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Navajo","subnationCode":"NN","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":740021,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":319096,"subnation":{"id":18,"nameEn":"Idaho","nameEs":"Idaho","nameFr":"Idaho","subnationCode":"ID","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":319096,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":364548,"subnation":{"id":19,"nameEn":"Illinois","nameEs":"Illinois","nameFr":"Illinois","subnationCode":"IL","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3S4","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":364548,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":402302,"subnation":{"id":26,"nameEn":"Maine","nameEs":"Maine","nameFr":"Maine","subnationCode":"ME","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SU","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SU","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":402302,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":2018,"nrank":"N3N4","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":162184,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T21:43:33.225098Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.104362/Lasionycteris_noctivagans","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"2025-06-08","grankReviewDate":"2025-06-08","grankReasons":"This species has a large range in North America. It has suffered historical declines and is presumed to still be declining. It is threatened by logging, collisions with wind turbines and other energy infrastructure, and climate change-related habitat loss and degradation.","grank":"G4","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":104362,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":{"id":31,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 30-50%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 30-50%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 30 à 50 %"},"numberEos":{"id":15,"numberEosDescEn":"> 300","numberEosDescEs":"> 300","numberEosDescFr":"> 300"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":21,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Very many (>125)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Muchos (>125)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"Beaucoup (>125)"},"numberProtEos":null,"popSize":{"id":34,"popSizeDescEn":"100,000 - 1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 100.000 a 1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 100 000 à 1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":35,"rangeExtentDescEn":">2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":">2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (más ","rangeExtentDescFr":">2 500 000 km carrés (plus de 1 000 000 miles carrés)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":36,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 10-30%","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 10 al 30%.","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 10 à 30 %"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":6,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"High - medium","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Alto - medio","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Élevé — Moyen"},"rangeExtentComments":"Range extends from southeastern Alaska (Blejwas et al. 2014) and southern Canada south of the Northwest Territories southward to California, Arizona, Texas, and east to Georgia (Yates et al. 1976, Hall 1981, Kunz 1982). There are also limited records from Bermuda (Van Gelder and Wingate 1961) and northern México (Arriaga Flores 2010). These bats are generally absent in the southeastern United States during summer (June- August; Cryan 2003). In Texas, they appear to be primarily spring and fall migrants, though males have been found in mountainous areas of western Texas in May-June (Ammerman et al. 2012). They winter in the Pacific Northwest, in scattered areas of the southwestern United States, and at middle latitudes of the eastern United States approximately south of Michigan and east of the Mississippi River (Izor 1979, Cryan 2003). Males seem to stay farther south in spring and summer than do females, except for populations in British Columbia that do not appear to migrate (Schowalter et al. 1978, Cryan 2003). Using Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) (2025) records from 2005-2025, range extent is estimated to be 14.75 million km² (RARECAT 2025).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"The specific number of distinct occurrences has not been determined using standardized/meaningful criteria, but this species is represented by a large number of detection sites (e.g., roosts, mist net capture sites) and locations (as defined by IUCN).","popSizeComments":"Total adult population size is unknown but likely exceeds 100,000 based on the wide range. This bat is locally common though generally solitary. Roosting \"colonies\" are transient and include only small numbers of individuals (usually fewer than 20).","viabilityComments":"Most occurrences likely have good viability.","threatImpactComments":"Renewable energy, flight paths, and logging are the primary threats in Canada (Adams et al. 2024). Droughts, fire, and temperature extremes are the primary threats in the U.S. (Adams et al. 2024). Droughts, fire, and logging are the primary threats in México. (Adams et al. 2024).<br/><br/>This is one of the bat species most commonly killed by turbines at wind energy facilities (Gruver 2002, Johnson et al. 2003, Fiedler 2004, Johnson 2005, Baerwald and Barclay 2009, Arnett et al. 2008, Baerwald and Barclay 2011, Cryan 2011, Cryan et al. 2012, Ellison 2012, Jameson and Willis 2012). Arnett and Baerwald (2013) estimated that about 149,000-308,000 silver-haired bats were killed at wind energy facilities in the United States and Canada during the period from 2000 to 2011 (18% of total bat fatalities). Wind energy is expected to expand from 61,000 megawatts in 2014 to 350,000 megawatts by 2030, so the cumulative impact from wind turbines on this species could be devastating. Although the size of the overall silver-haired bat population is unknown, the reproductive rate for this species is low, and its ability to sustain the current and anticipated level of impact is doubtful.<br/><br/>Locally, the species experiences habitat loss and fragmentation as a result of clearcutting and other causes of deforestation (Parker 1996, Parker et al. 1996). Over the long term, deforestation and forest management practices presumably have reduced habitat quality (Campbell et al. 1996) and the number of available roost sites (Kunz 1982).<br/><br/>Broadcast application of pesticides to combat forest insect pests potentially has a detrimental impact on bat food resources (M. Perkins, Western Bat Working Group 2005), if not on the bats themselves, but the population-level impact of pesticides and other contaminants is poorly known.","shortTermTrendComments":"Trend over the past 10 years or three generations is uncertain, but abundance probably has declined (Adams et al. 2024).","longTermTrendComments":"Long-term trend is unknown, but area of occupancy and population size presumably have declined (degree of decline is uncertain) in conjunction with historical deforestation, consequent change in forest structure and composition, and recent fatalities at wind energy facilities.","inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":null,"protectionNeeds":"Immediate implementation of impact reduction strategies, such as curtailment, at all wind energy facilities within the range of <i>L. noctivagans</i> is needed (Whitby et al. 2024). Maintain snags (dead tree trunks), which are important roost sites.","otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":104362,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":true,"longDistanceMigrant":true,"mobilityMigrationComments":"These bats generally are migratory. Over the major part of the range, they are found only during spring and fall migration. South-bound migration occurs primarily in August-September (Barclay 1984, Arnett et al. 2008). See Cryan (2003) for monthly distribution based on museum records.<br/><br/>At Long Point, Ontario (northern side of Lake Erie), McGuire et al. (2012) found that southward migration occurred in two waves (late August and mid-September). Most bats stayed 1-2 days, although two remained longer than 2 weeks. One third of the bats foraged while at the site, many foraging opportunistically on nights when rain precluded continued migration. Half of the bats departed across Lake Erie (minimum crossing distance about 38 km) while others departed along the shoreline. Simulations predicted a migration rate of about 250-275 km per day and suggested that all but one of the bats carried sufficient fuel stores to reach the putative wintering area in the southeastern United States (estimated distance 1,500 km) in 5-6 nights without further refuelling. Migrating bats appeared to stopover for sanctuary or short-term rest as opposed to extended rest and refuelling.<br/><br/>Migrants occur in waves in May and early June along southern shore of Lake Manitoba (Barclay et al. 1988).","foodHabitsComments":"Diet includes a wide diversity of small to medium-size flying insects (Kunz 1982, Reimer et al. 2010) often captured over small water bodies within forested areas. Moths make up the majority of the diet (Reimer et al. 2010). Migrating individuals engage in feeding activity (Reimer et al. 2010).","animalPhenologyComments":"Activity occurs throughout the year in southeastern Virginia and northeastern North Carolina; winter activity occurred on evenings when air temperature was 13 C or more (Padgett and Rose 1991). At low elevations in western Washington, foraging activity occurs in winter on rainless nights with mild temperatures (Falxa 2007).<br/><br/>Migrating bats fly only at night. Migrants in Manitoba emerged from roosts typically 30 minutes after sunset in spring (Barclay et al. 1988). Roosting migrants in Manitoba became torpid at air temperatures below 20 C (Barclay et al. 1988).<br/><br/>This species is similar to most insectivorous, temperate-zone bats in becoming torpid during periods of reduced prey availability and temperature; individuals may hibernate to maintain energy balance during winter (Dunbar 2007).","colonialBreeder":false,"length":11,"width":null,"weight":15,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":102919,"animalPhenology":{"id":4,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Nocturnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Nocturno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Nocturne","displayOrder":4},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":105386,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":156330,"locationUseClass":{"id":2,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Breeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"En reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Reproduction","displayOrder":2},"eoSpecGroupName":"Small and Medium Bats","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"An area occupied either historically or at present by a persisting or recurring breeding population during spring/summer (approximately May through August). Includes mist net captures away from colony sites obtained even if the associated roost site is not known. Identification evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and detailed documentation of one or more individuals. In certain regions, echolocation sequences of individuals may be considered reliable observations for certain species that can be confidently identified by their echolocation calls alone, although caution must be used in determining Location Use Class for such observations during the breeding season.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"It is impractical to attempt to delineate occurrences on the basis of discrete populations. Instead, the assigned separation distance is intended to generate occurrences that consist of spatially proximate roost sites and capture locations.","versionDate":"2014-07-02","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:05:57.942669Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":1202,"locationUseClass":{"id":3,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Nonbreeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"No reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Non-reproduction","displayOrder":3},"eoSpecGroupName":"Small and Medium Bats","subtypes":"Diurnal Roost, Foraging Area, Nocturnal Roost","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":"No inferred extent given, since foraging areas may be separated from colony.","minimumEoCriteria":"A site occupied either historically or at present by a recurring population of migrating or otherwise nonhibernating individuals during the nonbreeding season. Identification evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and detailed documentation of one or more individuals. In certain regions, recorded echolocation sequences of individuals may be considered reliable observations for certain species that can be confidently identified by their echolocation calls alone.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Studies suggest that major roads and highways can be a barrier to bat movement, although the effects may vary depending on species, landscape context, nearby tree cover, and level of traffic (Kerth and Melber 2009, Abbott et al. 2012, USFWS 2019).","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"The assigned separation distance is intended to generate occurrences that consist of spatially proximate roost sites and capture locations. However, include in the same occurrence (1) any roost sites between which individuals are known to move, regardless of how far apart they are, and (2) known significant foraging areas of occurrences that are based on roost sites.<br/><br/>In California, Fellers and Pierson (2002) studied a group of <i>Corynorhinus townsendii</i> inhabiting a maternity colony site after the nursery season had passed and found that the mean center of female foraging activity was 3.2 kilometers from the diurnal roost, whereas the mean center of male foraging activity was only 1.3 kilometers from the roost. No bats traveled more than 10.5 kilometers from the roost, and individuals showed considerable loyalty to the primary roost. Otherwise, little movement data are available.","versionDate":"2001-04-19","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2024-04-05T22:15:29.046777Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":1200,"locationUseClass":{"id":7,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Hibernaculum","locationUseClassDescEs":"Hibernáculo","locationUseClassDescFr":"Gîte d’hibernation","displayOrder":8},"eoSpecGroupName":"Small and Medium Bats","subtypes":"Hibernaculum, Pre-hibernation roost site","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"A site occupied either historically or at present by a recurring population of hibernating individuals. Identification evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and detailed documentation of one or more individuals. EO also includes immediately surrounding areas used by bats immediately before hibernation, where these areas are known.","mappingGuidance":"Cave/mine passages should be projected to the surface for the purpose of mapping EO boundary.","separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"These bats sometimes move long distances between different hibernacula. For example, individuals of M. LUCIFUGUS and M. SEPTENTRIONALIS have been recorded flying up to 219 and 89 kilometers respectively between hibernacula during the winter months (Linzey 1998, Griffin 1940). However, <br/>such movements are not a good basis for distinguishing occurrences (occurrences would become too expansive). The assigned separation distance is intended to generate occurrences that consist of spatially proximate hibernacula. <br/><br/>Separation distances suggested take into account the fact that, during the fall, some bats (e.g. M. SODALIS) swarm and mate at their hibernaculum, and males roost in trees nearby during the day and fly to the cave during the night. In two studies, M. SODALIS males roosted within a maximum of 5.6 kilometers of the hibernaculum (Kiser and Elliott 1996; Craig Stihler, West Virginia Division of Natural Resources, pers. observ., October 1996, cited in USFWS 1999). <br/><br/>Although they do not generally fly from one hibernaculum to another, hibernating bats are known to wake and move around to some extent within their hibernating site. As long as the areas are connected (even though they may not be passable by humans) the bats could be expected to move from one part of the system to another (e.g. MYOTIS SODALIS, Clawson et al. 1980).","versionDate":"2004-03-29","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S., and G. Hammerson","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2024-02-03T00:58:53.501779Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":1199,"locationUseClass":{"id":8,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Maternity colony","locationUseClassDescEs":"Zona de maternidad","locationUseClassDescFr":"Pouponnière","displayOrder":9},"eoSpecGroupName":"Small and Medium Bats","subtypes":"Colony Site, Foraging Area, Nocturnal Roost","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":"No inferred extent given, since foraging areas may be separated from colony.","minimumEoCriteria":"An area occupied either historically or at present by a persisting or recurring population of breeding females and their young during summer (approximately May through August). Includes mist net captures away from colony sites obtained during the summer months even if the associated roost site is not known. Identification evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and detailed documentation of one or more individuals. In certain regions, echolocation sequences of individuals may be considered reliable observations for certain species that can be confidently identified by their echolocation calls alone, although caution must be used in determining Location Use Class for such observations during the breeding season.","mappingGuidance":"The EO includes both the colony site and the associated foraging areas. If separate, the colony site and foraging areas are bounded by separate polygons; that is, areas over which the bats simply commute to and from foraging areas and the colony are not included in the EO.","separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"It is impractical to attempt to delineate occurrences on the basis of discrete populations. Instead, the assigned separation distance is intended to generate occurrences that consist of spatially proximate roost sites and capture locations.<br/><br/>Nursing female <i>Myotis sodalis</i> moved an average of 1.04 kilometers from roost to center of foraging area, giving a mean foraging diameter of 2.08 kilometers; however, post-lactating females moved more than twice as far, travelling an average of 2.6 kilometers (Garner and Gardner 1992). In Indiana, 11 foraging adult females that were tracked for 2-7 days moved up to 8.4 km from their roost; home range during this brief period averaged 3.35 square kilometers (Sparks et al. 2005). <i>Myotis grisescens</i> females move up to 6.6 kilometers (Tuttle 1976). Female <i>M. septentrionalis</i> had an average foraging home range of 61.1 hectares (Menzel et al. 1999), equivalent to a circle with a diameter of 880 meters.","versionDate":"2001-03-08","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2024-02-03T00:58:53.501779Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":1201,"locationUseClass":{"id":9,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Bachelor colony","locationUseClassDescEs":"Zona de machos","locationUseClassDescFr":"Colonie de mâles","displayOrder":10},"eoSpecGroupName":"Small and Medium Bats","subtypes":"Diurnal Roost, Foraging Area, Nocturnal Roost","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":"No inferred extent given, since foraging areas may be separated from colony.","minimumEoCriteria":"An area occupied either historically or at present by a persisting or recurring population of males during summer (approximately May through August). Includes mist net captures away from roost sites obtained during the summer months even if the actual roost site(s) are not known. Identification evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and detailed documentation of one or more individuals. In certain regions, recorded echolocation sequences of individuals may be considered reliable observations for certain species that can be confidently identified by their echolocation calls alone, although caution must be used in determining Location Use Class for such observations during the breeding season.","mappingGuidance":"EO includes both the colony site and the associated foraging areas. If separate, the colony site and foraging areas are bounded by separate polygons; that is, areas over which the bats simply commute to and from foraging areas and the colony are not included in the EO.","separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"The assigned separation distance is intended to generate occurrences that consist of spatially proximate roost sites and capture locations. However, include in the same occurrence (1) any roost sites between which significant of individuals are known to move, regardless of how far apart they are, and (2) known significant foraging areas of occurrences that are based on roost sites.<br/><br/>In two studies, male <i>Myotis sodalis</i> foraged a maximum of 2.0 and 4.2 kilometers from their summer roosts (summarized in USFWS 1999).","versionDate":"2004-03-29","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S., and G. Hammerson","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2024-02-03T00:58:53.501779Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":156353,"locationUseClass":{"id":21,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Roost","locationUseClassDescEs":null,"locationUseClassDescFr":"Aire de repos","displayOrder":11},"eoSpecGroupName":"Small and Medium Bats","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":"No inferred extent given, since foraging areas may be separated from colony.","minimumEoCriteria":"An area occupied either historically or at present by a persisting or recurring population during summer (approximately May through August). Includes counts of individuals from roost sites obtained during the summer months during pup rearing and summer residence periods. Identification evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and detailed documentation of one or more individuals during roost counts.","mappingGuidance":"EO includes both the colony site and an approximation of the associated foraging areas. If separate, the colony site and foraging areas are bounded by separate polygons; that is, areas over which the bats simply commute to and from foraging areas and the colony are not included in the EO.","separationBarriers":"None","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"It is impractical to attempt to delineate occurrences on the basis of discrete populations. Instead, the assigned separation distance is intended to generate occurrences that consist of spatially proximate roost sites.","versionDate":"2017-12-01","versionAuthor":"Staffen, R.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2024-02-03T00:58:53.501779Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":104362,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":"Protect mature forest habitat throughout the range, especially along rivers. Maintain dead and dying trees on the landscape. Prevent disturbances in caves supporting roosts, especially during winter months. Develop methods that improve bats' ability to detect wind turbines to minimize bat deaths.","impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":"\"Recruitment and retention of snags and the maintenance of structural complexity in upland as well as riparian areas are important...in managed forests\" (Campbell et al. 1996).","monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":"Better information is needed on basic habitat requirements, reproduction, demography, population size and trend, and on the population impact of mortality at wind energy facilities and other threats.<br/><br/>Although widely distributed, little information is available on migratory patterns. 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