{"elementGlobalId":104396,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":11,"iucnDescEn":"Least concern","iucnDescEs":"Menos preocupante","iucnDescFr":"Moins préoccupante","iucnCode":"LC"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":null,"formattedScientificName":"<i>Lithobates sphenocephalus</i>","scientificName":"Lithobates sphenocephalus","scientificNameAuthor":"(Cope, 1886)","primaryCommonName":"Southern Leopard Frog","relatedItisNames":"<i>Lithobates sphenocephalus</i> (Cope, 1886) (TSN 775116)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.104396","elcode":"AAABH01220","conceptRefFullCitation":"Frost, D. R. 1985. Amphibian species of the world. A taxonomic and geographical reference. Allen Press, Inc., and The Association of  Systematics Collections, Lawrence, Kansas. v + 732 pp.","conceptName":"<i>Rana sphenocephala</i>","taxonomicComments":"An older name, <i>Rana utricularia</i> (unjustifiably changed from the original <i>Rana utricularius</i> Harlan), was applied to this species by Pace (1974), and subsequently by various other authors, upsetting the long-standing use of the name <i>sphenocephala</i>; there is substantial doubt that Harlan meant to apply the name <i>utricularius</i> to this species and not to what is now known as <i>Rana pipiens</i>. In 1992, the ICZN ruled that <i>sphenocephala</i> has precedence over <i>utricularius</i> whenever the two names are considered to be synonyms. See Brown et al. (1990) and references cited therein for a detailed account of this issue.<br/><br/>The generic taxonomy of American ranids is controversial, with three nomenclatural arrangements being consistent with current understandings of phylogeny: The single-genus arrangement of Yuan et al. (2016) which placed all Eurasian <i>Rana </i>and <i>Pseudorana </i>as well as all American ranids into <i>Rana</i>; the three-genus model of Che et al. (2007), largely in agreement with the earlier arrangement by Frost et al. (2006), which recognizes <i>Pseudorana</i> in Asia, <i>Rana </i>in Eurasia and western North America, and <i>Lithobates </i>in the Americas; and a seven-genus model of Dubois et al. (2021) which recognizes <i>Pseudorana</i>, <i>Rana</i>, and <i>Liuhurana </i>in Eurasia and <i>Amerana </i>(the Pacific Coast ranids of North America), <i>Aquarana </i>(for the bullfrogs and allies), <i>Boreorana </i>(a monotypic genus for Wood Frog, <i>L. sylvaticus</i>), and <i>Lithobates </i>(for the leopard frogs and allies). Here we follow Nicholson (2025) who defer from recognizing <i>Amerana</i>, <i>Aquarana</i>, or <i>Boreorana </i>at this time pending achievement of more phylogenetic stability, especially with respect to the position of the taxon <i>sylvaticus </i>which inconsistently is recovered as sister to the proposed <i>Aquarana </i>or as sister to <i>Lithobates</i>.","roundedGRank":"G5","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2010-01-26","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Hammerson, G.","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":165300,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N5","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":276060,"subnation":{"id":38,"nameEn":"New Jersey","nameEs":"Nueva Jersey","nameFr":"New 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to broad.","enviromentalSpecificityDescEs":"Moderado a amplio.","enviromentalSpecificityDescFr":"De modéré à vaste."},"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":4,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Moderately vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"Moderadamente vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"Moyennement vulnérable"},"longTermTrend":{"id":38,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of <30% to increase of 25%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de <30% a aumento de 25%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de <30 % à augmentation de 25 %"},"numberEos":null,"numberGoodEos":null,"numberProtEos":null,"popSize":null,"rangeExtent":{"id":34,"rangeExtentDescEn":"200,000 to >2,500,000 square km (about 80,000 to >1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"200.000 a >2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 80.000 a >1.000.000 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 200 000 à >2 500 000 km carrés (de 80 000 à >1 000 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":null,"threatImpactAssigned":null,"rangeExtentComments":"Range includes the lowlands of the southeastern United States, from southern New York to the Florida Keys, and west to eastern Kansas, central Oklahoma, and eastern Texas (Conant and Collins 1991). Introduced on Little Bahama Bank (Schwartz and Henderson 1991). Hybridizes with <i>Rana blairi </i>along the Missouri River floodplain in Missouri (Parris 1999).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"Represented by many and/or large occurrences throughout most of the range.","popSizeComments":"This is the most abundant frog in Florida (Bartlett and Bartlett 1999). Abundant in eastern Texas (Bartlett and Bartlett 1999). Widespread and locally abundant in Illinois range (Phillips et al. 1999).","viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"Traffic on roads near ponds may be a local threat. Palis (1994, Herpetol. Rev. 25:119) reported large numbers of road-killed individuals adjacent to a pond in Florida.  Within a single population, families of leopard frogs vary in their tolerance to the insecticide carbaryl (Bridges and Semlitsch 2001).","shortTermTrendComments":"Population trend is unknown but probably stable to slightly declining.","longTermTrendComments":"Likely relatively stable in extent of occurrence, likely less than 25% decline in in population size, area of occurrence, and number/condition of occurrences. Populations in Indiana have not undergone the drastic decline in numbers that has occurred in Rana pipiens (Minton 2001).","inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":null,"protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":104396,"majorHabitat":{"id":2,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Freshwater","majorHabitatDescEs":"Agua dulce","majorHabitatDescFr":"Eau douce"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":true,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Migrates between breeding pools and adjacent nonbreeding terrestrial habitats.","foodHabitsComments":"Metamorphosed frogs eat various small invertebrates, mainly terrestrial arthropods; rarely small vertebrates. Larvae eat suspended matter, algae, plant tissue, organic debris, and probably some small invertebrates.","animalPhenologyComments":"Southern leopard frogs are inactive during cold weather in winter in the northern part of the range.","colonialBreeder":true,"length":13,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":102942,"animalPhenology":{"id":1,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Hibernates/aestivates","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Hibernación/Estivación","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Hiberne/estive","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":102943,"animalPhenology":{"id":4,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Nocturnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Nocturno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Nocturne","displayOrder":4},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":102944,"animalPhenology":{"id":5,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Crepuscular","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Crepuscular","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Crépusculaire","displayOrder":5},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":105409,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":false},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":105410,"foodHabits":{"id":4,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Herbivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Herbívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Herbivore","displayOrder":4},"adult":false,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1179,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Ranid Frogs","subtypes":"Breeding Location","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including larvae or eggs) in or near appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Busy major highway, especially at night, such that frogs rarely if ever cross successfully; urban development dominated by buildings and pavement; habitat in which site-specific data indicate the frogs virtually never occur.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":1.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"BARRIERS/UNSUITABLE HABITAT: Rivers may or may not be effective barriers, depending on stream width and flow dynamics; identification of streams as barriers is a subjective determination. Ranid frog species vary in habitat use, but even the most aquatic species may traverse upland habitat when conditions are suitable (Pope and Matthews 2001); natural and seminatural upland habitat generally does not constitute a barrier. Here, unsuitable habitat refers to upland habitat devoid or nearly devoid of wetlands, streams, ponds, or lakes. Bodies of water dominated by predatory fishes may be barriers to some species but suitable habitat for others; in most cases, such waters probably should be regarded as unsuitable habitat.<br /><br />SUITABLE HABITAT (Applies to most North American ranids, but not <i>Lithobates sevosa</i> or <i>L. </i><i>capit</i>o): Suitable habitat includes riparian/riverine corridors, wetlands, and wetland/upland mosaics in which wetland patches are separated by less than 1 km of upland habitat; it also includes any upland habitat regularly used for feeding or wintering (e.g., mesic forest for wood frogs).<br /><br />MOVEMENTS (Applies to most North American ranids, but not <i>Lithobates sevosa</i> or <i>L. </i><i>capit</i>o): Available information indicates that individual ranids occasionally move distances of several km (<i>R. luteiventris</i>: Reaser 1996, cited by Koch et al. 1997; <i>R. blairi</i>: Gillis 1975) but most individuals stay within a few kilometers of their breeding sites (<i>R. aurora draytonii</i>: USFWS, Federal Register, 11 September 2000; <i>L. capito</i>: Franz et al. 1988; <i>R. clamitans</i>: Lamoureux and Madison 1999; <i>R. luteiventris</i>: Turner 1960, Hollenbeck 1974, Bull and Hayes 2001). Similarly, maximum distance between capture points generally is a few kilometers or less (<i>R. aurora</i>: Hayes et al. 2001; USFWS, Federal Register, 11 September 2000; <i>L. catesbeiana</i>: Willis et al. 1956; <i>R. luteiventris</i>: Reaser and Pilliod, in press; Engle 2000; <i>R. muscosa</i>: Pope and Matthews 2001). Dispersal data for juveniles are lacking for most species.<br /><br />Adult and juvenile <i>L. sylvaticus</i> readily traveled in excess of 300 m from their pools of origin (Vasconcelos and Calhoun 2004). Bellis (1965) determined that adult and juvenile <i>L. sylvaticus</i> in a peat bog had traveled at least 410 m from the nearest breeding pool. Berven and Grudzien (1990) found that dispersing <i>L. sylvaticus</i> juveniles traveled an average of 1,208 m from their natal pools. In the Shenandoah Mountains, data for <i>L. sylvaticus</i> indicated that ponds separated by a distance greater than 1,000 m should experience little gene flow (Berven and Grudzien 1991). In contrast, populations in Minnesota were very similar in allelic frequencies, even at distances greater than several kilometers (Squire and Newman 2002). However, sample sizes and number of loci examined were small, and genetic patterns do not necessarily reflect movement distances.<br /><br />See Humphries and Sisson (2012) for information about movements, habitat needs, and area requirements for <i>L. capito</i>.<br /><br />The preponderance of data for ranids indicate that a separation distance of several kilometers may be appropriate for suitable habitat and practical for occurrence delineation, despite occasional movements that are longer and that may allow some genetic interchange between distant populations. The movement data for ranids are here regarded as consistent enough to allow the same separation distance to be used for different species; much of the apparent variation in movements doubtless reflects differences in study methods and in the ability to detect long-distance movements.","versionDate":"2005-04-01","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-10-03T20:47:46.301189Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":104396,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":105847,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:26:31.884855Z"}],"references":[{"id":121383,"citation":"Bartlett, R. 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