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Check-list of North American birds. Seventh edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. [as modified by subsequent supplements and corrections published in <i>The Auk</i>]. Also available online: http://www.aou.org/.","conceptName":"<i>Callipepla californica</i>","taxonomicComments":"Previous classifications (e.g. AOU 1957) placed <i>C. californica</i>, <i>C. gambelii</i>, and <i>C. douglasii</i> in <i>Lophortyx</i>, with only <i>C. squamata</i> in <i>Callipepla</i>. May hybridize with <i>C. gambelii</i> in southern California where ranges overlap. Study of genus <i>Callipepla</i> shows <i>C. californica</i> and <i>C. gambelii</i> to be sister taxa, with relationships to <i>C. douglasii</i> and <i>C. squamata</i> unclear (Zink and Blackwell 1998). 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If locations farther apart than the separation distance are known to represent a single population, treat these as parts of the same occurrence, regardless of the distance.<br>","versionDate":"2004-09-21","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S., and G. Hammerson","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:14:11.87205Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":1175,"locationUseClass":{"id":2,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Breeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"En reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Reproduction","displayOrder":2},"eoSpecGroupName":"Quail","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":0.3,"inferredExtentNotes":"Based on a home range of 6 hectares.","minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location, minimally a reliable observation of one or more individuals in appropriate habitat. 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Also available online: http://www.aou.org/.","shortCitationAuthor":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU)","shortCitationYear":1998,"referenceCode":"B98AOU01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.673494Z"},{"id":463505,"citation":"BirdLife International. 2004b. Threatened birds of the world 2004. CD ROM. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK.","shortCitationAuthor":"BirdLife International","shortCitationYear":2004,"referenceCode":"N04BIR0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.704742Z"},{"id":110408,"citation":"Calkins, J. D., J. C. Hagelin, and D. F. Lott. 1999. California Quail (CALLIPEPLA CALIFORNICA). No. 473 IN A. Poole and F. Gill, eds. The birds of North America. The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA. 32pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Calkins et al.","shortCitationYear":1999,"referenceCode":"A99CAL01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:17:33.12126Z"},{"id":109337,"citation":"DeVos, T. and B. S. Mueller. 1993. Reproductive ecology of Northern Bobwhite in north Florida. Proceedings of the National Quail Symposium III:83-89.","shortCitationAuthor":"DeVos and Mueller","shortCitationYear":1993,"referenceCode":"A93DEV01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:17:33.12126Z"},{"id":106472,"citation":"Gutierrez, R. J., and D. J. Delehanty. 1999. Mountain Quail (OREORTYX PICTUS). No. 457 IN A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The birds of North America. The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA. 28pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Gutierrez and Delehanty","shortCitationYear":1999,"referenceCode":"A99GUT01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:17:33.12126Z"},{"id":100210,"citation":"Harrison, C. 1978. A Field Guide to the Nests, Eggs and Nestlings of North American Birds. Collins, Cleveland, Ohio.","shortCitationAuthor":"Harrison","shortCitationYear":1978,"referenceCode":"B78HAR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.657866Z"},{"id":103735,"citation":"Johnsgard, P. A. 1988. The quails, partridges, and francolins of the world. Oxford Univ. Press, New York. 264 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Johnsgard","shortCitationYear":1988,"referenceCode":"B88JOH03NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:37.445817Z"},{"id":154237,"citation":"Kosciuk, J. R. 1986. Elevated quail roosts. Section 5.1.5, US Army Corps of Engineers Wildlife Resources Management Manual. Tech. Rep. EL-86-18. Waterways Expt. Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi. 15 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Kosciuk","shortCitationYear":1986,"referenceCode":"B86KOS01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:22:43.34469Z"},{"id":122653,"citation":"Lee, J. M. 1994. Habitat ecology of Northern Bobwhite at Copiah County Wildlife Management Area. Masters thesis, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State.","shortCitationAuthor":"Lee","shortCitationYear":1994,"referenceCode":"U94LEE01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:17:33.12126Z"},{"id":118159,"citation":"Leopold, A.S. 1977. The California quail. 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Females incubate 12-17, sometimes 6-28, eggs for 21-23 days. The precocial nestlings are active soon after hatching and are tended by both parents.","ecologyComments":"Highly gregarious, especially in fall and winter. In fall, family groups join and form coveys of 10-200 birds, which usually disband by late April. Predators include hawks, owls, snakes, coyotes.","habitatComments":"Brushy, grassy and weedy areas in both humid and arid regions, including chaparral, forest edge, cultivated lands, semi-desert scrub, thickets, sagebrush and, less frequently, open second-growth woodland (AOU 1983). Usually near water. Usually nests on ground in shallow depression lined with vegetation. Sometimes nests above ground in fork of a tree branch.","generalDescription":null,"diagnosticCharacteristics":null,"speciesMarineHabitats":[],"speciesTerrestrialHabitats":[{"cagTerrHabId":-110938,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":4,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Woodland - Hardwood","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Lote de madera - Madera dura","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Terrain boisé — Feuillu","displayOrder":6}},{"cagTerrHabId":-110939,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":6,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Woodland - Mixed","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Lote de madera - Mixto","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Terrain boisé — Mixte","displayOrder":8}},{"cagTerrHabId":-110935,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":7,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Shrubland/chaparral","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Matorral/Chaparral","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Fruticée/Chaparral","displayOrder":9}},{"cagTerrHabId":-110936,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":10,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Old field","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Terreno baldío","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Friche","displayOrder":12}},{"cagTerrHabId":-110937,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":19,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Cropland/hedgerow","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Tierras cultivadas/cerco vivo","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Terre cultivée/haie","displayOrder":22}}],"speciesRiverineHabitats":[],"speciesPalustrineHabitats":[{"cagPalusHabId":-103158,"palustrineHabitat":{"id":6,"palustrineHabitatDescEn":"Riparian","palustrineHabitatDescEs":"Ribereño","palustrineHabitatDescFr":"Riverain","displayOrder":6}}],"speciesLacustrineHabitats":[],"speciesSubterraneanHabitats":[],"speciesEstuarineHabitats":[]},"primaryReference":{"id":134424,"citation":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1998. Check-list of North American birds. Seventh edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. [as modified by subsequent supplements and corrections published in <i>The Auk</i>]. Also available online: http://www.aou.org/.","shortCitationAuthor":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU)","shortCitationYear":1998,"referenceCode":"B98AOU01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.673494Z"},"predecessors":[],"elementGlobalThreatAssessments":[]}