","taxclass":"Amphibia","taxorder":"Caudata","family":"Dicamptodontidae","genus":"Dicamptodon","americanFisheriesStatus":null,"americanFisheriesStatusDate":null,"saraStatus":"Threatened/Menacée","saraStatusDate":"2003-06-05","cosewicDate":"2014-05-02","interpretedCosewic":null,"cosewicComments":"Reason for designation: The Canadian distribution of this salamander is restricted to the Chilliwack drainage system in southwestern British Columbia, where it occurs mainly in cool, clear mountain streams and surrounding riparian forest. Major threats include habitat loss, degradation and fragmentation due to forest harvest, road building, and encroaching residential development. These threats may be exacerbated by droughts and flooding events that are predicted to increase with climate change. Poor dispersal ability, low reproductive rate, late maturity, and long generation time increase the vulnerability of the species.<br/><br/>Status history: Designated Special Concern in April 1989. Status re-examined and designated Threatened in November 2000 and May 2014.","usesaDate":null,"interpretedUsesa":null,"usesaComments":null,"completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[],"infraspeciesList":[],"ebarId":"EBAR104691","ebarCanadianScope":true,"ebarGlobalScope":false,"ebarKbaGroup":"Amphibians and Reptiles","caGeneralStatusId":"GS000757"},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":104691,"reproductionComments":"Breeds in both spring and fall. Lays clutch of 100-200 eggs in spring. Female attends eggs until hatching. At an elevation of 275 m in Oregon, a clutch with limb-bud-stage embryos was found in mid-July; hatching occurred by mid-September (Jones et al. 1990). Larvae metamorphose usually in 18-24 months, but sometimes they become sexually mature in the larval stage (Nussbaum et al. 1983, Stebbins 1985).","ecologyComments":null,"habitatComments":"Larvae and paedomorphic adults usually inhabit clear, cool or cold, well-oxygenated streams and often take cover under stones (Parker 1991); aquatic stages also occur in some mountain lakes and ponds. Larvae may occupy wet sub-benthic habitat (interstitial spaces among substrate particles) of intermittent streams when water is not flowing on the surface (Feral et al. 2005). Metamorphosed adults are found in humid forests under rocks and logs, etc., near mountain streams or rocky shores of mountain lakes (Stebbins 1985). <br /><br />Eggs are attached to logs or rocks in creeks (Nussbaum and Clothier 1973, Jones et al. 1990).","generalDescription":null,"diagnosticCharacteristics":null,"speciesMarineHabitats":[],"speciesTerrestrialHabitats":[{"cagTerrHabId":-111221,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":2,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Forest - Conifer","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Bosque - Conífera","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Forêt — Résineux","displayOrder":3}},{"cagTerrHabId":-111222,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":3,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Forest - Mixed","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Bosque - Mixto","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Forêt — Mixte","displayOrder":4}}],"speciesRiverineHabitats":[{"cagRiverineHabId":-106341,"riverineHabitat":{"id":2,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"MEDIUM RIVER","riverineHabitatDescEs":"RÍO MEDIANO","riverineHabitatDescFr":"MOYENNE RIVIÈRE","displayOrder":2}},{"cagRiverineHabId":-106342,"riverineHabitat":{"id":3,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"CREEK","riverineHabitatDescEs":"ARROYO","riverineHabitatDescFr":"RUISSEAU","displayOrder":3}},{"cagRiverineHabId":-106343,"riverineHabitat":{"id":4,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"SPRING/SPRING BROOK","riverineHabitatDescEs":"MANANTIAL/VERTIENTE","riverineHabitatDescFr":"PRINTEMPS/RUISSEAUX PRINTANIERS","displayOrder":4}},{"cagRiverineHabId":-106344,"riverineHabitat":{"id":9,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"Pool","riverineHabitatDescEs":"Piscina","riverineHabitatDescFr":"Fosse","displayOrder":9}}],"speciesPalustrineHabitats":[],"speciesLacustrineHabitats":[{"cagLacusHabId":-100993,"lacustrineHabitat":{"id":2,"lacustrineHabitatDescEn":"Shallow water","lacustrineHabitatDescEs":"Aguas poco profundas","lacustrineHabitatDescFr":"Eau peu profonde","displayOrder":2}}],"speciesSubterraneanHabitats":[],"speciesEstuarineHabitats":[]},"primaryReference":{"id":1153425,"citation":"Nicholson, K. E. (ed.). 2025. Scientific and Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North America North of Mexico, with Comments Regarding Confidence in Our Understanding. Ninth Edition. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. 87 pp. Online database available at: https://cnah.org/SSARnames.aspx","shortCitationAuthor":"Nicholson","shortCitationYear":2025,"referenceCode":"B25NIC01NAUS","lastModified":"2026-06-06T01:36:32.018241Z"},"predecessors":[],"elementGlobalThreatAssessments":[{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":67536,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":89,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"No known threats","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"No known threats","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":null,"iucnThreatLevel":null},"iucnThreatScope":null,"iucnThreatSeverity":null,"iucnThreatTiming":null,"threatImpactCalc":null}]}