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range, increasing numbers in some areas.","grank":"G5","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":104635,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":null,"numberEos":null,"numberGoodEos":null,"numberProtEos":null,"popSize":null,"rangeExtent":{"id":31,"rangeExtentDescEn":"20,000-2,500,000 square km (about 8000-1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"De 20.000 a 2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 8.000 a 1.000.000 de millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 20 000 à 2 500 000 km carrés (de 8 000 à 1 000 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":null,"threatImpactAssigned":null,"rangeExtentComments":"BREEDS: Eastern U.S.: locally on Atlantic and Gulf coasts, from Virginia to northern Florida (very few), also recently in New Jersey, on the central Gulf Coast of Florida, and in southeastern Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, and Texas; and around the Great Lakes. Canada: Labrador, southeastern Quebec, and Newfoundland; Great Lakes region in southern Ontario; southern Manitoba and central Saskatchewan, along shores of Lake Winnipeg, Lake Winnepegosis, and Dore Lake; in Lake Athabasca in northeastern Alberta; and vicinity of Great Slave Lake in southern Mackenzie. In western North America: locally (mostly in interior but on coast in Washington and California) in Washington, eastern Oregon, northern Utah, northwestern Wyoming, Idaho (recent range expansion), and North Dakota, south to southern California and western Nevada; also Baja California and Sinaloa. WINTERS: southern U.S. (mainly coastal areas north to California and North Carolina) south to Mexico; sometimes to northern South America (Colombia, Venezuela), rarely in the West Indies. Casual in Hawaii.  Breeds and winters extensively also in the Old World (Africa, Eurasia, Australian region).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":null,"popSizeComments":"Great Lakes population population in 1982 was estimated at 3800 in the U.S. and 4900 in Canada (Spendelow and Patton 1988).","viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"Disturbance and development of nesting habitat are major threats.","shortTermTrendComments":"Pacific coast population increased 70% from 1960 to 1980 (Gill and Mewaldt 1983). Great Lakes population steadily increased from 1965 to at least the early 1990s (Kress et al. 1983; Evers 1992; Blokpoel, in Hyslop and Kennedy 1992); increase was due in part to increased food availability after invasion of alewife (Evers 1992). In Canada, as of the 1970s, there did not appear to have been a reduction in the breeding range but population trend was unknown (Martin, 1978 COSEWIC report). Decreased in numbers and range in the 1900s in northwestern Europe (Evans 1984).","longTermTrendComments":null,"inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":null,"protectionNeeds":"Protection of nesting habitat is a major concern.","otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":104635,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":true,"longDistanceMigrant":true,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Juveniles in western North America disperse northward before migrating south to wintering areas, remain in wintering area through second winter, thereafter make annual migrations between breeding and wintering areas (Gill and Mewaldt 1983). <br><br>Great Lakes population winters along shores of Gulf of Mexico (Evers 1992).","foodHabitsComments":"Eats mainly fishes obtained at surface of water by diving from air; sometimes feeds from surface like a gull and eats eggs and young of other terns and gulls (Terres 1980).","animalPhenologyComments":null,"colonialBreeder":true,"length":53,"width":null,"weight":661,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":103038,"animalPhenology":{"id":3,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Diurnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Diurno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Diurne","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":105617,"foodHabits":{"id":1,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Carnivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Carnívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Carnivore","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":105618,"foodHabits":{"id":2,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescFr":"Piscivore","displayOrder":2},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1093,"locationUseClass":{"id":2,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Breeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"En reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Reproduction","displayOrder":2},"eoSpecGroupName":"Gulls and Terns","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":"Inferred extent not appropriate, since foraging areas often separated by a considerable distance from breeding colony.","minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of historical breeding, or current and likely recurring breeding, at a given location, minimally a reliable observation of one or more breeding pairs in appropriate habitat. Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single breeding events outside the normal breeding distribution.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Occurrences include nesting areas and associated nesting-season foraging areas (regardless of how far apart they are), but separation distance pertains to nesting areas (breeding colonies). Thus different breeding occurrences may overlap if birds from different nesting areas forage in the same area. Separation distance is not intended to delineate demographically independent populations or metapopulations (such units would be quite large). Instead, separation distance is a compromise between the high mobility of these birds (see following) and the need for occurrences that are of practical size for conservation/management use. <br /><br />California Gulls foraged an average of 17.4 kilometers from colony (Baird 1976); maximum foraging distances ranged from 32 to 61 kilometers (Rothweiler 1960, Baird 1976). Ring-billed Gulls foraged an average of 11 km from colony (Baird 1977). Least Terns foraged up to 3-12 kilometers from nests (summarized in Thompson et al. 1997). Forster's Terns has a reported feeding radius of 3.2 kilometers (Van Rossem 1932). Black Terns foraged up to 10 kilometers from nests, over continuous suitable but unoccupied habitat (M. A. Stern, pers. comm. 1998). Caspian terns in a colony at the mouth of the Columbia River: 90% of adults foraged within 21 kilometers (Collis et al. 1999).","versionDate":"2004-07-21","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S., and G. Hammerson","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:05:56.849048Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":1095,"locationUseClass":{"id":3,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Nonbreeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"No reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Non-reproduction","displayOrder":3},"eoSpecGroupName":"Gulls and Terns","subtypes":"Foraging Concentration Area","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of recurring presence of wintering flocks (including historical); and potential recurring presence at a given location, minimally a reliable observation of 25 birds in appropriate habitat. Occurrences should be locations where the species is resident for some time during the appropriate season; it is preferable to have observations documenting presence over at least 20 days annually. Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single events.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance somewhat arbitrary; set such that occurrences are of managable size for conservation purposes. Occurrences are defined primarily on the basis of areas supporting concentrations of foraging birds, rather than on the basis of distinct populations.","versionDate":"2002-04-16","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S.","versionNotes":"Includes all inland-nesting gulls and terns, in the genera LARUS, STERNA, and CHLIDONIAS.","lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:05:56.849048Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":1094,"locationUseClass":{"id":4,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Migratory stopover","locationUseClassDescEs":"Parada migratoria","locationUseClassDescFr":"Halte migratoire","displayOrder":5},"eoSpecGroupName":"Gulls and Terns","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of recurring presence of migrating flocks (including historical); and potential recurring presence at a given location, minimally a reliable observation of 50 birds in appropriate habitat. Occurrences should be locations where the species is resident for some time during the appropriate season; it is preferable to have observations documenting presence over at least 7 days annually. Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single events.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance somewhat arbitrary; set such that occurrences are of managable size for conservation purposes. Occurrences are defined primarily on the basis of areas supporting concentrations of foraging birds, rather than on the basis of distinct populations.","versionDate":"2004-04-26","versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:05:56.849048Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":156346,"locationUseClass":{"id":6,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Staging","locationUseClassDescEs":"Entorno","locationUseClassDescFr":"Rassemblement","displayOrder":7},"eoSpecGroupName":"Gulls and Terns","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of flocks resting, roosting, and/or feeding young at a given location prior to breeding or after breeding has been completed. Staging may occur near the breeding site, preceding or following major migratory movements such as oceanic crossings, or it may occur after individuals have departed on migration, but before they have arrived at their final destination (a \"stopover\"). Staging may occur at sites also used for breeding, but often does not. Staging habitat may be ephemeral. For Common/Roseate Terns in Massachusetts, a minimum of 100 individuals in appropriate habitat is used.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"In Massachusetts, staging areas are separated somewhat arbitrarily, often by jurisdictional or property boundaries, as are nesting areas for coastal birds.","versionDate":"2017-01-10","versionAuthor":"Mostello, C. 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Evidence of prey capture is not a prerequisite, as importance of a given location for foraging may vary temporally with shifting prey.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Scientific basis for assigning foraging separation distances is weak because terns are widespread across the Massachusetts coast and highly mobile. Most gaps in foraging observations likely reflect lack of survey effort.","versionDate":"2017-01-10","versionAuthor":"Mostello, C. 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