{"elementGlobalId":104433,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":10,"iucnDescEn":"Near threatened","iucnDescEs":"Cerca de estar amenazado","iucnDescFr":"Quasi-menacée","iucnCode":"NT"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":4,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":"Expertise without calculation","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by inspection","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Eumetopias jubatus</i>","scientificName":"Eumetopias jubatus","scientificNameAuthor":"(Schreber, 1776)","primaryCommonName":"Steller Sea Lion","relatedItisNames":"<i>Eumetopias jubatus</i> (Schreber, 1776) (TSN 180625)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.104433","elcode":"AMAJC03010","conceptRefFullCitation":"Wilson, D. E., and D. M. Reeder (editors). 1993. Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. xviii + 1206 pp. Available online at: http://www.nmnh.si.edu/msw/.","conceptName":"<i>Eumetopias jubatus</i>","taxonomicComments":"The English name for sea lions has been inconsistently rendered as sea lion, sealion, and sea-lion (Rice 1998, Wozencraft, in Wilson and Reeder 2005).","roundedGRank":"G3","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2011-07-25","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Hammerson, G., and E. W. West","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":162388,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N3","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":278629,"subnation":{"id":56,"nameEn":"Washington","nameEs":"Washington","nameFr":"Washington","subnationCode":"WA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3N","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3N","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":278629,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":301846,"subnation":{"id":44,"nameEn":"Oregon","nameEs":"Oregón","nameFr":"Oregon","subnationCode":"OR","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":301846,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":291444,"subnation":{"id":7,"nameEn":"California","nameEs":"California","nameFr":"Californie","subnationCode":"CA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S2","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":291444,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":274863,"subnation":{"id":1,"nameEn":"Alaska","nameEs":"Alaska","nameFr":"Alaska","subnationCode":"AK","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":274863,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":1997,"nrank":"N3","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":162388,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementNationalId":168092,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":38,"nameEn":"Canada","nameEs":"Canadá","nameFr":"Canada","isoCode":"CA","region":"Canada"},"roundedNRank":"N3","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":292828,"subnation":{"id":61,"nameEn":"British Columbia","nameEs":"Columbia Británica","nameFr":"Colombie-Britannique","subnationCode":"BC","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S3B,S4N","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3S4B,S4N","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":292828,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":2018,"nrank":"N3","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":168092,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-03T03:02:24.97119Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.104433/Eumetopias_jubatus","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"1996-11-18","grankReviewDate":"2016-04-04","grankReasons":"Fairly large breeding range around the edge of the North Pacific; abundance declined greatly in the 1970s and 1980s, then declined at a lower rate in the 1990s, especially in the western segment of the range; subsequently the decline greatly decreased or ceased; population fluctuations may be related to competition with fisheries, environmental variability, toxic substances, predation by orcas (killer whales), or other factors, but further study is needed.","grank":"G3","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":104433,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":{"id":11,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 70-90%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 70 al 90%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 70 à 90 %"},"numberEos":{"id":10,"numberEosDescEn":"21 - 80","numberEosDescEs":"De 21 a 80","numberEosDescFr":"De 21 à 80"},"numberGoodEos":null,"numberProtEos":{"id":14,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Many to very many (13 to >40) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"De varios a muchos casos (13 a >40) adecuadamente protegidos y controlados","numberProtEosDescFr":"De plusieurs à beaucoup d’occurrences (de 13 à >40) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":34,"popSizeDescEn":"100,000 - 1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 100.000 a 1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 100 000 à 1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":35,"rangeExtentDescEn":">2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":">2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (más ","rangeExtentDescFr":">2 500 000 km carrés (plus de 1 000 000 miles carrés)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":40,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Relatively Stable (<=10% change)","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Relativamente estable (variación = <10%)","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Relativement stable (variation = <10 %)"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":5,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"High","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Alto","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Élevé"},"rangeExtentComments":"Range includes coastal waters of the North Pacific Ocean from California and northern Honshu, Japan, and Korea, north to the Bering Strait (Kenyon and Rice 1961, Calkins and Pitcher 1983, Loughlin et al. 1984, Bigg 1988, Perlov 1991, Sea Lion Recovery Plan Team 1991, NMFS 2008). NMFS (2008) divides the population into eastern and western distinct population segments at 144° west longitude (Cape Suckling, Alaska).<br><br>Breeding rookeries extend from the central Kuril Islands and the Okhotsk Sea in the west to Año Nuevo Island and (formerly) San Miguel Island, California, in the east (Loughlin et al. 1987; NMFS 1993, 2008). Most of the largest rookeries formerly were in the Gulf of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands (Loughlin et al. 1984), but with the decline in the western distinct population segment the largest rookeries are now in Southeast Alaska and British Columbia (NMFS 2008). Breeding colonies occur in Oregon and British Columbia but not in Washington (nonbreeding occurrences only, mainly October to April).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":"The area of occupancy based on breeding rookeries is vastly smaller than the overall range extent. Based on the 2 km x 2 km grid system and assuming 65 major rookeries each of which is represent by one grid cell, the area of occupnacy for breeding would be only 260 square kilometers.","numberEosComments":"NMFS (2008) mapped approximately 65 breeding rookeries (sites where greater than 50 pups were born); 13 of these are in the eastern distinct population segment. There are several hundred haul-out sites (NMFS 1993).","popSizeComments":"In the late 1970s, total population estimates had remained stable at about 250,000-300,000 since the late 1950s, with breeders distributed among 51 rookeries, 60 percent of which included over 1,000 adults; 38 percent of the recorded population was at nonbreeding haul-out sites during the breeding season (Loughlin et al. 1984). Surveys at rookeries and haulout sites throughout Alaska and Russia in 1989, and estimates from counts conducted at other locations in recent years, provided the following minimum numbers of sea lions: Alaska (53,000); Washington, Oregon, California (4,000); British Columbia (6,000); Russia (3,000) (National Marine Fisheries Service 1990).<br><br>Based on 2004-2005 data (NMFS 2008), the total population size of the western distinct population segment (DPS) of Steller sea lions in Alaska was estimated to be approximately 45,000 animals. The 2005 population of Steller sea lions in Russia (part of the western DPS) is estimated to be about 16,000. The eastern DPS was estimated to number between 46,000 and 58,000 animals in 2002 (Pitcher et al. 2007).","viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"Western distinct population segment (DPS): A threats assessment concluded that the following threats are relatively minor: (1) Alaska Native subsistence harvest, (2) illegal shooting, (3) entanglement in marine debris, (4) disease, and (5) disturbance from vessel traffic and scientific research. Considerable uncertainty remains about the following potential threats to the recovery of the western DPS (relative impacts in parenthesis): competition with fisheries (potentially high), environmental variability (potentially high), incidental take by fisheries (low), toxic substances (medium) and predation by killer whales (potentially high). Considerable uncertainty, controversy, and disagreement exist within the scientific and stakeholder communities with regard to the potential threat posed by killer whale predation. [Source: NMFS 2008]<br><br>Eastern DPS: No threats to continued recovery were identified by NMFS (2008) for the eastern DPS. Although several factors affecting the western DPS also affect the eastern DPS (e.g., environmental variability, killer whale predation, toxic substances, disturbance, shooting), these threats do not appear to be at a level sufficient to keep this population from continuing to recover, given the long term sustained growth of the population as a whole. However, concerns exist regarding global climate change and the potential for the southern part of the range (i.e., California) to be adversely affected. [Source: NMFS 2008]","shortTermTrendComments":"Through the 1990s, the western distinct population segment (DPS) continued to decline. The western population showed an increase of approximately 3% per year between 2000 and 2004. This was the first recorded increase in the population since the 1970s. However, the most recent available data from incomplete non-pup surveys in 2006 and 2007 suggest that the overall trend for the western DPS, through 2007, is either stable or slightly declining. It is not known whether the changing trends in the western DPS are the result of management actions, natural changes in the ecosystem, or other factors. [Source: NMFS 2008]<br><br>The eastern DPS remains on an increasing trend (NMFS 2008). At least part of the increase reflects movement of individuals from the western DPS into the eastern DPS. For example, of the two most recently established rookeries in the eastern DPS, about 70 percent of the pups born on Graves Rock were from western DPS females, and about 45 percent of the pups born at White Sisters were from western DPS females (Gelatt et al. 2006, NMFS unpublished data, cited by NMFS 2008). Movement inferred from the genetics data has been confirmed by the sighting of western branded females with pups at Graves Rock and White Sisters (NMFS unpublished data, cited by NMFS 2008).","longTermTrendComments":"The western distinct population segment (DPS) of Steller sea lions decreased from an estimated 220,000-265,000 animals in the late 1970s to fewer than 50,000 in 2000. The decline began in the 1970s in the eastern Aleutian Islands (Braham et al. 1980), western Bering Sea/Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands. In Alaska, the decline spread and intensified east and west of the eastern Aleutians in the 1980s and persisted at a slower rate through 2000 (Sease et al. 2001). The 12 percent increase in numbers of nonpups counted in the Alaskan range of the western DPS between 2000 and 2004 was the first region-wide increase observed during more than two decades of systematic surveys. The observed increase, however, has not been spread evenly among all regions of Alaska. Increases were noted in the eastern and western Gulf of Alaska and in the eastern and central Aleutian Islands, while the decline persisted through 2004 in the central Gulf of Alaska and the western Aleutian Islands. [Source: NMFS 2008]<br><br>The eastern DPS has increased at approximately 3 percent per year since the late 1970s (Pitcher et al. 2007).","inventoryNeeds":"Range-wide population minitoring should be continued (NMFS 2008).","numberProtEosComments":"The Steller sea lion is protected in U.S. waters under the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 and the Endangered Species Act of 1973. Specific protection measures include prohibition of shooting near sea lions, establishment of buffer zones to exclude marine vessels near rookeries and haulouts, and set quotas on allowable incidental kills (National Marine Fisheries Service 1990a, 1990b). Traditional subsistence take of Steller sea lions by Alaska natives is not prohibited by either of these Acts. In Canada, the Steller sea lion is protected under the Canadian Federal Fisheries Act of 1970 (Bigg 1988). This protection includes prohibition of disturbance, molestation, or killing of sea lions. Approximately 40 permits have been allotted to aquaculture facilities in southcoastal British Columbia to take sea lions habitually destroying their crops. In Russia, Steller sea lions are proposed for listing in the Red Book of threatened and endangered species (Laughlin, pers. comm., 1992). Also, no-entry buffer protection zones have been placed around the Commander and Kuril islands. There is no official protection for sea lions in Japan and males are harvested on the island of Haikado (Laughlin, pers. comm., 1992).  See NMFS (1993) for listings and maps of areas included in designated critical habitat in Alaska, Oregon, and California.  NMFS has implemented protective measures to reduce the effects of certain commercial groundfish fisheries near important sea lion rookeries and haulouts (Federal Register, 22 January 1999). NMFS and other agencies are implementing the recovery plan.","protectionNeeds":"Current fishery conservation measures (or equivalent) should be maintained until substantive evidence demonstrates that these measures can be reduced without limiting recovery. (NMFS 2008).","otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":104433,"majorHabitat":{"id":1,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Marine","majorHabitatDescEs":"Marino","majorHabitatDescFr":"Marine"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Steller sea lions are not known to make regular migrations, but they do move considerable distances (reviewed by NMFS 2008). For example, Raum-Suryan et al. (2002) analyzed resightings of 8,596 pups that were branded from 1975-1995 on rookeries in Alaska. Almost all resightings of young-of-the-year were within 500 km of the rookery where the pup was born, although subsequent observations documented movements of 11 month-old pups with their mothers of over 800 km. Juvenile animals were seen at much greater distances from their rookery of birth (up to 1,785 km). Sightings of adults were generally less than 500 km away from the natal rookery although adult males have since been seen over 1,000 km from the rookery where they held a territory (also their natal rookery). [Source: NMFS 2008]<br><br>Some individuals may move northward in the Bering Sea in fall and winter (Loughlin et al. 1987). In late summer and fall, individuals from northern breeding colonies migrate southward, while those (especially adult males) from southern breeding areas migrate northward. <br><br>Juveniles in the Gulf of Alaska tend to move away from their rookeries in the summer and cross the northern sections of the Gulf. In southeastern Alaska, the movement tends to occur as a shift from inside waters in winter to the outer coastal waters in the summer (Calkins and Pitcher 1982). <br><br>Females with dependent young feed relatively close to rookeries and haulouts because they must return at regular intervals to feed their offspring (NMFS 2008). In Alaska, females foraged within 50 km of rookeries in summer but ranged up to several hundred kilometers offshore in winter (Merrick and Loughlin 1997).<br><br>Dispersal of individuals from their natal rookeries may play a significant role in the metapopulation dynamics and recovery of this species. For example, new rookeries established recently in Southeast Alaska resulted at least in part from dispersal of individuals from the large Forrester Island rookery and from rookeries in the western distinct population segment (Calkins et al. 1999, Raum-Suryan et al. 2002, Pitcher et al. 2007; unpublished data from Alaska Department of Fish and Game and NMFS, cited by NMFS 2008).","foodHabitsComments":"Steller sea lions feed opportunistically on fishes (mainly demersal and off-bottom schooling species) and cephalopods; sometimes also on various other invertebrates (cnidarians, sand dollars, worms, shelled mollusks, crustaceans, etc.) and rarely on birds or small pinnipeds (though males at St. George Island kill and eat large numbers of northern fur seal pups in late summer and fall).<br><br>Bulls fast for 1-2 months during during breeding season.<br><br>Throughout the year, feeding may occur in the vicinity of rookeries or far (hundreds of kilometers) away, and in shallow or deep water, depending on the sex and age of the individual and the season.","animalPhenologyComments":"Activity occurs throughout the year. Most feeding apparently occurs at night, though diurnal feeding is also documented. Females with small young apparently feed mainly at night.","colonialBreeder":true,"length":300,"width":null,"weight":1000000,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":102963,"animalPhenology":{"id":2,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Circadian","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Circadiano","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Circadien","displayOrder":2},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":105450,"foodHabits":{"id":2,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescFr":"Piscivore","displayOrder":2},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":105451,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1442,"locationUseClass":{"id":2,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Breeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"En reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Reproduction","displayOrder":2},"eoSpecGroupName":null,"subtypes":"Breeding rookery, Feeding Concentration Area","inferredExtentDistance":30.0,"inferredExtentNotes":"See Separation Justification.","minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes reliable observation and documentation of breeding individuals over several years. Breeding occurrences include both the terrestrial mating/pupping area and the surrounding waters used as feeding grounds.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":10.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Measured between terrestrial rookeries along shore or across straits. Distance arbitrary. During the breeding period, females travel up to about 30 kilometers from the rookery to feed; later in the summer, feeding trips are farther and last longer (Loughlin, in Wilson and Ruff 1999).","versionDate":"2001-08-09","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:22:32.907072Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":1443,"locationUseClass":{"id":3,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Nonbreeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"No reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Non-reproduction","displayOrder":3},"eoSpecGroupName":null,"subtypes":"Haulout site, Feeding Concentration Area","inferredExtentDistance":30.0,"inferredExtentNotes":"See Separation Justification. Use this IE cautiously, since many marine environments may not be used for foraging.","minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes reliable observation and documentation of nonbreeding individuals over several years. Occurrences include both the terrestrial haulout area and the surrounding waters used as feeding grounds.","mappingGuidance":"Terrestrial haulout sites and associated feeding concentration areas should be mapped using separate polygons if separated by a commuting zone.","separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":10.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Measured between terrestrial haulouts along shore or across straits. Distance arbitrary. During the breeding period, females travel up to about 30 kilometers from the rookery to feed; later in the summer, feeding trips are farther and last longer (Loughlin, in Wilson and Ruff 1999).","versionDate":"2002-02-04","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:22:32.907072Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":104433,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":"The recovery plan (NMFS 2008) identified 78 substantive actions needed to achieve recovery of the western DPS by addressing the broad range of threats. These actions address three main objectives: (1) the collection of information on status and vital rates, (2) research programs to collect information on the remaining threats to recovery, including natural and anthropogenic factors, and (3) the implementation of conservation measures to remove impacts of anthropogenic threats to recovery. The recovery plan  highlighted four actions believed to be especially important to the recovery program for the western DPS: (1) continue population monitoring and research on the key threats potentially impeding sea lion recovery; (2) maintain current or equivalent level of fishery conservation measures; (3)  design and implement an adaptive management program to evaluate fishery conservation; and (4) develop an implementation plan. See NMFS (2008) for further details.","impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":"NMFS (2008) listed the following recent conservation actions that likely have benefited Steller sea lions: substantial reduction in disturbance of important rookeries and haulouts; substantial reduction in the incidental catch of Steller sea lions in commercial fishing operations, particularly the groundfish trawl fishery; significant efforts to reduce intentional take by prohibiting shooting at or near Steller sea lions; intensive research to better describe the threats to Steller sea lions and provide management with options for recovery actions; potential reduction in the competitive interactions between Steller sea lions and commercial fisheries for pollock, Atka mackerel, and Pacific cod in Alaska; acquired additional information on the status, foraging ecology, and survivorship of Steller sea lions.","monitoringMethods":"See Westlake et al. (1997) for a comparison of vertical aerial photographic and ground censuses.","managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":"Research is needed on key threats potentially impeding sea lion recovery (NMFS 2008).<br><br>An adaptive management program to evaluate fishery conservation measures should be designed and implemented (NMFS 2008).","biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":105883,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:26:37.931857Z"}],"references":[{"id":1151804,"citation":"American Society of Mammalogists (ASM). 2025. Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.13) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10595931. Online. Available: https://www.mammaldiversity.org/","shortCitationAuthor":"American Society of Mammalogists (ASM)","shortCitationYear":2025,"referenceCode":"W25ASM01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-04-04T21:45:15.526109Z"},{"id":149362,"citation":"Angell, T., and K. C. Balcomb, III. 1982. Marine birds and mammals of Puget Sound. Puget Sound Books, Washington Sea Grant Publication, distributed by University of Washington Press, Seattle.","shortCitationAuthor":"Angell and Balcomb","shortCitationYear":1982,"referenceCode":"B82ANG01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:22:32.92267Z"},{"id":119122,"citation":"Banfield, A. W. F. 1974. The mammals of Canada. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada. 438 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Banfield","shortCitationYear":1974,"referenceCode":"B74BAN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:03.631914Z"},{"id":763051,"citation":"Bartholomew, G.A. and R.A. Boolootian. 1960. Numbers and population structure of the pinnipeds on the California Channel Islands. J. Mamm. 41(3):366-375.","shortCitationAuthor":"Bartholomew and Boolootian","shortCitationYear":1960,"referenceCode":"A60BAR61HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:22:32.92267Z"},{"id":137007,"citation":"Bickham, J. W., J. C. Patton, and T. R. Loughlin. 1996. High variability for control-region sequences in a marine mammal: implications for conservation and biogeography of Steller sea lions (<i>Eumetopias jubatus</i>). Journal of Mammalogy 77:95-108.","shortCitationAuthor":"Bickham et al.","shortCitationYear":1996,"referenceCode":"A96BIC02NAUS","lastModified":"2025-10-04T02:08:46.147588Z"},{"id":132005,"citation":"Bickham, J. W., T. R. Loughlin, D. G. Calkins, J. K. Wickliffe, and J. C. Patton. 1998. Genetic variability and population decline in Steller sea lions from the Gulf of Alaska. Journal of Mammalogy 79:1390-1395.","shortCitationAuthor":"Bickham et al.","shortCitationYear":1998,"referenceCode":"A98BIC01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:22:32.92267Z"},{"id":763099,"citation":"Bigg, M.A. 1985. Status of the Steller sea lion (<i>Eumetopias jubatus</i>) and California sea lion (<i>Zalophus californianus</i>) in British Columbia. Canad. Spec. Publ. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 77. 20 p.","shortCitationAuthor":"Bigg","shortCitationYear":1985,"referenceCode":"A85BIG61HQUS","lastModified":"2025-10-04T02:08:46.147588Z"},{"id":111605,"citation":"Bigg, M. A. 1988. Status of the Steller sea lion, <i>Eumetopias jubatus</i>, in Canada. Canadian Field-Naturalist 102:315-336.","shortCitationAuthor":"Bigg","shortCitationYear":1988,"referenceCode":"A88BIG02NAUS","lastModified":"2025-10-04T02:08:46.147588Z"},{"id":763130,"citation":"Bonnell, M.L., M.O. Pierson, and G.D. Farrens. 1983. 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The population is increasing, but is sensitive to human disturbance while on land and is vulnerable to catastrophic events such as major oil spills due to its highly concentrated breeding aggregations. The species is near to qualifying for Threatened, but has recovered from historical culling and deliberate persecution.<br/><br/>Status history: Designated Not at Risk in April 1987. Status re-examined and designated Special Concern in November 2003 and November 2013.","usesaDate":"1997-05-05","interpretedUsesa":null,"usesaComments":"Endangered - Western Distinct Population Segment<br/>Delisted - Eastern Distinct Population Segment<br/><br/>In 2024, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) announced it will conduct a 5-year review for the Endangered Western Distinct Population Segment.<br/><br/>The population is divided into the Western and the Eastern distinct population segments (DPSs) at 144° West longitude (Cape Suckling, Alaska). The Western DPS includes Steller sea lions that reside in the central and western Gulf of Alaska, Aleutian Islands, as well as those that inhabit the coastal waters and breed in Asia (e.g., Japan and Russia). The Eastern DPS includes sea lions living in southeast Alaska, British Columbia, California, and Oregon. The species was listed Threatened in 1990 but reclassified as two DPSs in 1997, with the western DPS being reclassified from Threatened to Endangered.","completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[{"id":102005,"synonym":"Phoca jubata","synonymAuthor":null,"formattedSynonym":"<i>Phoca jubata</i>"}],"infraspeciesList":[{"infraspeciesId":1384896,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1384896","formattedScientificName":"<i>Eumetopias jubatus</i> pop. 1","scientificName":"Eumetopias jubatus pop. 1","primaryCommonName":"Steller Sea Lion - Western Distinct Population Segment","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1384896/Eumetopias_jubatus_pop_1"}],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":false,"ebarGlobalScope":false,"ebarKbaGroup":"Mammals","caGeneralStatusId":"GS001496"},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":104433,"reproductionComments":"The life cycle includes several basic stages, minimally including recently born pups, dependent juveniles, independent juveniles, subadults, and adults.<br><br>Females give birth to single pups a few days after arriving at the rookery, late May to early July (mainly late June). Females mate with territorial males within 2 weeks of parturition; mating occurs June to mid-July. Implantation is delayed 3-4 months; total gestation period is about 1 year. Female stays with her pup for 3-13 days, then begins a series of 1-2-day feeding trips that extend over a period of several weeks, during which time the pup is left ashore. Young are weaned usually within 1 year in California; lactation usually lasts more than 1 year in Alaska. Females are sexually mature in 3-4 years (or up to 8 years); may breed into their early 20s (Mathisen et al. 1962, Pitcher and Calkins 1981); most adult females breed annually, though a high rate of reproductive failure results in a lower than 100 percent birth rate among adult females (estimated at 55-63 percent by Pitcher and Calkins 1981 and Calkins and Goodwin 1988). Males attain sexual maturity at 3-7 years old (Pitcher and Calkins 1981), but breeding (territorial) males typically are at least 7-8 years old (most often 9-13 years old in Alaska) (Thorsteinson and Lensink 1962, Loughlin et al. 1987, Raum-Suryan et al. 2002). Males may live up to around 20 years and females to around 30 years.","ecologyComments":"Predators include orcas (killer whales) and sharks.","habitatComments":"Marine habitats include coastal waters near shore and over the continental slope; sometimes rivers are ascended in pursuit of prey. When not on land, the sea lions may congregate at nearshore traditional rafting sites, or move out to the edge of the continental shelf (Kajimura and Loughlin 1988, Sea Lion Recovery Plan Team 1991). While offshore, the sea lions are most often found within 35 km of shore (Kenyon and Rice 1961, Fiscus and Baines 1966, Fiscus et al. 1976, Bonnell et al. 1983) but may range out to several hundred kilometers offshore. The distance sea lions move offshore varies seasonally, with fewer animals being sighted at sea during the summer (Fiscus et al. 1976, Bonnell et al. 1983). Waters extending 0.9 km from rookeries (and major haulouts) were determined to be essential habitat by the Recovery Team (see NMFS 1993); these waters, plus an air zone extending 0.9 km above a rookery/major haulout and (in Alaska) a land zone extending 0.9 km landward from a rookery/major haulout are included in critical habitat designations.<br><br>The most commonly used terrestrial habitat types are rookeries and haulouts. Rookeries are areas where adults congregate for breeding and pupping. These habitats generally occur on beaches of remote islands with difficult access for humans and other mammalian predators (Sea Lion Recovery Plan Team 1991). The beaches can be sand, gravel, cobble, boulder, or bedrock. Female sea lions tend to select locations for pupping that are gently sloping and protected from waves (Sandegren 1970). Females often use the same pupping site in successive years and tend to breed in or near their natal colony (Calkins and Pitcher 1982). Rookery sites may be used as haulout sites during the nonbreeding season. Independent juveniles usually avoid rookeries (Gentry 1970, Sandegren 1970, Calkins and Pitcher 1983, Hoover 1988). From about two weeks after birth, the pups begin to spend increasing amounts of time in the intertidal areas and swimming near shore. Haulouts are areas used by adult sea lions during the nonbreeding season and by nonbreeding adults and subadults throughout the year (Sea Lion Recovery Plan Team 1991). Haulout locations include exposed rocks, reefs, beaches, jetties, breakwaters, navigational aids, floating docks, and sea ice. Selection of both rookery and haulout sites appears to depend on a number of factors including substrate type, degree of exposure to wind and waves, proximity to food resources, tradition of use, season, and the degree of human disturbance (Gentry 1970, Sandegren 1970, Calkins and Pitcher 1983, Hoover 1988, Johnson et al. 1989).","generalDescription":"Pelage, which lacks underfur, is tawny, yellowish brown, or reddish brown in adults (may appear to be darker when fur is wet), dark brown to blackish in pups; small external ears are present; all limbs are flipperlike, and the hind limbs can be turned forward and used in terrestrial locomotion. Adult males have long, coarse hair on the chest, shoulders, and back; the chest and neck are massive and muscular (Hall 1981, Nowak 1991). Newborn pups have a thick, dark-brown coat that molts to lighter brown after 6 months (Daniel 2003).<br><br>Steller sea lions are the largest otariid. Males grow larger than females. The average standard length is 282 cm in adult males and 228 cm in adult females (maximum of about 325 cm and 290 cm, respectively); weight of males averages 566 kg and females 263 kg (maximum of about 1,120 kg and 350 kg) (Fiscus 1961, Calkins and Pitcher 1982, Loughlin and Nelson 1986, Winship et al. 2001). Newborn pups are about 1 meter long and weigh 16-23 kg (Daniel 2003).","diagnosticCharacteristics":"This species differs from the California sea lion in larger adult size (average male Stellar sea lion is about 282 cm and 566 kg; average male California sea lion is about 250 cm and 400 kg), paler pelage, absence of a protruding crest on the forehead of adult males, and presence of a large diastema between the fourth and fifth upper postcanine teeth.","speciesMarineHabitats":[{"cagMarineHabId":-100716,"marineHabitat":{"id":1,"marineHabitatDescEn":"Pelagic","marineHabitatDescEs":"Pelágico","marineHabitatDescFr":"Pélagique","displayOrder":1}},{"cagMarineHabId":-100717,"marineHabitat":{"id":3,"marineHabitatDescEn":"Near shore","marineHabitatDescEs":"Cercano a la costa","marineHabitatDescFr":"Côtier","displayOrder":3}}],"speciesTerrestrialHabitats":[{"cagTerrHabId":-110885,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":17,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Bare rock/talus/scree","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Roca viva/pendiente de roca/piedras sueltas","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Éboulis","displayOrder":20}}],"speciesRiverineHabitats":[],"speciesPalustrineHabitats":[],"speciesLacustrineHabitats":[],"speciesSubterraneanHabitats":[],"speciesEstuarineHabitats":[{"cagEstuarineHabId":-101393,"estuarineHabitat":{"id":4,"estuarineHabitatDescEn":"Tidal flat/shore","estuarineHabitatDescEs":"Marea plana/orilla","estuarineHabitatDescFr":"Replat de marée/rivage","displayOrder":4}}]},"primaryReference":{"id":1151804,"citation":"American Society of Mammalogists (ASM). 2025. Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.13) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10595931. Online. 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