{"elementGlobalId":104649,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":2,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"2 - Moderate","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"2 - Moderado","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"2 – Modérée"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":11,"iucnDescEn":"Least concern","iucnDescEs":"Menos preocupante","iucnDescFr":"Moins préoccupante","iucnCode":"LC"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":7,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":" Rank calculation - Biotics v2","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by calculator","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Rhyacotriton variegatus</i>","scientificName":"Rhyacotriton variegatus","scientificNameAuthor":"Stebbins and Lowe, 1951","primaryCommonName":"Southern Torrent Salamander","relatedItisNames":"<i>Rhyacotriton variegatus</i> Stebbins and Lowe, 1951 (TSN 550252)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.104649","elcode":"AAAAJ01020","conceptRefFullCitation":"Good, D. A., and D. B. Wake. 1992. Geographic variation and speciation in the torrent salamanders of the genus <i>Rhyacotriton </i> (Caudata: Rhyacotritonidae). <span><span><span>University of California Publications in Zoology </span></span></span>126:i-xii, 1-91.","conceptName":"<i>Rhyacotriton variegatus</i>","taxonomicComments":"Split from <i>R. olympicus</i> by Good and Wake (1992).<br/><br/>Good and Wake (1992) removed <i>Rhyacotriton</i> from the family Dicamptodontidae and established it as the sole member of the family Rhyacotritonidae.","roundedGRank":"G3","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2022-09-21","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Gaines, E. (2022)","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":164280,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N3","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":293457,"subnation":{"id":44,"nameEn":"Oregon","nameEs":"Oregón","nameFr":"Oregon","subnationCode":"OR","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3?","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":293457,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":339484,"subnation":{"id":7,"nameEn":"California","nameEs":"California","nameFr":"Californie","subnationCode":"CA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S2","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":339484,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":2003,"nrank":"N3N4","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":164280,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T21:44:31.577086Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.104649/Rhyacotriton_variegatus","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"2022-09-21","grankReviewDate":"2022-09-21","grankReasons":"This species has a small range in western Oregon and northern California. It still occurs throughout its historical range and is common in places, but logging and associated sedimentation and increased water temperatures have led to some localized extirpations and reductions in abundance. Threats from logging are likely decreasing, but the species faces new threats from climate change and marijuana cultivation. Furthermore, it has narrow habitat requirements and with low reproductive rates and dispersal abilities it is slow to colonize new areas. Information on population size and trends is limited.","grank":"G3?","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":104649,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":{"id":2,"enviromentalSpecificityDescEn":"Very narrow to narrow.","enviromentalSpecificityDescEs":"Muy estrecho a estrecho.","enviromentalSpecificityDescFr":"De très étroit à étroit."},"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":1,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Highly vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"Altamente vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"Très vulnérable"},"longTermTrend":{"id":32,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 10-50%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 10 al 50%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 10 à 50 %"},"numberEos":{"id":13,"numberEosDescEn":"81 - 300","numberEosDescEs":"De 81 a 300","numberEosDescFr":"De 81 à 300"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":17,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Some to many (13-125)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Algunos a muchos (13-125)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"De quelques-uns à plusieurs (de 13 à 125)"},"numberProtEos":null,"popSize":{"id":37,"popSizeDescEn":"Unknown","popSizeDescEs":"Desconocido","popSizeDescFr":"Inconnu"},"rangeExtent":{"id":30,"rangeExtentDescEn":"20,000-200,000 square km (about 8000-80,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"De 20.000 a 200.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 8.000 a 80.000.000 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 20 000 à 200 000 km carrés (de 8 000 à 80 000 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":40,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Relatively Stable (<=10% change)","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Relativamente estable (variación = <10%)","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Relativement stable (variation = <10 %)"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":2,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Very high - high","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Muy alto - alto","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Très élevé — élevé"},"rangeExtentComments":"The southern torrent salamander occurs from southern Mendocino County, California, USA, near Port Arena, through the Coast Ranges to the Little Nestucca River and the Grande Ronde Valley in Polk, Tillamook, and Yamhill counties, Oregon, where the range abuts that of <i>R. kezeri</i> (Emel et al. 2019, Halstead et al. 2020, iNaturalist 2022, ORBIC 2022). It also occurs along the West Slope of the Cascades as far north as the Middle Fork of the Willamette River east of Eugene (Wagner 2001, ORBIC 2022). It is known from Mendocino, Siskiyou, Humboldt and Del Norte Counties in California, and Benton, Coos, Curry, Douglas, Josephine, Lane, Lincoln, Polk, Tillamook, and Yamhill Counties in Oregon. It is patchily distributed in headwaters and low order tributaries (Welsh and Lind 1996).","areaOfOccupancy":{"id":90,"areaOfOccupancyType":{"id":4,"areaOfOccupancyTypeDescEn":"4-km2 grid cells","areaOfOccupancyTypeDescEs":"Células de la cuadrícula de 4 km2","areaOfOccupancyTypeDescFr":"Cellules de grille de 4 km2"},"areaOfOccupancyDescEn":"126-500","areaOfOccupancyDescEs":"De 126 a 500","areaOfOccupancyDescFr":"De 126 à 500","bioticsKey":37},"areaOfOccupancyComments":"Known records for this species intersect with 238 4 km² grid cells in Oregon (ORBIC 2022). There are over 200 research grade records for this species from California (iNaturalist 2022).","numberEosComments":"The species was present at 80.3% of randomly selected headwater streams in one study in coastal northern California (Diller and Wallace 1996). Although Oregon does not currently track element occurrences for this species, there are over 200 known observation records in the state that would distill to approximately 80 element occurrences. Approximately 25% of these observations are post-2000 (ORBIC 2022).","popSizeComments":"Population estimates are not available. In coastal northern California, Diller and Wallace (1996) found 1475 individuals across 220 streams over 5 years. Olson and Weaver (2007) noted that the species was not rare in western Oregon headwater stream reaches.","viabilityComments":"The US Fish and Wildlife Service (2000) estimated that 41% of the southern torrent salamander's range fell within federally managed lands. Management for Northern Spotted Owls (<i>Strix occidentalis caurinus</i>) likely benefits southern torrent salamanders to some extent (USFWS 2000). Habitat in the northern end of the species range is more fragmented than that to the south (Emel et al. 2019).","threatImpactComments":"The southern torrent salamander is extremely sensitive to temperature increases and increased siltation that can be caused by timber harvest, road construction and maintenance (Welsh and Oliver 1998, Ashton et al. 2006, Bury 2008, Welsh and Hodgson 2008, Bury 2015, Welsh et al. 2019). Timber harvest is associated with increased sedimentation, habitat fragmentation, and water temperature, and leads to reduced relative abundance of this species (Ashton et al. 2006, Bury 2008, Emel et al. 2019, Welsh et al. 2019). Clear cutting can lead to water temperatures that are above the lethal limits for this species (Bury 2008). Forest fertilizers can be lethal to this species (Marco et al. 2001). Roads, including those associated with timber harvest, increase siltation and present an impassable barrier, limiting dispersal, fragmenting populations and increasing genetic isolation (Wagner 2001, Emel et al. 2019). They can also negatively impact the species by increasing sedimentation. However, the species can persist in some areas after timber harvest, and management for the Northern Spotted Owl (<i>Strix occidentalis caurina)</i> and Marbled Murrelet (<i>Brachyramphus marmoratus</i>) likely benefits this species (Diller and Wallace 1996, USFWS 2000).<br/><br/>Because of limited dispersal abilities and long generation times, populations are vulnerable to fragmentation and genetic isolation; roads and non-forest habitat are impassable (Diller and Wallace 1996, Emel et al. 2019). Drought, flow modification, and water diversion associated with climate change or marijuana cultivation can render sites unsuitable (Bauer et al. 2015, Bury 2015). Water diversion for marijuana cultivation reduces habitat, alters headwater stream flow, and exacerbates effects of climate change (Bauer et al. 2015). Increased temperatures associated with climate change are likely to result in a decrease in the amount of suitable habitat and a reduced range for this species (Bury 2015).","shortTermTrendComments":"Short term population trends have not been documented but is assumed to be fairly stable. The trend of habitat loss is lessening across much of the range with a reduction in clearcutting and with some increased awareness and protection of headwater habitats (USFWS 2000). In 2007, Olson and Weaver reported the species was not rare in western Oregon headwater stream reaches. However, this species is extremely sensitive to hydrologic changes associated with climate change (Bury 2015).","longTermTrendComments":"Still present throughout historical range, but localized extirpations and reductions in abundance are evident, due to past forest management activities (USFWS 2000, Stebbins 2003). Habitat has declined but to an unknown degree. Recent estimates place the amount of remaining coastal old-growth redwood forest in California, which comprises a significant portion of California coastal old-growth forest, at 12% (see Jennings and Hayes 1994).","inventoryNeeds":"Estimate population numbers at known localities and monitor populations to determine status and trends.","numberProtEosComments":"See USFWS (2000) for information on federal and state regulations that provide protection for torrent salamander habitat.","protectionNeeds":"Promote timber harvest regulations that protect headwater streams. See Thomas et al. (1993).","otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":"This species has a very low maximum thermal tolerance (Bury 2008, Bury 2015), low fecundity, long generation time (Tait and Diller 2006), and limited dispersal ability (Diller and Wallace 1996, Emel et al. 2019). It has the lowest desiccation tolerance of any North American salamander (Ray 1958).","enviromentalSpecificityComments":"Southern torrent salamanders require cool, highly oxygenated, high gradient forested headwater streams, seeps, and springs (Diller and Wallace 1996, Welsh and Hodgson 2008)."},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":104649,"majorHabitat":{"id":2,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Freshwater","majorHabitatDescEs":"Agua dulce","majorHabitatDescFr":"Eau douce"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":null,"foodHabitsComments":"Opportunistic. Larvae feed on aquatic invertebrates such as flatworms, annelids, snails, arachnids, crustaceans, and insects. Adults eat aquatic/semi-aquatic invertebrates, including beetles, stoneflies, snails, flies, amphipods, etc. (Nussbaum et al. 1983).","animalPhenologyComments":null,"colonialBreeder":false,"length":12,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":105627,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1180,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Rhyacotritonid (Torrent) Salamanders","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":0.1,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including larvae or eggs) in or near appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"More than 50 m of upland habitat; warm or slow low-gradient stream; impoundment or lake.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":1.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":3.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Torrent salamanders are virtually restricted to cold, high-gradient headwaters and their margins, and only rarely do they venture as far as 50 m from water (Good and Wake 1992). Within-stream movements generally appear to be limited to stream segments of less than 25 m (Petranka 1998). Larvae likely disperse farther than this, but supporting data are lacking.<br/><br/>Welsh and Lind (1992) estimated that <i>R. variegatus </i>larvae moved a mean distance of 0.006 m per month (SD=0.008), and adults 0.003 m per month (SD=0.003). Nijhuis and Kaplan (1998) found that <i>R. cascadae</i> moved a mean distance of about 0.359 m per day (SE=0.076). They attributed the difference in distance primarily to their larger sample size. Nussbaum and Tate (1977) found that out of 191 recaptures of different individuals, 70 percent moved less than 2 m, and the greatest known distance moved over one summer was 22 m. Movements as great as 50 m have been observed in wet coastal Douglas-fir habitat, but are an exception (Good and Wake 1992). However, these long distance movements can only occur in very moist habitats as <i>Rhyacotriton</i> are desiccation intolerant (Jennings and Hayes 1995).<br/><br/>Separation distance for unsuitable habitat reflects the usual minimum value for sedentary organisms. Despite information indicating limited movements in suitable habitat, dispersal behavior is poorly known, and it seems unlikely that locations separated by a gap of less than a few kilometers of suitable habitat would represent independent occurrences over the long term.","versionDate":"2004-09-10","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G., K. J. Popper, and L. Hallock","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2023-02-03T23:45:17.477423Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":104649,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":"Refine understanding of habitat requirements and movement ecology (Jennings and Hayes 1994).","additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":106095,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:27:09.197969Z"}],"references":[{"id":116137,"citation":"Anderson, J.D. 1968. Rhyacotriton, R. olympicus. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles. 68:1-2.","shortCitationAuthor":"Anderson","shortCitationYear":1968,"referenceCode":"A68AND01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:19:00.091507Z"},{"id":137372,"citation":"Behler, J. L., and F. W. King. 1979. The Audubon Society field guide to North American reptiles and amphibians. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. 719 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Behler and King","shortCitationYear":1979,"referenceCode":"B79BEH01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:24.173666Z"},{"id":112779,"citation":"Blackburn, L., P. Nanjappa, and M. J. Lannoo. 2001. An Atlas of the Distribution of U.S. Amphibians. Copyright, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, USA.","shortCitationAuthor":"Blackburn et al.","shortCitationYear":2001,"referenceCode":"B01BLA01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:24.173666Z"},{"id":763168,"citation":"Brodie, J. B. 1995. Status review of the Southern Torrent Salamander in California. Report to the Fish and Game Commission. California Dept. of Fish and Game. 23 pp. plus appendices.","shortCitationAuthor":"Brodie","shortCitationYear":1995,"referenceCode":"N95BRO61HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:19:00.091507Z"},{"id":138397,"citation":"Bury, R. B., and P. S. Corn. 1988a. Responses of aquatic and streamside amphibians to timber harvest: a review. Pages 165-181 in Raedaeke, K., editor. Streamside management: riparian wildlife and forestry interactions. Univ. Washington.","shortCitationAuthor":"Bury and Corn","shortCitationYear":1988,"referenceCode":"A88BUR07NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:10.556281Z"},{"id":154847,"citation":"Corn, P. S., and R. B. Bury. 1989. Logging in western Oregon: responses of headwater habitats and stream amphibians. Forest Ecology and Management 29:39-57.","shortCitationAuthor":"Corn and Bury","shortCitationYear":1989,"referenceCode":"A89COR01NAUS","lastModified":"2022-11-04T00:14:41.866771Z"},{"id":943912,"citation":"Crother, B. I. (editor). 2017. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. 8th edition. SSAR Herpetological Circular 43:1-104. [Updates in SSAR North American Species Names Database at: https://ssarherps.org/cndb]","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother","shortCitationYear":2017,"referenceCode":"B17CRO01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:53.413199Z"},{"id":129731,"citation":"Diller, L. V., and R. L. Wallace. 1996. Distribution and habitat of <i>Rhyacotriton variegatus</i> in managed, young growth forests in north coastal California. Journal of Herpetology 30:184-191.","shortCitationAuthor":"Diller and Wallace","shortCitationYear":1996,"referenceCode":"A96DIL01NAUS","lastModified":"2022-09-02T02:17:00.946451Z"},{"id":1054360,"citation":"Frost, D.R. 2020. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. Online: http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.html","shortCitationAuthor":"Frost","shortCitationYear":2020,"referenceCode":"W20FRO02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T19:41:47.447453Z"},{"id":122822,"citation":"Gaines, E. Zoology Data Manager, Oregon Natural Heritage Program, Oregon Field Office, Portland, Oregon. Pers. comm.","shortCitationAuthor":"Gaines","shortCitationYear":null,"referenceCode":"PNDGAI01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:17.038357Z"},{"id":140276,"citation":"Good, D. A., and D. B. Wake. 1992. Geographic variation and speciation in the torrent salamanders of the genus <i>Rhyacotriton </i> (Caudata: Rhyacotritonidae). <span><span><span>University of California Publications in Zoology </span></span></span>126:i-xii, 1-91.","shortCitationAuthor":"Good and Wake","shortCitationYear":1992,"referenceCode":"B92GOO01NAUS","lastModified":"2023-06-30T22:11:55.39069Z"},{"id":462837,"citation":"Good, D.A. and Wake, D.B. 1992. Geographic variation and speciation in the torrent salamanders of the genus Rhyacotriton (Caudata: Rhyacotritonidae). University of California Publications in Zoology. 126:i-xii:1-91.","shortCitationAuthor":"Good and Wake","shortCitationYear":1992,"referenceCode":"A92GOO0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:20:35.264722Z"},{"id":108817,"citation":"Good, D. A., G. Z. Wurst, and D. B. Wake. 1987. Patterns of geographic variation in allozymes of the Olympic salamander, <i> Rhyacotriton olympicus </i>(Caudata: Dicamptodontidae). Fieldiana Zoolgy No. 32 (1374). 15 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Good et al.","shortCitationYear":1987,"referenceCode":"A87GOO02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:10.570394Z"},{"id":126864,"citation":"Highton, R. 2000. Detecting cryptic species using allozyme data. Pages 215-241 in R. C. Bruce, R. G. Jaeger, and L. D. Houck, editors. The biology of plethodontid salamanders. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York. xiii + 485 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Highton","shortCitationYear":2000,"referenceCode":"A00HIG02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:18:19.825156Z"},{"id":110851,"citation":"Jennings, M. R., and M. P. Hayes. 1994. Amphibian and reptile species of special concern in California. Final Report submitted to the California Department of Fish and Game, Inland Fisheries Division. Contract No. 8023. 255 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Jennings and Hayes","shortCitationYear":1994,"referenceCode":"R94JEN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.08501Z"},{"id":1153425,"citation":"Nicholson, K. E. (ed.). 2025. Scientific and Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North America North of Mexico, with Comments Regarding Confidence in Our Understanding. Ninth Edition. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. 87 pp. Online database available at: https://cnah.org/SSARnames.aspx","shortCitationAuthor":"Nicholson","shortCitationYear":2025,"referenceCode":"B25NIC01NAUS","lastModified":"2026-06-06T01:36:32.018241Z"},{"id":131533,"citation":"Nijhuis, M. J., and R. H. Kaplan. 1998. Movement patterns and life history characteristics in a population of the cascade torrent salamander (<i>Rhyacotriton cascadae</i>) in the Columbia River gorge, Oregon. Journal of Herpetology 32:301-304.","shortCitationAuthor":"Nijhuis and Kaplan","shortCitationYear":1998,"referenceCode":"A98NIJ01NAUS","lastModified":"2022-09-02T02:17:00.946451Z"},{"id":112002,"citation":"Nussbaum, R. A. 1969. A nest site of the Olympic salamander, RHYACOTRITON OLYMPICUS (Gaige). Herpetologica 25:277-278.","shortCitationAuthor":"Nussbaum","shortCitationYear":1969,"referenceCode":"A69NUS02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:23:03.532516Z"},{"id":128656,"citation":"Nussbaum, R. A., and C. K. Tait. 1977. Aspects of the life history and ecology of the Olympic salamander, Rhyacoitriton olympicus (Gaige). American Midland Naturalist 98(1):176-199.","shortCitationAuthor":"Nussbaum and Tait","shortCitationYear":1977,"referenceCode":"A77NUS01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:19:00.091507Z"},{"id":129828,"citation":"Nussbaum, R.A., E.D. Brodie, Jr., and R.M. Storm. 1983. Amphibians and Reptiles of the Pacific Northwest. University Press of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho. 332 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Nussbaum et al.","shortCitationYear":1983,"referenceCode":"B83NUS01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:10.866443Z"},{"id":144435,"citation":"Stebbins, R. C. 1985a. A field guide to western reptiles and amphibians. Second edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts. xiv + 336 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Stebbins","shortCitationYear":1985,"referenceCode":"B85STE01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.08501Z"},{"id":462014,"citation":"Thomas, J. W., Ward, J., Raphael, M.G., Anthony, R.G., Forsman, E.D., Gunderson, A.G., Holthausen, R.S., Marcot, B.G., Reeves, G.H., Sedell, J.R. and Solis, D.M. 1993. Viability assessments and management considerations for species associated with late-successional and old-growth forests of the Pacific Northwest. The report of the Scientific Analysis Team. USDA Forest Service, Spotted Owl EIS Team. 530 pp. Portland, Oregon.","shortCitationAuthor":"Thomas et al.","shortCitationYear":1993,"referenceCode":"G93THO0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:20:35.264722Z"},{"id":120880,"citation":"Thomas, J. W., Ward, J., Raphael, M.G., Anthony, R.G., Forsman, E.D., Gunderson, A.G., Holthausen, R.S., Marcot, B.G., Reeves, G.H., Sedell, J.R. and Solis, D.M.  1993. Viability assessments and management considerations for species associated with late-successional and old-growth forests of the Pacific Northwest. The report of the Scientific Analysis Team. USDA Forest Service, Spotted Owl EIS Team, Portland Oregon. 530 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Thomas et al.","shortCitationYear":1993,"referenceCode":"B93THO01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T16:38:50.828831Z"},{"id":108233,"citation":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 6 June 2000. 12-month finding for a petition to list the southern torrent salamander in California as endangered or threatened. Federal Register 65(109):35951-35956.","shortCitationAuthor":"USFWS","shortCitationYear":2000,"referenceCode":"A00FWS11NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:23:03.532516Z"},{"id":765355,"citation":"Welsh, H. H., and A. J. Lind. 1992. Population ecology of two relictual salamanders from the Klamath Mountains of Northwestern California. Pp. 419-437 in McCullough D. R. and Barrett, R. H. 1992, Wildlife 2001: Populations. Elsevier Applied Science, London.","shortCitationAuthor":"Welsh and Lind","shortCitationYear":1992,"referenceCode":"A92WEL61HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:15:19.884859Z"},{"id":104363,"citation":"Welsh, H. H., Jr. 1990. Relictual amphibians and old-growth forests. Conservation Biology 4:309-19.","shortCitationAuthor":"Welsh","shortCitationYear":1990,"referenceCode":"A90WEL02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:10.556281Z"},{"id":104537,"citation":"Welsh, H. H., Jr., and A. J. Lind. 1996. Habitat correlates of the southern torrent salamander, <i>Rhyacotriton variegatus </i>(Caudata: Rhyacotritonidae), in northwestern California. Journal of Herpetology 30:385-398.","shortCitationAuthor":"Welsh et al.","shortCitationYear":1996,"referenceCode":"A96WEL01NAUS","lastModified":"2022-09-02T02:17:00.946451Z"},{"id":215441,"citation":"Welsh, H. H., Jr., and L. M. Ollivier. 1998. Stream amphibians as indicators of ecosystem stress: a case study from California's redwoods. Ecological Applications 8:1118-1132.","shortCitationAuthor":"Welsh and Ollivier","shortCitationYear":1998,"referenceCode":"A98WEL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:23:03.532516Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":104649,"cites":null,"cosewic":null,"fwsRegion":null,"genusSize":{"id":2,"genusSizeDescEn":"Very small genus","genusSizeDescEs":"Un género muy pequeño","genusSizeDescFr":"Très petit genre"},"jurisEndem":{"id":3,"jurisEndemDescEn":"endemic to a single nation","jurisEndemDescEs":"Endémico de una nación","jurisEndemDescFr":"Endémique à une nation"},"nomenclaturallyEst":null,"usesa":null,"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":3,"level1":"Animals","level2":"Vertebrates","level3":"Amphibians","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":2,"distributionStatus":"complete","displayOrder":1060},"parentSpecies":null,"infraspecies":false,"kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Craniata","taxclass":"Amphibia","taxorder":"Caudata","family":"Rhyacotritonidae","genus":"Rhyacotriton","americanFisheriesStatus":null,"americanFisheriesStatusDate":null,"saraStatus":null,"saraStatusDate":null,"cosewicDate":null,"interpretedCosewic":null,"cosewicComments":null,"usesaDate":null,"interpretedUsesa":null,"usesaComments":"In mid-1995, USFWS determined that listing may be warranted; a status review was initiated (Federal Register, 29 June 1995). USFWS (2000) concluded that listing was not warranted at that time.","completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[],"infraspeciesList":[],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":false,"ebarGlobalScope":false,"ebarKbaGroup":"Amphibians and Reptiles","caGeneralStatusId":null},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":104649,"reproductionComments":"Breeds mostly in spring and early summer in Oregon, also in fall and winter (Stebbins 1985). Mean clutch size (based on yolked ovarian follicles) = 8-10 (Good and Wake 1992). Larval period lasts 3 to 3.5 years in coastal populations in southwestern Oregon (Nussbaum and Tait 1977); also reported as 4-5 years (see 1995 Herpetol. Rev. 26:172). Sexually mature 1.0-1.5 years after metamorphosis (Behler and King 1979; Nussbaum et al. 1983). Probably a communal nester (Nussbaum).","ecologyComments":"Adults are very sensitive to desiccation (Ray 1958).<br/>Density generally is not more than about 5-6 per sq m, but sometimes up to about 30-40 per sq m (see Diller and Wallace 1996).","habitatComments":"The southern torrent salamander is a headwater specialist, found in coniferous forests in small, cold (< 16°C), clear, high-gradient mountain streams and spring seepages, especially in gravel-dominated riffles with low sedimentation (Welsh and Hodgson 2008). Larvae often occur under stones in shaded streams. Adults also inhabit these streams or streamsides in saturated moss-covered talus, or under rocks in splash zone. They typically occur in older forest sites with large conifers, abundant moss, and > 80% canopy closure; required microclimatic and microhabitat conditions generally exist only in older forests (Welsh 1990, Welsh and Lind 1996). Young, managed forests may be occupied as long as the required microhabitats are present (Diller and Wallace 1996). Two Rhyacotriton nests were found in deep, narrow rock crevices; eggs were lying in cold, slow-moving water (Nussbaum et al. 1983).","generalDescription":"For all species in the genus, mean SVL for the largest 10% of adults is between 5 and 6 cm.","diagnosticCharacteristics":"Differs from KEZERI and OLYMPICUS by the presence of dorsal dark spotting, but the spotting is weak in northern populations in geographic proximity to KEZERI; differs from OLYMPICUS also by lacking the wavy line of demarcation between the dorsal and ventral ground colors and the large, well-defined ventral spots; southern populations of VARIEGATUS are more heavily spotted than are northern populations; heavily spotted populations resemble many populations of CASCADAE, but in the latter the concentrations of dorsal and ventral spotting usually are not as equally balanced as in VARIEGATUS; also, ventral spotting in CASCADAE often is lacking or consists only of a few very fine speckles, and heavy spotting along the sides of most CASCADAE produces a much more sharply defined line of demarcation between the dorsal and ventral surfaces than is true in VARIEGATUS; heavily spotted VARIEGATUS usually have a strong preorbital stripe anterior to the eye (weak or absent in most CASCADAE); difficult to distinguish from immediately adjacent populations of R. KEZERI, but the latter usually differs by one or more of the following characteristics: dorsal spots absent (weak but usually present in northern populations of VARIEGATUS), a few small ventral speckles usually present in the gular and chest regions (not present away from contact zone), lighter limb insertions, and less extensive dark pigmentation of the soles of the feet (Good and Wake 1992).","speciesMarineHabitats":[],"speciesTerrestrialHabitats":[{"cagTerrHabId":-115326,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":2,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Forest - Conifer","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Bosque - Conífera","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Forêt — Résineux","displayOrder":3}},{"cagTerrHabId":-115327,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":17,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Bare rock/talus/scree","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Roca viva/pendiente de roca/piedras sueltas","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Éboulis","displayOrder":20}}],"speciesRiverineHabitats":[{"cagRiverineHabId":-106310,"riverineHabitat":{"id":3,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"CREEK","riverineHabitatDescEs":"ARROYO","riverineHabitatDescFr":"RUISSEAU","displayOrder":3}},{"cagRiverineHabId":-106311,"riverineHabitat":{"id":4,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"SPRING/SPRING BROOK","riverineHabitatDescEs":"MANANTIAL/VERTIENTE","riverineHabitatDescFr":"PRINTEMPS/RUISSEAUX PRINTANIERS","displayOrder":4}},{"cagRiverineHabId":-106312,"riverineHabitat":{"id":5,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"High gradient","riverineHabitatDescEs":"Pendiente de alto flujo","riverineHabitatDescFr":"Pente d’écoulement élevée","displayOrder":5}},{"cagRiverineHabId":-110862,"riverineHabitat":{"id":8,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"Riffle","riverineHabitatDescEs":"Rápido","riverineHabitatDescFr":"Seuil","displayOrder":8}}],"speciesPalustrineHabitats":[{"cagPalusHabId":-103221,"palustrineHabitat":{"id":6,"palustrineHabitatDescEn":"Riparian","palustrineHabitatDescEs":"Ribereño","palustrineHabitatDescFr":"Riverain","displayOrder":6}}],"speciesLacustrineHabitats":[],"speciesSubterraneanHabitats":[],"speciesEstuarineHabitats":[]},"primaryReference":{"id":1153425,"citation":"Nicholson, K. E. (ed.). 2025. Scientific and Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North America North of Mexico, with Comments Regarding Confidence in Our Understanding. Ninth Edition. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. 87 pp. Online database available at: https://cnah.org/SSARnames.aspx","shortCitationAuthor":"Nicholson","shortCitationYear":2025,"referenceCode":"B25NIC01NAUS","lastModified":"2026-06-06T01:36:32.018241Z"},"predecessors":[],"elementGlobalThreatAssessments":[{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":48461,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":14,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"4","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Transportation & service corridors","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"4 - Transportation & service corridors","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":280,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":null,"iucnThreatLevel":1},"iucnThreatScope":{"id":3,"iucnThreatScopeDescEn":"Restricted: Affects some (11-30%) of the total population or occurrences or extent","iucnThreatScopeDescEs":null,"iucnThreatScopeDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Restricted (11-30%)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":3},"iucnThreatSeverity":{"id":3,"iucnThreatSeverityDescEn":"Moderate: Likely to moderately degrade/reduce affected occurrences or habitat, or reduce  population 11-30%","iucnThreatSeverityDescEs":null,"iucnThreatSeverityDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Moderate or 11-30% pop. decline","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":3},"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":2,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"Moderate: In the short-term future, or now suspended but could return in short term","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Moderate (short-term)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":2},"threatImpactCalc":{"id":10,"threatImpactCalcCd":"D","threatImpactCalcDescEn":"Low","threatImpactCalcDescEs":null,"threatImpactCalcDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"D = Low","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":4}},{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":48462,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":15,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"4.1","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Roads & railroads","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"4.1 - Roads & railroads","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":290,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":14,"iucnThreatLevel":2},"iucnThreatScope":{"id":3,"iucnThreatScopeDescEn":"Restricted: Affects some (11-30%) of the total population or occurrences or extent","iucnThreatScopeDescEs":null,"iucnThreatScopeDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Restricted (11-30%)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":3},"iucnThreatSeverity":{"id":3,"iucnThreatSeverityDescEn":"Moderate: Likely to moderately degrade/reduce affected occurrences or habitat, or reduce  population 11-30%","iucnThreatSeverityDescEs":null,"iucnThreatSeverityDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Moderate or 11-30% pop. decline","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":3},"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":2,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"Moderate: In the short-term future, or now suspended but could return in short term","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Moderate (short-term)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":2},"threatImpactCalc":{"id":10,"threatImpactCalcCd":"D","threatImpactCalcDescEn":"Low","threatImpactCalcDescEs":null,"threatImpactCalcDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"D = Low","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":4}},{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":20909,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":19,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"5","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Biological resource use","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"5 - Biological resource use","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":330,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":null,"iucnThreatLevel":1},"iucnThreatScope":{"id":2,"iucnThreatScopeDescEn":"Large: Affects most (31-70%) of the total population or occurrences or extent","iucnThreatScopeDescEs":null,"iucnThreatScopeDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Large (31-70%)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":2},"iucnThreatSeverity":{"id":7,"iucnThreatSeverityDescEn":"Serious - moderate","iucnThreatSeverityDescEs":null,"iucnThreatSeverityDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Serious - moderate","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":9},"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":1,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"High: Continuing","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"High (continuing)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"threatImpactCalc":{"id":6,"threatImpactCalcCd":"BC","threatImpactCalcDescEn":"High - medium","threatImpactCalcDescEs":null,"threatImpactCalcDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"BC = High - medium","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":13}},{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":20910,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":22,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"5.3","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Logging & wood harvesting","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"5.3 - Logging & wood harvesting","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":360,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":19,"iucnThreatLevel":2},"iucnThreatScope":{"id":2,"iucnThreatScopeDescEn":"Large: Affects most (31-70%) of the total population or occurrences or extent","iucnThreatScopeDescEs":null,"iucnThreatScopeDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Large (31-70%)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":2},"iucnThreatSeverity":{"id":7,"iucnThreatSeverityDescEn":"Serious - moderate","iucnThreatSeverityDescEs":null,"iucnThreatSeverityDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Serious - moderate","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":9},"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":1,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"High: Continuing","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"High (continuing)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"threatImpactCalc":{"id":6,"threatImpactCalcCd":"BC","threatImpactCalcDescEn":"High - medium","threatImpactCalcDescEs":null,"threatImpactCalcDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"BC = High - medium","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":13}},{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":48463,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":28,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"7","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Natural system modifications","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"7 - Natural system modifications","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":420,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":null,"iucnThreatLevel":1},"iucnThreatScope":{"id":3,"iucnThreatScopeDescEn":"Restricted: Affects some (11-30%) of the total population or occurrences or extent","iucnThreatScopeDescEs":null,"iucnThreatScopeDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Restricted (11-30%)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":3},"iucnThreatSeverity":{"id":7,"iucnThreatSeverityDescEn":"Serious - moderate","iucnThreatSeverityDescEs":null,"iucnThreatSeverityDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Serious - moderate","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":9},"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":1,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"High: Continuing","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"High (continuing)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"threatImpactCalc":{"id":9,"threatImpactCalcCd":"CD","threatImpactCalcDescEn":"Medium - low","threatImpactCalcDescEs":null,"threatImpactCalcDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"CD = Medium - low","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":15}},{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":48464,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":30,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"7.2","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Dams & water management/use","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"7.2 - Dams & water management/use","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":440,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":28,"iucnThreatLevel":2},"iucnThreatScope":{"id":3,"iucnThreatScopeDescEn":"Restricted: Affects some (11-30%) of the total population or occurrences or extent","iucnThreatScopeDescEs":null,"iucnThreatScopeDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Restricted (11-30%)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":3},"iucnThreatSeverity":{"id":7,"iucnThreatSeverityDescEn":"Serious - moderate","iucnThreatSeverityDescEs":null,"iucnThreatSeverityDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Serious - moderate","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":9},"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":1,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"High: Continuing","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"High (continuing)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"threatImpactCalc":{"id":9,"threatImpactCalcCd":"CD","threatImpactCalcDescEn":"Medium - low","threatImpactCalcDescEs":null,"threatImpactCalcDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"CD = Medium - low","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":15}},{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":48465,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":130,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"7.2.4","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Abstraction of surface water (unknown use)","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"7.2.4 - Abstraction of surface water (unknown use)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":444,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":30,"iucnThreatLevel":3},"iucnThreatScope":{"id":3,"iucnThreatScopeDescEn":"Restricted: Affects some (11-30%) of the total population or occurrences or extent","iucnThreatScopeDescEs":null,"iucnThreatScopeDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Restricted (11-30%)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":3},"iucnThreatSeverity":{"id":7,"iucnThreatSeverityDescEn":"Serious - moderate","iucnThreatSeverityDescEs":null,"iucnThreatSeverityDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Serious - moderate","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":9},"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":1,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"High: Continuing","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"High (continuing)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"threatImpactCalc":{"id":9,"threatImpactCalcCd":"CD","threatImpactCalcDescEn":"Medium - low","threatImpactCalcDescEs":null,"threatImpactCalcDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"CD = Medium - low","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":15}},{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":48467,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":36,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"9","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Pollution","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"9 - Pollution","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":630,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":null,"iucnThreatLevel":1},"iucnThreatScope":{"id":7,"iucnThreatScopeDescEn":"Large - restricted","iucnThreatScopeDescEs":null,"iucnThreatScopeDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Large - restricted","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":8},"iucnThreatSeverity":{"id":7,"iucnThreatSeverityDescEn":"Serious - moderate","iucnThreatSeverityDescEs":null,"iucnThreatSeverityDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Serious - moderate","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":9},"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":2,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"Moderate: In the short-term future, or now suspended but could return in short term","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Moderate (short-term)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":2},"threatImpactCalc":{"id":7,"threatImpactCalcCd":"BD","threatImpactCalcDescEn":"High - low","threatImpactCalcDescEs":null,"threatImpactCalcDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"BD = High - low","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":14}},{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":48468,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":39,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"9.3","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Agricultural & forestry effluents","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"9.3 - Agricultural & forestry effluents","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":660,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":36,"iucnThreatLevel":2},"iucnThreatScope":{"id":7,"iucnThreatScopeDescEn":"Large - restricted","iucnThreatScopeDescEs":null,"iucnThreatScopeDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Large - restricted","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":8},"iucnThreatSeverity":{"id":7,"iucnThreatSeverityDescEn":"Serious - moderate","iucnThreatSeverityDescEs":null,"iucnThreatSeverityDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Serious - moderate","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":9},"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":2,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"Moderate: In the short-term future, or now suspended but could return in short term","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Moderate (short-term)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":2},"threatImpactCalc":{"id":7,"threatImpactCalcCd":"BD","threatImpactCalcDescEn":"High - low","threatImpactCalcDescEs":null,"threatImpactCalcDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"BD = High - low","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":14}},{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":48469,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":156,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"9.3.2","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Soil erosion, sedimentation","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"9.3.2 - Soil erosion, sedimentation","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":662,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":39,"iucnThreatLevel":3},"iucnThreatScope":{"id":7,"iucnThreatScopeDescEn":"Large - restricted","iucnThreatScopeDescEs":null,"iucnThreatScopeDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Large - restricted","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":8},"iucnThreatSeverity":{"id":7,"iucnThreatSeverityDescEn":"Serious - moderate","iucnThreatSeverityDescEs":null,"iucnThreatSeverityDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Serious - moderate","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":9},"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":2,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"Moderate: In the short-term future, or now suspended but could return in short term","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Moderate (short-term)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":2},"threatImpactCalc":{"id":7,"threatImpactCalcCd":"BD","threatImpactCalcDescEn":"High - low","threatImpactCalcDescEs":null,"threatImpactCalcDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"BD = High - low","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":14}},{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":48466,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":47,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"11","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Climate change & severe weather","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"11 - Climate change & severe weather","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":840,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":null,"iucnThreatLevel":1},"iucnThreatScope":{"id":1,"iucnThreatScopeDescEn":"Pervasive: Affects all or most (71-100%) of the total population or occurrences or extent","iucnThreatScopeDescEs":null,"iucnThreatScopeDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Pervasive (71-100%)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"iucnThreatSeverity":{"id":2,"iucnThreatSeverityDescEn":"Serious: Likely to seriously degrade/reduce affected occurrences or habitat, or reduce  population 31-70%","iucnThreatSeverityDescEs":null,"iucnThreatSeverityDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Serious or 31-70% pop. decline","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":2},"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":1,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"High: Continuing","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"High (continuing)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"threatImpactCalc":{"id":5,"threatImpactCalcCd":"B","threatImpactCalcDescEn":"High","threatImpactCalcDescEs":null,"threatImpactCalcDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"B = High","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":2}}]}