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One or two litters/year. First litter is produced mostly in February-March, sometimes as early as January in some areas; second litter, July or August. Gestation lasts 44 days. Litter size most often is 2-3. Young are tended by female. Weaning is completed at about 10-12 weeks (in spring and/or late summer-early fall). Most breed as yearlings, sometimes sooner (as early as 5 months) or later. Reproductive output, including the percentage of adults that produce young and the number of litters/year, is positively correlated with mast abundance. Maximum reproductive longevity is about a decade.","ecologyComments":"Fall density generally ranges from 0.5 to 14/ha, but 3.2/ha generally is considered high for extensive forested tracts; densities of 21/ha or more may occur in city parks; populations tend to increase after bumper mast crops, decrease if mast crop fails (Teaford 1986). May aggregate at abundant food sources. <br><br>Home range averages 0.5-10 ha, with older males tending to have the largest ranges (Teaford 1986); usually home range is less than 5 ha (see Koprowski 1994). Not territorial, home range overlap is extensive; social system is characterized by a linear dominance hierarchy. <br><br>Disperses up to a few kilometers from natal area upon approaching sexual maturity. Large-scale one-way emigrations have been observed, generally coinciding with high population density and mast crop failure. <br><br>Taken by many predators, but predation does not appear to limit populations (Teaford 1986). Mean annual mortality reported for adults is 42-57% (Koprowski 1994).","habitatComments":"Prefers mature deciduous and mixed forests with abundant supplies of mast (e.g., acorns, hickory nuts). A diversity of nut trees is needed to support high densities. Also uses city parks and floodplains. Seldom far from permanent open water. In southern Alabama, narrow bands of hardwoods along ephemeral streams were an important component of the habitat in even-aged pine and mixed pine-hardwood stands (Fischer and Holler 1991). Rests in tree cavity or leaf nest; leaf nests apparently are made primarily by dispersing juveniles 18-19 weeks old. Nests in tree cavities or in leaf nests, usually 25 feet or more above ground. Most winter-spring litters are born in tree cavities, most spring-summer litters in leaf nests (Teaford 1986). Cavities suitable for nesting are dry, 15-25 cm in diameter, 40-50 cm deep, with an entrance hole about 8 cm in diameter (Teaford 1986). 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