{"elementGlobalId":104367,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":11,"iucnDescEn":"Least concern","iucnDescEs":"Menos preocupante","iucnDescFr":"Moins préoccupante","iucnCode":"LC"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":null,"formattedScientificName":"<i>Pituophis melanoleucus</i>","scientificName":"Pituophis melanoleucus","scientificNameAuthor":"(Daudin, 1803)","primaryCommonName":"Eastern Pinesnake","relatedItisNames":"<i>Pituophis melanoleucus</i> (Daudin, 1803) (TSN 174263)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.104367","elcode":"ARADB26010","conceptRefFullCitation":"Sweet, S. S., and W. S. Parker. 1990. <i>Pituophis melanoleucus</i>. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 474.1-474.8.","conceptName":"<i>Pituophis melanoleucus</i>","taxonomicComments":"Using mitochondrial data, Rodríguez-Robles and de Jesús-Escobar (2000) corroborated the current classification of United States <i>Pituophis </i>into three species: <i>melanoleucus</i>, <i>catenifer</i>, and <i>ruthveni</i>. However, the recognition of <i>ruthveni </i>rendered <i>catenifer </i>paraphyletic, and <i>P. catenifer</i> and <i>P. melanoleucus</i> have geographic structure that does not correspond with currently recognized subspecies. Thus, given further study of this group, some species of <i>Pituophis </i>may undergo taxonomic revision in the near future (Crother 2017).","roundedGRank":"G4","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2005-12-14","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Hammerson, G.","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":163088,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N4","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":292927,"subnation":{"id":2,"nameEn":"Alabama","nameEs":"Alabama","nameFr":"Alabama","subnationCode":"AL","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S4","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S4","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":292927,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":396799,"subnation":{"id":48,"nameEn":"South Carolina","nameEs":"Carolina del Sur","nameFr":"Caroline du Sud","subnationCode":"SC","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S2","dataSensitive":{"id":1,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"Yes","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"Y"},"dataSensitiveCategory":{"id":1,"dataSensitiveCategoryDescEn":"Poaching/Collection Threat","dataSensitiveCategoryDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveCategoryDescFr":null,"nsStandardInd":true},"srank":"S2","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":396799,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":270185,"subnation":{"id":34,"nameEn":"North Carolina","nameEs":"Carolina del Norte","nameFr":"Caroline du Nord","subnationCode":"NC","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S2","dataSensitive":{"id":1,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"Yes","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"Y"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":270185,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":336495,"subnation":{"id":14,"nameEn":"Georgia","nameEs":"Georgia","nameFr":"Géorgie","subnationCode":"GA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":336495,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":329770,"subnation":{"id":50,"nameEn":"Tennessee","nameEs":"Tennessee","nameFr":"Tennessee","subnationCode":"TN","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":329770,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":315548,"subnation":{"id":22,"nameEn":"Kentucky","nameEs":"Kentucky","nameFr":"Kentucky","subnationCode":"KY","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNR","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNR","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":315548,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":367723,"subnation":{"id":53,"nameEn":"Virginia","nameEs":"Virginia","nameFr":"Virginie","subnationCode":"VA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SH","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SH","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":367723,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":305467,"subnation":{"id":58,"nameEn":"West Virginia","nameEs":"Virginia Occidental","nameFr":"Virginie-Occidentale","subnationCode":"WV","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SH","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SH","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":305467,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":366444,"subnation":{"id":25,"nameEn":"Maryland","nameEs":"Maryland","nameFr":"Maryland","subnationCode":"MD","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SH","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SH","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":366444,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":364486,"subnation":{"id":38,"nameEn":"New Jersey","nameEs":"Nueva Jersey","nameFr":"New Jersey","subnationCode":"NJ","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNR","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNR","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":364486,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":364485,"subnation":{"id":32,"nameEn":"Mississippi","nameEs":"Mississippi","nameFr":"Mississippi","subnationCode":"MS","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":364485,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":363238,"subnation":{"id":23,"nameEn":"Louisiana","nameEs":"Louisiana","nameFr":"Louisiane","subnationCode":"LA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SH","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SH","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":363238,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":401838,"subnation":{"id":12,"nameEn":"Florida","nameEs":"Florida","nameFr":"Floride","subnationCode":"FL","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":3,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"Conditional","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"C"},"dataSensitiveCategory":{"id":1,"dataSensitiveCategoryDescEn":"Poaching/Collection Threat","dataSensitiveCategoryDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveCategoryDescFr":null,"nsStandardInd":true},"srank":"S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":401838,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":1998,"nrank":"N4","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":163088,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T21:43:55.436099Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.104367/Pituophis_melanoleucus","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"1998-11-09","grankReviewDate":"2005-12-14","grankReasons":"Discontinuous range centered in the southeastern United States; many populations have declined with loss and degradation of pine woodland habitat.","grank":"G4","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":104367,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":4,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Moderately vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"Moderadamente vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"Moyennement vulnérable"},"longTermTrend":{"id":33,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of <50% to Relatively Stable","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de <50% a relativamente estable","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de <50 % à relativement stable"},"numberEos":{"id":13,"numberEosDescEn":"81 - 300","numberEosDescEs":"De 81 a 300","numberEosDescFr":"De 81 à 300"},"numberGoodEos":null,"numberProtEos":null,"popSize":{"id":32,"popSizeDescEn":"10,000 - 1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 10.000 a 1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 10 000 à 1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":33,"rangeExtentDescEn":"200,000-2,500,000 square km (about 80,000-1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"200.000 a 2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 80.000 a 1.000.000 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 200 000 à 2 500 000 km carrés (de 80 000 à 1 000 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":40,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Relatively Stable (<=10% change)","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Relativamente estable (variación = <10%)","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Relativement stable (variation = <10 %)"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":8,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Medium","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Medio","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Moyen"},"rangeExtentComments":"The range extends from extreme eastern Louisiana discontinuously east to eastern and southern Florida, and discontinuously north to Kentucky, Virginia, and southern New Jersey (Ernst and Ernst 2003). Records for Arkansas, Maryland, New York, and Veracruz probably represent introductions (Sweet and Parker 1990).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"This species is represented by many occurrences or subpopulations. Sweet and Parker (1990) mapped more than 100 collection localities. See records for subspecies.","popSizeComments":"Total adult population size is unknown but may exceed 10,000. This snake is relatively common in some areas but appears to be uncommon over most of its range, including all of Florida (Franz 1992, Tennant 1997). Fossorial habits make it appear to be less numerous than it actually is. See records for subspecies.","viabilityComments":"The number of occurrences or subpopulations with good viability is unknown but undoubtedly is significantly fewer than the number of extant occurrences.","threatImpactComments":"In many areas, the habitat of this snake has been destroyed or degraded by human activities (Franz 1992). See records for subspecies. Mortality on roads and overcollection have controbuted to declines in some areas (Franz 1992).","shortTermTrendComments":"Extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, number of subpopulations, and population size probably have recently declined, but the rate of decline likely is less than 10% over 10 years or three generations. See records for subspecies.","longTermTrendComments":"Area of occupancy, number of subpopulations, and population size probably have declined over the past several decades.","inventoryNeeds":"See records for subspecies.","numberProtEosComments":"At least several occurrences are in protected areas.","protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":104367,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":true,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":null,"foodHabitsComments":"Feeds primarily on small mammals (Hamilton and Pollack 1956, Wright and Wright 1957, Ernst and Barbour 1989, Franz 1992); also eats birds and their eggs, lizards, small snakes and snake eggs, and insects (Ernst and Barbour 1989, Franz 1992); lizards and insects are more common in the diet of juveniles than in that of adults. Often forages underground.","animalPhenologyComments":"These snakes are most active in daytime but may be active at night or exhibit bimodal morning and evening activity in hot weather. The active season extends from about April through October in the northern part of the range. In the deep south, pinesnakes may be active during warm weather in winter.<br><br>Gibbons and Semlitsch (1991) reported that pine snakes at the Savannah River Plant in Georgia were most often found from June through October. They were captured most often during daylight along roads. In New Jersey, Burger and Zappalorti (1988) showed that activity patterns of males and females differed: females were more active in June during, apparently due to nest excavation, while males were most active in August, apparently due to movement back to hibernacula, since males tended to disperse farther from point of capture than females. Overall, both sexes were most active during May, probably signifying breeding activity. In New Jersey during the active season, pine snakes were inactive 41% of time, basked 36% of time, moved 20% of time, nested 3% of time (Burger and Zappalorti 1988).","colonialBreeder":false,"length":168,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":102927,"animalPhenology":{"id":1,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Hibernates/aestivates","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Hibernación/Estivación","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Hiberne/estive","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":102928,"animalPhenology":{"id":3,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Diurnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Diurno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Diurne","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":105391,"foodHabits":{"id":1,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Carnivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Carnívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Carnivore","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1142,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Medium And Large Colubrid Snakes","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":0.5,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including eggs) in or near appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and  breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Busy highway or highway with obstructions such that snakes rarely if ever cross successfully; major river, lake, pond, or deep marsh (this barrier pertains only to upland species and does not apply to aquatic or wetland snakes); densely urbanized area dominated by buildings and pavement.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":1.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Available information on movements of colubrid snakes is limited to a small minority of species. These data indicate that nearly all species have home ranges smaller or much smaller than 25 ha (e.g., less than 3 ha, <i>Pituophis catenifer</i> in California, Rodriguez-Robles 2003), with some up to about 75 ha (<i>Heterodon platirhinos</i>, average 50 ha, Plummer and Mills 2000), and the largest up to 225 ha in the biggest colubrids (<i>Drymarchon</i>, summer mean 50-100 ha, USFWS 1998). <br><br>Radiotelemetry data for <i>Pantherophis </i>indicate that residents of hibernacula that are 1-2 km apart (with suitable intervening habitat) probably interbreed (Prior et al. 1997, Blouin-Demers and Weatherhead 2002). However, \"evidence of genetic structure even over short distances (e.g., 2-20 km) implies that gene flow among rat snake populations can be easily disrupted\" (Prior et al. 1997). Loughheed et al. (1999) found evidence of substantial genetic exchange among local hibernacula (< 6 km apart), but gene flow over distances of 10s of km appears to be substantially less. Based on extensive radio-tracking data, Blouin-Demers and Weatherhead (2002) found that home range size of <i>Pantherophis </i>averaged 18.5 ha and ranged up to 93 ha; based on the most mobile individuals, <i>Pantherophis </i>from hibernacula up to 8 km apart can come together for mating. <i>Pantherophis </i>and probably other colubrids exhibit high fidelity to hibernacula and shift even to nearby sites only rarely (Prior et al. 2001). <br><br>Many of the several studies that report small home ranges for colubrids did not employ methods (e.g., radio telemetry) suitable for detecting full annual or multi-annual home range size, dispersal, or other long-distance movements, so these may have yielded underestimates of home ranges or activity areas.  <br><br>At least some colubrids, including medium-sized species such as garter snakes, not uncommonly move between areas up to a few kilometers apart, and several species make extensive movements of up to several kilometers, so separation distances of 1-2 km for suitable habitat are too small for medium-sized and large colubrids.<br><br>A separation distance of 10 km for suitable habitat was selected as most appropriate for snakes assigned to this Specs Group because it seems generally unlikely that two locations separated by less than 10 km of suitable habitat would represent distinct occurrences.<br><br>For the purposes of these occurrence specifications, upland habitat is regarded as unsuitable habitat for aquatic and wetland snakes. For upland snakes, shallow or patchy wetlands are treated as unsuitable habitat whereas large deepwater habitats (subjective determination) are barriers.","versionDate":"2013-02-12","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":"Separation distance for suitable habitat was changed from 5 km to 10 km based on comments from Dale Jackson (12 Feb 2013).","lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:05.987846Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":104367,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":"This stewardship abstract pertains largely to pine snakes (eastern populations of <i>Pituophis melanoleucus</i>). <br><br>With the exception of disjunct populations in New Jersey, the ecology and population status of pine snakes remain poorly understood. Pine snakes are active predators and use fairly large home ranges in mixed, generally xeric, pine and pine-oak woodland with open canopies, patchy to dense ground layer, and scattered areas of open sand necessary for nesting. The mature pine and sandhills habitats favored by pine snakes continue to decline in abundance; habitat loss and fragmentation are the primary threats. Active management is required to restore degraded pine-oak forests, maintain existing pine snake populations, and recover declining populations. Land protection through acquisition, easement, and registry programs is the best means of ensuring that large tracts of suitable habitats are preserved. Habitat preservation must include the avoidance of habitat fragmentation, which may put populations of this large, wide-ranging snake at greater risk. Population monitoring is needed to determine the status of the pine snake in southeastern states and, in particular, whether the often reported low densities is a reflection of rarity or of its secretive nature. Long-term monitoring programs in New Jersey should be reproduced in the Southeast, with emphasis on systematic census in all potentially suitable habitats. Management of public lands, including the national forests and military installations, offer the best opportunities for protection of large, contiguous areas of mature pine and pine-oak forest habitats with such protection efforts often being driven by recovery of the red-cockaded woodpecker. Management plans for the woodpecker should be adapted to take into account the requirements of the pine snake, particularly when the needs of the two species do not conflict. Public education regarding the preservation and restoration of the longleaf pine ecosystem should include information about the habitat requirements of the pine snake and its status in the Southeast.","impacts":null,"restorationPotential":"Pine snake population levels are poorly known in most areas. Apparently declining numbers in the Southeast appear to be related to the status of mature, xeric pine and sandhills habitat. Recovery or persistence of pine snake populations depends on the preservation of large tracts of remaining forest, restoration of disturbed forest, and provision of habitat linkages to obviate fragmentation of existing populations.","siteConservationPlansConsidered":"Zappalorti (1994) suggested that pine snake populations are probably secure on large protected areas, including the 35,000-acre Wharton State Forest in the New Jersey Pine Barrens, but habitat fragmentation on private lands is a problem. Because pine snakes typically use very large areas (a radio-tracked male was known to use a 325-acre area and mean home range size often exceeds 70 acres), Zappalorti suggested that preserves designed to effectively manage pine snakes should be somewhat more than 1,000 acres of pine forest and mixed pine-oak stands. In the Southeast, managed tracts of mature pine-oak forest should be large enough to support periodic low-intensity fire. Moler (1992) suggested that habitat protection for the indigo snake (<i>Drymarchon corais couperi</i>), a slightly larger snake with similar reported home range size (? 10 ha) should focus on large tracts of at least 1000 ha.","managementMethods":"Appropriate management of pine snake habitat is important. The management needs of the longleaf pine sandhills habitat have been well-researched. The hardwood midstory should be controlled in order to achieve an open canopy and a well-developed herbaceous ground cover dominated by ARISTIDA STRICTA and others. Growing season burning provides the best means of achieving these goals. Where there is adequate ground fuel, fire return frequency should be at least once every 5 to 10 years. To avoid interference with the snake's fossorial habits, low-intensity site preparation methods (e.g., burning) should be used rather than more intensive methods (e.g., root raking, chopping). <br><br>Concern for the endangered red-cockaded woodpecker has generated increased interest in the preservation and restoration of the longleaf pine forest ecosystem. In general, management recommendations for woodpecker habitat, as outlined in the U.S. Forest Service Regional Wildlife Habitat Management Handbook, would apply equally well to the pine snake. Williams (1994) pointed out that pine snakes were most consistently observed in areas managed for red-cockaded woodpeckers. In particular, institution of a regime of regular prescribed fires on a 2-3 year rotation to control the hardwood midstory, maximize the regeneration and growth of groundcover, and prepare a suitable seedbed for longleaf pine, is important to the maintenance of open pine stands suitable for pine snake habitat. Zappalorti (1994) pointed out that growing season fires may have adverse impacts on pine snakes in some cases and suggested that winter fires, where appropriate, would avoid impacts as snakes would tend to be in hibernacula. <br><br>Reducing physical impediments to burning, including roads and habitat fragmentation, would help reduce the isolation of subpopulations. Preservation of the mature pine-oak forest must also include protection for adjacent lowland habitats. Mature pine forest is not the only habitat type used or required by pine snakes and it need not occur in single large units. A mosaic of habitats, with a substantial mature pine-oak component and access to bottomland forest, should be managed to approximate natural conditions. <br><br>Zappalorti (1994) pointed out that direct effective management options to increase breeding success include the creation of artificial dens, establishment of suitable nesting habitat (through clearing of vegetation and construction of hibernacula), and management of the surrounding forest to achieve the open, high-light environment required by nesting females. Zappalorti and co-workers have had considerable success in the construction of hibernacula in the New Jersey Pine Barrens. <br><br>Finally, education is needed to alter public opinion concerning snakes in general and to reduce the common tendency to kill snakes on sight. Such education most profitably might be aimed at private owners or leaseholders of large tracts of sandhills habitats where snakes are brought into contact with agricultural workers, loggers, and hunters. Female snakes during oviposition are particularly vulnerable (Zappalorti 1994). Efforts should emphasize the harmless and beneficial nature of pine snakes.","monitoringMethods":"The primary method for censusing pine snakes has been through walking transects through suitable habitat. Pine snakes are large, conspicuous, and relatively slow and are often encountered on relatively open habitats and roadways (Burger and Zappalorti 1988, Gibbons and Semlitsch 1991). Activity patterns indicate that diurnal surveys in late spring, summer, and early fall yield the largest number of encounters of active snakes. Zappalorti (1994) recommended that censuses in New Jersey be made at the end of hibernation in mid-April to early May, during the nesting season, and again in the fall. Snakes are much harder to locate after dispersal. Shelter boards may offer some improvement over simply searching suitable habitats by mimicking refugia normally used by snakes, as well as enforcing a level of systematic effort on the researcher (Zampella 1994, Zappalorti 1994). <br><br>Burger and Zappalorti (1988) and Franz (1992) have effectively used implanted radio-transmitters to elucidate pine snake movement and behavior patterns. Where information on specific habitat and range requirements is required, the cost of such methods, both in equipment and human resources, may be justified. <br><br>Drift fences in combination with funnel traps, or systematic searches for tracks along transects, might be appropriate for monitoring in some situations.","managementProgramContacts":"Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission has imposed a possession limit of one snake per person (Franz 1992). <br><br>Many of the last remaining large areas of longleaf pine-turkey oak sandhills and forest are found on U.S. Forest Service and military lands, many of which are being managed for recovery of the red-cockaded woodpecker. Management prescriptions for this species are generally beneficial for the pine snake, with some modification. Those National Forests and military installations which manage for the woodpecker have instituted programs of growing season controlled burns (two- to three-year intervals), hardwood midstory control, and restoration of longleaf pine on suitable sites.","monitoringProgramContacts":"The New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection is currently conducting a long-term project designed to map the available pine snake habitat in the New Jersey Pine Barrens. By using shelter boards to enforce a systematic search of all available habitats, the NJDEP hopes to map confirmed populations and develop a method for assessing the suitability of potential sites. The project will also develop a manual on the identification and ecology of the pine snake for distribution to private land owners. CONTACTS: David Jenkins, New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Tuckahoe Wildlife Management Area, P.O. Box 236, Tuckahoe, NJ 08250, (609) 628-2103; Robert Zappalorti, Herpetological Associates, Inc., 2525 Dover Road, Forked River, NJ 08731, (609) 693-2030. In addition, NJDEP and the New Jersey Field Office of The Nature Conservancy have initiated a herpetofaunal atlas, modeled after breeding bird atlas projects, to track the status of all amphibians and reptiles in the state. CONTACT: Kathleen E. Clark, New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Tuckahoe Wildlife Management Area, P.O. Box 236, Tuckahoe, NJ 08250, (609) 628-2103.","managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":"The ecology and population status of pine snakes remain poorly understood (Franz 1992). Information is needed concerning spatial ecology, particularly in response to an increasingly fragmented habitat (Durner and Gates 1993). The vast majority of detailed research has been done in New Jersey, a disjunct population at the northern extreme of the range (Sweet and Parker 1990). Studies of movements, behavior, reproductive ecology, and population dynamics in southern pine-oak forests are needed. <br><br>Research is also needed to develop appropriate, cost-effective monitoring methods to monitor both population trends and habitat requirements in managed landscapes. Zampella (1994) pointed out that published accounts of habitat descriptions may reflect the fact that snakes are easier to spot during random searches in some habitats (e.g., powerline rights-of-way, roadsides) and may be biased against habitats that are more difficult to search. He stressed the need for more systematic searches of available habitats.","biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":105818,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:26:27.13482Z"}],"references":[{"id":100882,"citation":"Ashton, R. E., Jr., and P. S. Ashton. 1981. Handbook of reptiles and amphibians of Florida. Part One: The Snakes. 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In a 12-month petition finding, USFWS (2023) concluded that listing subspecies <i>mugitus </i>under the Act is not warranted.","completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[],"infraspeciesList":[{"infraspeciesId":100207,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.100207","formattedScientificName":"<i>Pituophis melanoleucus melanoleucus</i>","scientificName":"Pituophis melanoleucus melanoleucus","primaryCommonName":"Northern Pinesnake","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.100207/Pituophis_melanoleucus_melanoleucus"},{"infraspeciesId":102553,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.102553","formattedScientificName":"<i>Pituophis melanoleucus lodingi</i>","scientificName":"Pituophis melanoleucus lodingi","primaryCommonName":"Black Pinesnake","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.102553/Pituophis_melanoleucus_lodingi"},{"infraspeciesId":104357,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.104357","formattedScientificName":"<i>Pituophis melanoleucus mugitus</i>","scientificName":"Pituophis melanoleucus mugitus","primaryCommonName":"Florida Pinesnake","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.104357/Pituophis_melanoleucus_mugitus"}],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":false,"ebarGlobalScope":false,"ebarKbaGroup":"Amphibians and Reptiles","caGeneralStatusId":null},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":104367,"reproductionComments":"The mating period extends from April to early June over much of the range (Ernst and Barbour 1989), perhaps extending into winter in Florida (Ashton and Ashton 1981). Eggs are laid primarily from late May to July. In New Jersey, oviposition is completed in a two-week period in any given year (Burger and Zappalorti 1991). Clutch size is often 4-12 eggs, but may be larger (up to 24 or more) in the largest females. Zappalorti et al. (1983) reported that 35 clutches in New Jersey contained 3-14 eggs; in the same area, Burger and Zappalorti (1991) reported a mean clutch size of 9.5 (range 4-16) that was significantly and positively correlated with female snout to vent length (SVL). Franz (1992) reported an average clutch size of 5.6 in Florida. Females often nest communally (Parker and Brown 1972; Burger and Zappalorti 1986, 1991; Ernst and Barbour 1989) so that higher clutch sizes may reflect more than one clutch. Generally individual females produce one clutch per year. Incubation typically takes 50-100 days, with 70-75 days most common (Parker and Brown 1980, Ernst and Barbour 1989). In many areas, hatchlings emerge in August and September. The body length and age of maturity in male and female pine snakes have not been reported (Ernst and Barbour 1989), although Burger and Zappalorti (1991) reported that 98 gravid females averaged 121 cm SVL (range: 91-143 cm). Females appear to have an annual breeding cycle (Fitch 1970, Zappalorti et al. 1983).","ecologyComments":"Eastern pine snakes have relatively restricted home ranges for their size (Ernst and Barbour 1989). Macartney et al. (1988) reported a 32-day home range of a male pine snake of 1.2 ha, while that of a female (42 days) was 2.1 ha (convex polygon). In contrast, Franz (1992) reported home ranges of two radio-tracked female Florida pine snakes of 11 and 12 ha (27.5 and 30 ac). Three males used areas two to eight times as large. <br><br>Burger et al. (1992) studied predation on hibernating and nesting pine snakes in New Jersey. Seven of 40 hibernacula (17.5%) and 49 of 201 (24.3%) nests surveyed were predated by foxes (VULPES FULVA), striped skunks (MEPHITIS), short-tailed shrews (BLARINA BREVICAUDA), and a scarlet snake (CEMOPHORA COCCINEA). Humans predated 23 of 80 nests (Burger et al. 1992). Burger (1989, 1990) suggested predation by ophiophagous sympatric kingsnakes. Females do not cover nest entrances or fill entrance tunnels, and the pile of excavated sand left at the nest entrance may attract predators. The low rates of predation reported may be explained by the very long entrance tunnel leading to the nest chamber (as much as 100 cm in length), which may mask the odors of nesting snakes or make nest excavation too difficult for most predators (Burger and Zappalorti 1991). Other predators include other Carnivora and various diurnal raptors. <br><br>Pinesnakes are not aggressive but can be impressively defensive when threatened. Defensive displays are loud hissing, inflating the body, vibrating the tail, raising the front part of the body, and striking (may be accompanied by a grunting sound).<br><br>In general, the ecology of pine snakes is poorly known, except in the New Jersey Pine Barrens (see Zappalorti et al. 1983; Zappalorti and Burger 1985; Burger and Zappalorti 1986; Burger et al. 1988; Burger 1989, 1990).","habitatComments":"Good quality pinesnake habitat appears to be characterized by xeric, pine-dominated or pine-oak (50 to 80% pine) woodland with an open, low understory established on sandy soils. Longleaf pine sandhills appear to represent critical habitat over much of the southeastern United States. Pinesnakes also require forest openings, with level, well-drained sandy soils and little shrub cover, as nesting and hibernation sites.<br><br>This snake is terrestrial, fossorial, and arboreal. It remains underground in cold weather and during the hot midday period in summer (Fitch 1956, Zappalorti et al. 1983, Burger et al. 1988). It may occupy mammal burrows (Schroder 1950, Fitch 1958) or dig its own burrow, aided by a pointed snout and enlarged rostral scale; it is an accomplished burrower in loose soil (Franz 1992). Eggs are deposited in burrows excavated by the female in loose soil (Moore 1893; Zappalorti et al. 1983; Burger and Zappalorti 1986, 1991), spaces beneath large rocks or logs, or possibly small mammal burrows (Ernst and Barbour 1989, Franz 1992). <br><br>New Jersey: habitat is restricted to the open Pine Barrens of the southern portion of the state (Zappalorti et al. 1983). Ten radio-telemetered individuals tended to be found in dense vegetation that provided shade and moist, cool ground cover (Burger and Zappalorti 1988). Snakes were inactive 41% of the time, basked 36%, were moving 20%, and nested 3%. Selected habitat was primarily (93% of locations) pitch pine-scrub oak (<i>Quercus marilandica</i>) uplands (50-80% pine); Atlantic white cedar (<i>Chamaecyparis thyoides</i>) swamps and lowland pine areas were avoided. Snakes spent roughly equal amounts of time in human-altered and undisturbed habitats, with no major seasonal habitat shifts other than at nesting and hibernation. Early successional habitats in sites that had been previously disturbed by human activity appeared to be of crucial importance in both foraging and nesting (Zappalorti and Burger 1985). Habitat selection of radio-telemetered pine snakes differed appreciably from the apparent habitat selection of hand-captured or randomly encountered snakes (Burger and Zappalorti 1988). Thermoregulation appeared to be important in habitat selection. Snakes were inactive at very high and very low temperatures, when they remained under wet leaves or inside hollow logs. On windy days they sought cover in blueberry (<i>Vaccinium </i>spp.) patches and basked partially covered by vegetation, possibly to avoid dehydration (Burger and Zappalorti 1989). <br><br>Hibernacula and summer dens in New Jersey usually were beside old fallen logs, with entrance tunnels following decaying roots into soil. Snakes in hibernacula were at depths of 50-110 cm. Hibernacula were characterized by lower surface and soil temperature, higher surrounding leaf cover (mean = 55%), were closer to trees (mean = 130 cm), and had more trees within 10 m (mean = 138) than random points in clearings. In general, hibernacula were relatively more protected sites than random points and were less vulnerable to daily temperature fluctuations. Hibernacula appeared to have been excavated by the snakes themselves. Typically they had an average of eight side chambers and 642 cm of tunnels. Except for hatchlings, most snakes in hibernacula were located in individual chambers off the main tunnel and not in groups. All snakes were found at depths of 50 to 111 cm (mean = 79 cm). All hibernacula were within 100 m of nesting sites and most were only 10 to 15 m from nest chambers. See Burger et al. (1988) for further details. In New Jersey, eggs were deposited in nests as much as 25-30 cm deep. Nest sites often were re-used in subsequent years (Burger et al. 1988; Burger and Zappalorti 1991, 1992). Excavation took 2-4 days to complete and not all females that excavate nests were are gravid (Burger and Zappalorti 1991). Of 93 nest sites studied by Burger and Zappalorti (1986, 1991) all were located in large clearings with less than 10% tree cover in pitch pine-scrub oak xeric uplands. Nest sites were in soft sand in open, unvegetated sections of clearings, either recently cleared or burned areas with exposed sand. Clearings used for nesting averaged 166 m long and 79.2 m wide with slopes less than 14 degrees. Ground cover averaged less than 5% over the entire nest, less over the mouth and egg chamber. Nests were excavated in soft packed sand with little or no humus. Snakes appeared to select a particular range of sand hardness that provided ease of digging but was firm enough to avoid burrow collapse. Soil moisture may have been important in site selection (Burger and Zappalorti 1986, 1991). Nests ranged between 90-305 cm (mean = 187.6 cm) in length, averaged about 14 cm wide, and eggs were found at an average depth of about 21 cm below the surface. All nests were located in clearings or along roads or railroad beds. Clearings were usually man-made (only 1 or 20 clearings appeared to be naturally created by fire). Burger and Zappalorti (1986) suggested that man-made clearings were crucial to nesting ecology in the New Jersey Pine Barrens and may have improved nesting habitat for this population. <br><br>North Carolina: longleaf pine (<i>Pinus palustris</i>) sandhills (Brimley 1944). <br><br>South Carolina: Gibbons et al. (1991) described the habitat as sandy old fields and turkey oak (<i>Quercus laevis</i>)-pine forests. <br><br>Florida: subspecies <i>mugitus </i>is found in xeric sites, occurring primarily in longleaf pine-turkey oak woodlands, but also in sand pine (<i>Pinus clausa</i>) scrub, pine flatwoods on well-drained soils, and old fields on former sandhill sites (Franz 1992). Pine snakes seek out open habitats surrounded by wetlands during drought (Franz 1992). Franz (1992) also reported Florida pine snakes to actively seek burrows of gopher tortoises (<i>Gopherus polyphemus</i>) as shelter.","generalDescription":"Coloration varies greatly across the range. The northern pine snake (subspecies <i>melanoleucus</i>) is white to pinkish-cream with distinct black body blotches that become somewhat less distinct and brown toward the tail. The Florida pine snake (subspecies <i>mugitus</i>) is tan to gray-brown or rusty-brown with faded, indistinct, blotched pattern; the belly is pale and the darker dorsal blotches often cover the upper portions of the ventral scales. The black pine snake (subspecies <i>lodingi</i>) is nearly or totally uniform black or dark brown with a reddish snout and lip scale. Total length is up to 90 inches (229 cm), but most are much smaller.<br><br>The following description follows Ernst and Barbour (1989), unless otherwise noted. Notably enlarged rostral plate; dark bars on the supralabials; a dark bar extending from the eye downward onto the supralabials, another dark bar extending diagonally downward from the eye to the corner of the mouth; body scales occur in 25-31 rows anteriorly, 27-37 rows at mid-body, and 19-27 rows near the anal vent; rostral plate partially divides the internasals; nasal scale is divided, and on each side of the head are a loreal, 1-2 or 3 preoculars, 2-6 postoculars, several temporals, 6-9 supralabials, and 10-15 infralabials; 194-233 ventrals (males having 44-63 subcaudals, females 29-57); males have a tail 11-14% as long as the total body length; in females, tail length is only 10-12% of total body length; body is large and moderately stout with a head that appears small for its body size (Ditmars 1907); total body lengths of hatchlings is about 22-26 cm. Hatchlings are dull in color at emergence, but brighten noticeably after shedding.","diagnosticCharacteristics":"This species differs from other similar species by having the following combination of characteristics: keeled scales, 4 prefrontals (scales just behind the rostral scale at the tip of the snout), and an undivided anal scale (scale that covers the vent). Rat snakes (<i>Elaphe </i>or <i>Pantherophis</i>) and kingsnakes (<i>Lampropeltis</i>), have only two prefrontal scales. Also, <i>Elaphe</i>/<i>Pantherophis </i>species have a divided anal scale. Whipsnakes (<i>Masticophis</i>), racers (<i>Coluber</i>), and indigo snakes (<i>Drymarchon</i>) have smooth body scales.","speciesMarineHabitats":[],"speciesTerrestrialHabitats":[{"cagTerrHabId":-110778,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":5,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Woodland - Conifer","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Lote de madera - Conífera","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Terrain boisé — Résineux","displayOrder":7}},{"cagTerrHabId":-110779,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":6,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Woodland - Mixed","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Lote de madera - Mixto","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Terrain boisé — Mixte","displayOrder":8}},{"cagTerrHabId":-110775,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":7,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Shrubland/chaparral","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Matorral/Chaparral","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Fruticée/Chaparral","displayOrder":9}},{"cagTerrHabId":-110776,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":9,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Grassland/herbaceous","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Pastizales/cobertura herbácea","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Prairie/couverture herbacée","displayOrder":11}},{"cagTerrHabId":-110777,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":10,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Old field","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Terreno baldío","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Friche","displayOrder":12}}],"speciesRiverineHabitats":[],"speciesPalustrineHabitats":[],"speciesLacustrineHabitats":[],"speciesSubterraneanHabitats":[],"speciesEstuarineHabitats":[]},"primaryReference":{"id":943912,"citation":"Crother, B. I. (editor). 2017. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. 8th edition. SSAR Herpetological Circular 43:1-104. [Updates in SSAR North American Species Names Database at: https://ssarherps.org/cndb]","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother","shortCitationYear":2017,"referenceCode":"B17CRO01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:53.413199Z"},"predecessors":[],"elementGlobalThreatAssessments":[{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":18403,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":5,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"2","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Agriculture & aquaculture","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"2 - Agriculture & aquaculture","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":50,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":null,"iucnThreatLevel":1},"iucnThreatScope":null,"iucnThreatSeverity":null,"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":1,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"High: Continuing","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"High (continuing)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"threatImpactCalc":null},{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":18404,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":6,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"2.1","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Annual & perennial non-timber crops","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"2.1 - Annual & perennial non-timber crops","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":60,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":5,"iucnThreatLevel":2},"iucnThreatScope":null,"iucnThreatSeverity":null,"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":1,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"High: Continuing","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"High (continuing)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"threatImpactCalc":null},{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":18406,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":14,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"4","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Transportation & service corridors","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"4 - Transportation & service corridors","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":280,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":null,"iucnThreatLevel":1},"iucnThreatScope":null,"iucnThreatSeverity":null,"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":1,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"High: Continuing","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"High (continuing)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"threatImpactCalc":null},{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":18407,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":15,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"4.1","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Roads & railroads","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"4.1 - Roads & railroads","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":290,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":14,"iucnThreatLevel":2},"iucnThreatScope":null,"iucnThreatSeverity":null,"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":1,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"High: Continuing","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"High (continuing)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"threatImpactCalc":null},{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":18408,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":19,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"5","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Biological resource use","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"5 - Biological resource use","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":330,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":null,"iucnThreatLevel":1},"iucnThreatScope":null,"iucnThreatSeverity":null,"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":1,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"High: Continuing","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"High (continuing)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"threatImpactCalc":null}]}