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elsewhere; principal threats are habitat loss/degradation and overharvest.","grank":"G5","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":104403,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":null,"numberEos":null,"numberGoodEos":null,"numberProtEos":null,"popSize":{"id":33,"popSizeDescEn":"10,000 to >1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 10.000 a >1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 10 000 à >1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":null,"shortTermTrend":null,"threatImpactAssigned":null,"rangeExtentComments":"North Atlantic, south to Portugal in the east, south to Connecticut and Housatonic rivers in the west (possibly formerly to Delaware); north to Ungava Bay (northern Quebec) and to the Nastapoka River in eastern Hudson Bay (Morin 1991); inland in North America to Lake Ontario, where now extirpated; widely stocked in lakes but seldom successfully. A spawning population, evidently derived from feral adults used for aquaculture, appears to be established in the Tsitika River in British Columbia, and freshwater and marine recoveries are well documented in Alaska (Volpe et al. 2000). Locally common, but depleted or extirpated from western and southern parts of range (Page and Burr 1991).  The only remaining populations that are believed to consist, at least in part, of native fishes in U.S. rivers occur in Maine: Dennys, Machias, East Machias, Narraguagus, Pleasant, Ducktrap, and Sheepscot rivers (Colligan and Nickerson 1996); a few populations have been partially restored through hatchery production (Federal Register, 20 January 1994).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"This species is represented by a large number of subpopulations and locations.","popSizeComments":"As of 2000, the estimated annual number of spawners in eastern North America was about 350,000, down from 1.5 million 30 years ago (Anderson et al. 2000).  As of the late 1980s, New England population included about 3000-7000 adults returning to 16 rivers; of these, 1500-2500 were believed to be of wild origin. Prior to European colonization, Maine spawning runs may have been 125,000-500,000 (Beland 1984, cited by Clark et al. 1993). See Clark et al. (1993) and USFWS (1995) for information on current status in Maine.","viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"Native U.S. populations south of Maine are essentially extirpated due primarily to the effects of dams and water pollution; excessive harvest of adults by humans, stream acidification, sedimentation of spawning and holding habitat, and possibly changes in water temperature regimes contributed to the decline in some areas.  Evidence from New England indicates that landlocked populations of Atlantic salmon may be negatively influenced as abundance of northern pike and/or <i>Esox</i> hybrids increases. In the U.S., some of these threats have been alleviated; water quality has improved in recent decades, and fish ladders have been constructed at many dams; reintroduction programs are in progress.  Poor marine survival continues to result in reduced returns to U.S. rivers (USFWS 1995, Anderson et al. 2000); depletion of forage species by commercial fisheries and freshwater exposure of juveniles to an endocrine disrupter (leads to mortality in marine phase) are suggested possible causes. Escaped farmed salmon may pose a threat to native populations in coastal Maine rivers (USFWS 1995).  See USFWS (1995), NMFS (Federal Register, 29 September 1995), Colligan and Nickerson (1996), and Anderson et al. (2000) for further information on threats to North American populations.","shortTermTrendComments":"In the U.S., abundance is low and trends recently have been downward (USFWS 1995, Federal Register, 29 September 1995; Colligan and Nickerson 1996; Anderson et al. 2000).","longTermTrendComments":null,"inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":null,"protectionNeeds":"See USFWS (1997) for an explanation of the decision to withdraw the proposed rule to list a distinct population segment in Maine as threatened. See \"Review of the status of anadromous salmon (Salmo salar) under the U.S. Endangered Species Act, July, 1999,\" available from USFWS (Paul Nickerson, 413-253-8615, Hadley, Massachusetts).","otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":104403,"majorHabitat":{"id":2,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Freshwater","majorHabitatDescEs":"Agua dulce","majorHabitatDescFr":"Eau douce"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":true,"longDistanceMigrant":true,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Migrates up to thousands of kilometers between freshwater spawning habitat and marine nonspawning habitat. A number of native landlocked populations are known. Resident and anadromous populations may be sympatric in some areas. Returns to natal stream in spring. In New England, adults ascend rivers beginning in spring, with a peak in June and continuing into fall.","foodHabitsComments":"Adults eat fishes and crustaceans (euphausiids, amphipods, decapods) in salt water, do not feed in fresh water. Young in streams eat mainly aquatic insect larvae and terrestrial insects (Scott and Crossman 1973), sometimes fish eggs.","animalPhenologyComments":null,"colonialBreeder":false,"length":140,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":105421,"foodHabits":{"id":2,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescFr":"Piscivore","displayOrder":2},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":105422,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1073,"locationUseClass":{"id":10,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Freshwater","locationUseClassDescEs":"Agua dulce","locationUseClassDescFr":"Eau douce","displayOrder":12},"eoSpecGroupName":"Fishes with Anadromous Populations","subtypes":"Rearing & Migration Area, Spawning & Rearing Area","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including eggs and larvae) in appropriate habitat. For anadromous populations, occurrences are based on collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more spawning adults, redds, other evidence of spawning, or larvae or juveniles in appropriate spawning/rearing habitat.","mappingGuidance":"Conceptually, the occurrence includes the entire freshwater area used by the population, including spawning, rearing, and migration areas. For anadromous populations, an occurrence should extend from the most upstream spawning areas downstream to the ocean. However, it is desirable (and practical) to subdivide this sometimes very large occurrence, sometimes overlapping with many other spaghetti-like occurrences extending down from the upstream spawning areas to the ocean, into separate source features or sub-occurrences, labeled with a feature label that reflects the life history stage in that area. Moreover, it may make practical sense to treat the areas downstream of spawning and/or rearing areas as a mixed element animal assemblage: Freshwater Salmon Migration Corridor. This negates the need to separately map each occurrence down to the ocean from its upstream spawning location. Information about areas with different life-history uses can be generated by using best professional judgment by district or regional fish biologists and may or may not incorporate specific locational information from spawning surveys or other surveys.","separationBarriers":"Dam lacking a suitable fishway; high waterfall; upland habitat that is very unlikely to be submerged even during periods of exceptionally high water (e.g., 100-year flood or 1% flood).","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":null,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":null,"altSeparationProcedure":"For anadromous populations and migratory populations that have distinct and separate spawning and nonspawning areas, the area used by each population whose spawning area is separated by a gap of at least 10 stream-km from other spawning areas within a stream system is potentially mappable as a distinct occurrence that extends down to the ocean (but see mapping guidance), regardless of whether the spawning areas are in the same or different tributaries. <br/><br/>For other (e.g., nonanadromous) populations in streams, separation distance is 10 stream-km for both suitable and unsuitable habitat. However, if it is known that the same population occupies sites separated by more than 10 km (e.g., this may be common for migratory, nonanadromous populations), those sites should be included within the same occurrence. In lakes, occurrences include all suitable habitat that is presumed to be occupied (based on expert judgment), even if documented collection/observation points are more than 10 km apart. Separate sub-occurrences or source features may usefully document locations of critical spawning areas within a lake.","separationJustification":"The separation distance is arbitrary but was selected to ensure that occurrences are of manageable size but not too small. Because of the difficulty in defining suitable versus unsuitable habitat, especially with respect to dispersal, and to simplify the delineation of occurrences, a single separation distance is used regardless of habitat quality. <br/><br/>\"Restricted movement is the norm in populations of stream salmonids during nonmigratory periods,\" but there is considerable variation in movements within and among species (Rodriguez 2002). Redband trout in Montana had October-December home ranges of 5-377 m, consistent with small movements observed for radio-tagged brook trout and cutthroat trout during fall and winter (Muhlfeld et al. 2001). For nonanadromous populations, little is known about juvenile dispersal (e.g., how far fishes may move between between their embryonic developmental habitat and eventual spawning site).<br/><br/>In summer and fall, radio-tagged cutthroat trout in Strawberry Reservoir in Utah had single-month home ranges that were usually about 3-4 km in maximum length (Baldwin et al. 2002). In the Blackfoot River drainage, Montana, radio-tagged westslope cutthroat trout moved 3-72 km (mean 31 km) to access spawning tributaries (Schmetterling 2001). This indicates that migratory but nonanadromous populations may use extensive areas and that one should not invoke the 10-km separation distance without considering the full extent of the population.","versionDate":"2009-11-25","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G., and L. Master","versionNotes":"This Specs Group comprises fish species that include anadromous populations (may also include nonanadromous populations), such as lampreys, sturgeons, herrings, shads, salmonids, and smelts. <br/><br/>Criteria for marine occurrences (Location Use Class: Marine) have not yet been established. These may not be needed for marine occurrences of species that likely will be dealt with as mixed element assemblages (e.g., Salmonid Marine Concentration Area).<br/><br/><u>Feature Descriptor Definitions: </u><br/><br/>Spawning Area: area used for spawning but not for rearing or migration. <br/><br/>Rearing Area: area used for larval/juvenile development but not for spawning or migration.<br/><br/>Migration Corridor: area used for migration but not for rearing or spawning.","lastModified":"2023-11-04T02:02:32.842731Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":156581,"locationUseClass":{"id":11,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Estuarine","locationUseClassDescEs":"Estuarina","locationUseClassDescFr":"Estuarien","displayOrder":13},"eoSpecGroupName":"Fishes with Anadromous Populations","subtypes":"Rearing & Migration Area, Spawning & Rearing Area, Wintering Area","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. 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20","scientificName":"Salmo salar pop. 20","primaryCommonName":"Atlantic Salmon (Southern Labrador population)","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1371915/Salmo_salar_pop_20"},{"infraspeciesId":1371934,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1371934","formattedScientificName":"<i>Salmo salar</i> pop. 24","scientificName":"Salmo salar pop. 24","primaryCommonName":"Atlantic Salmon (Nova Scotia Southern Upland West population)","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1371934/Salmo_salar_pop_24"},{"infraspeciesId":1371941,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1371941","formattedScientificName":"<i>Salmo salar</i> pop. 27","scientificName":"Salmo salar pop. 27","primaryCommonName":"Atlantic Salmon (Inner St. Lawrence population)","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1371941/Salmo_salar_pop_27"},{"infraspeciesId":1371966,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1371966","formattedScientificName":"<i>Salmo salar</i> pop. 34","scientificName":"Salmo salar pop. 34","primaryCommonName":"Atlantic Salmon (Outer Bay of Fundy population)","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1371966/Salmo_salar_pop_34"},{"infraspeciesId":1371937,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1371937","formattedScientificName":"<i>Salmo salar</i> pop. 25","scientificName":"Salmo salar pop. 25","primaryCommonName":"Atlantic Salmon (Northeast Newfoundland population)","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1371937/Salmo_salar_pop_25"},{"infraspeciesId":1371960,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1371960","formattedScientificName":"<i>Salmo salar</i> pop. 31","scientificName":"Salmo salar pop. 31","primaryCommonName":"Atlantic Salmon (Nunavik population)","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1371960/Salmo_salar_pop_31"},{"infraspeciesId":1371948,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1371948","formattedScientificName":"<i>Salmo salar</i> pop. 29","scientificName":"Salmo salar pop. 29","primaryCommonName":"Atlantic Salmon (Gaspé Peninsula population)","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1371948/Salmo_salar_pop_29"},{"infraspeciesId":1371906,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1371906","formattedScientificName":"<i>Salmo salar</i> pop. 19","scientificName":"Salmo salar pop. 19","primaryCommonName":"Atlantic Salmon (Labrador Lake Melville population)","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1371906/Salmo_salar_pop_19"},{"infraspeciesId":1371922,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1371922","formattedScientificName":"<i>Salmo salar</i> pop. 23","scientificName":"Salmo salar pop. 23","primaryCommonName":"Atlantic Salmon (Nova Scotia Southern Upland East population)","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1371922/Salmo_salar_pop_23"},{"infraspeciesId":1371919,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1371919","formattedScientificName":"<i>Salmo salar</i> pop. 22","scientificName":"Salmo salar pop. 22","primaryCommonName":"Atlantic Salmon (South Newfoundland West population)","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1371919/Salmo_salar_pop_22"},{"infraspeciesId":1371944,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1371944","formattedScientificName":"<i>Salmo salar</i> pop. 28","scientificName":"Salmo salar pop. 28","primaryCommonName":"Atlantic Salmon (Inner Bay of Fundy population)","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1371944/Salmo_salar_pop_28"},{"infraspeciesId":1371917,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1371917","formattedScientificName":"<i>Salmo salar</i> pop. 21","scientificName":"Salmo salar pop. 21","primaryCommonName":"Atlantic Salmon (South Newfoundland East population)","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1371917/Salmo_salar_pop_21"},{"infraspeciesId":1371939,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1371939","formattedScientificName":"<i>Salmo salar</i> pop. 26","scientificName":"Salmo salar pop. 26","primaryCommonName":"Atlantic Salmon (Northwest Newfoundland population)","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1371939/Salmo_salar_pop_26"},{"infraspeciesId":1371952,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1371952","formattedScientificName":"<i>Salmo salar</i> pop. 33","scientificName":"Salmo salar pop. 33","primaryCommonName":"Atlantic Salmon (Southern Gulf of St. Lawrence and Cape Breton population)","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1371952/Salmo_salar_pop_33"},{"infraspeciesId":1371957,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1371957","formattedScientificName":"<i>Salmo salar</i> pop. 30","scientificName":"Salmo salar pop. 30","primaryCommonName":"Atlantic Salmon (Quebec Eastern North Shore population)","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1371957/Salmo_salar_pop_30"},{"infraspeciesId":1371963,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1371963","formattedScientificName":"<i>Salmo salar</i> pop. 32","scientificName":"Salmo salar pop. 32","primaryCommonName":"Atlantic Salmon (Quebec Western North Shore population)","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1371963/Salmo_salar_pop_32"}],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":null,"ebarGlobalScope":null,"ebarKbaGroup":"Fishes","caGeneralStatusId":"GS000697"},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":104403,"reproductionComments":"Spawns in fall (late October and early November in Maine). Eggs hatch in early spring. Young spend 1-3 years in stream rearing habitat, go to sea (in spring), return to spawn after 1-4 winters at sea (most from New England spend two years at sea). Adults may spawn in more than one year. In Europe, the majority of the smallest adults spawned annually, the largest biennially (Jonsson et al. (1991). Apparently, severe post-spawning mortality is normal in natural habitats, but survivorship generally is higher in artificially \"reconditioned\" kelts or in lake-locked populations (Stearley 1992).","ecologyComments":null,"habitatComments":"Rocky runs and pools of small to large rivers; lakes (Page and Burr 1991). Young remain in gravelly streams for 1-5 years (generally 1-2 years, but up to 8 years in some areas), then (as smolts) enter sea (or lake in landlocked populations) and remain there for 1-4 years. Migration habitat between spawning area and ocean optimally should have a minimum of slow- or no-flow areas. At sea, may remain within influence of estuary or move as far as Greenland. Prior to spawning, holds in streams through summer and early fall; optimum conditions include pools of 6 ft or more, water velocity below 1.6 ft/sec, and temperatures of 50-54 F (Clark et al. 1993). <br><br>Spawns in streams, usually in gravel-bottomed riffle above or below a pool. In Canada, streams with pH below 4.7 have no existing salmon runs; no impact was observed in streams with pH above 5.4 (Watt 1986, cited by Clark et al. 1993). Eggs are laid in a nest and covered with gravel. Normal egg development requires water temperatures less than 50 F (optimum 43 F). Rearing habitat includes shallow riffle areas interrupted by pools and deeper riffles. Parr require cover such as large rocks. Adults die or return to sea after spawning (males sometimes overwinter in stream). Usually spawns in natal stream.","generalDescription":null,"diagnosticCharacteristics":null,"speciesMarineHabitats":[{"cagMarineHabId":-100712,"marineHabitat":{"id":1,"marineHabitatDescEn":"Pelagic","marineHabitatDescEs":"Pelágico","marineHabitatDescFr":"Pélagique","displayOrder":1}},{"cagMarineHabId":-100713,"marineHabitat":{"id":3,"marineHabitatDescEn":"Near shore","marineHabitatDescEs":"Cercano a la costa","marineHabitatDescFr":"Côtier","displayOrder":3}}],"speciesTerrestrialHabitats":[],"speciesRiverineHabitats":[{"cagRiverineHabId":-106096,"riverineHabitat":{"id":1,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"BIG RIVER","riverineHabitatDescEs":"RÍO GRANDE","riverineHabitatDescFr":"GRANDE RIVIÈRE","displayOrder":1}},{"cagRiverineHabId":-106097,"riverineHabitat":{"id":2,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"MEDIUM RIVER","riverineHabitatDescEs":"RÍO MEDIANO","riverineHabitatDescFr":"MOYENNE RIVIÈRE","displayOrder":2}},{"cagRiverineHabId":-106098,"riverineHabitat":{"id":3,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"CREEK","riverineHabitatDescEs":"ARROYO","riverineHabitatDescFr":"RUISSEAU","displayOrder":3}},{"cagRiverineHabId":-106102,"riverineHabitat":{"id":5,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"High gradient","riverineHabitatDescEs":"Pendiente de alto flujo","riverineHabitatDescFr":"Pente d’écoulement élevée","displayOrder":5}},{"cagRiverineHabId":-106099,"riverineHabitat":{"id":6,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"Moderate gradient","riverineHabitatDescEs":"Pendiente de flujo medio","riverineHabitatDescFr":"Pente d’écoulement moyenne","displayOrder":6}},{"cagRiverineHabId":-106100,"riverineHabitat":{"id":7,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"Low gradient","riverineHabitatDescEs":"Pendiente de bajo flujo","riverineHabitatDescFr":"Pente d’écoulement faible","displayOrder":7}},{"cagRiverineHabId":-106103,"riverineHabitat":{"id":8,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"Riffle","riverineHabitatDescEs":"Rápido","riverineHabitatDescFr":"Seuil","displayOrder":8}},{"cagRiverineHabId":-106101,"riverineHabitat":{"id":9,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"Pool","riverineHabitatDescEs":"Piscina","riverineHabitatDescFr":"Fosse","displayOrder":9}}],"speciesPalustrineHabitats":[],"speciesLacustrineHabitats":[{"cagLacusHabId":-100951,"lacustrineHabitat":{"id":1,"lacustrineHabitatDescEn":"Deep water","lacustrineHabitatDescEs":"Aguas profundas","lacustrineHabitatDescFr":"Eau profonde","displayOrder":1}}],"speciesSubterraneanHabitats":[],"speciesEstuarineHabitats":[{"cagEstuarineHabId":-101384,"estuarineHabitat":{"id":1,"estuarineHabitatDescEn":"Bay/sound","estuarineHabitatDescEs":"Bahía/Estrecho","estuarineHabitatDescFr":"Baie/détroit","displayOrder":1}},{"cagEstuarineHabId":-101385,"estuarineHabitat":{"id":2,"estuarineHabitatDescEn":"River mouth/tidal river","estuarineHabitatDescEs":"Desembocadura del río/río de marea","estuarineHabitatDescFr":"Embouchure/rivière à marées","displayOrder":2}}]},"primaryReference":{"id":1139849,"citation":"Page, L. M., K. E. Bemis, T. E. Dowling, H.S. Espinosa-Pérez, L.T. Findley, C. R. Gilbert, K. E. Hartel, R. N. Lea, N. E. Mandrak, M. A. Neigbors, J. J. Schmitter-Soto, and H. J. Walker, Jr. 2023. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Eighth edition. American Fisheries Society (AFS), Special Publication 37, Bethesda, Maryland, 439 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Page et al.","shortCitationYear":2023,"referenceCode":"B23PAG01NAUS","lastModified":"2024-08-02T21:41:01.515075Z"},"predecessors":[],"elementGlobalThreatAssessments":[]}