{"elementGlobalId":104318,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":11,"iucnDescEn":"Least concern","iucnDescEs":"Menos preocupante","iucnDescFr":"Moins préoccupante","iucnCode":"LC"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":7,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":" Rank calculation - Biotics v2","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by calculator","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Amphiuma means</i>","scientificName":"Amphiuma means","scientificNameAuthor":"Garden, 1821","primaryCommonName":"Two-toed Amphiuma","relatedItisNames":"<i>Amphiuma means</i> Garden in Smith, 1821 (TSN 173609)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.104318","elcode":"AAAAB01010","conceptRefFullCitation":"Frost, D. R. 1985. Amphibian species of the world. A taxonomic and geographical reference. Allen Press, Inc., and The Association of  Systematics Collections, Lawrence, Kansas. v + 732 pp.","conceptName":"<i>Amphiuma means</i>","taxonomicComments":null,"roundedGRank":"G5","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2025-05-20","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Gundy, R. L. 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Generalist or community with some key requirements scarce.","enviromentalSpecificityDescEs":"Moderado.  Generalista o comunidad con algunos requisitos claves escasos.","enviromentalSpecificityDescFr":"Modéré. Généralistes ou communautés répondant à certains critères clés sont rares."},"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":4,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Moderately vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"Moderadamente vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"Moyennement vulnérable"},"longTermTrend":{"id":46,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Unknown","longTermTrendDescEs":"Desconocido","longTermTrendDescFr":"Inconnu"},"numberEos":{"id":15,"numberEosDescEn":"> 300","numberEosDescEs":"> 300","numberEosDescFr":"> 300"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":21,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Very many (>125)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Muchos (>125)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"Beaucoup (>125)"},"numberProtEos":{"id":15,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Very many (>40) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Muchas ocurrencias (>40) protegidas y controladas adecuadamente","numberProtEosDescFr":"Beaucoup d’occurrences (>40) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":32,"popSizeDescEn":"10,000 - 1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 10.000 a 1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 10 000 à 1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":33,"rangeExtentDescEn":"200,000-2,500,000 square km (about 80,000-1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"200.000 a 2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 80.000 a 1.000.000 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 200 000 à 2 500 000 km carrés (de 80 000 à 1 000 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":46,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Unknown","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Desconocido","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Inconnu"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":8,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Medium","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Medio","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Moyen"},"rangeExtentComments":"This species is endemic to the southeastern United States. The range extends along the Coastal Plain from southeastern Virginia south to throughout the Florida peninsula, and west to eastern Louisiana (Powell et al. 2016, Krysko et al. 2019). Using Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) (2025) records from 2000-2025, range extent is estimated to be 1.081 million km² (RARECAT 2025)","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"Applying a 10 km separation distance to GBIF (2025) records from 2000-2025, 308 occurrences are estimated.","popSizeComments":"Total adult population size is unknown but surely exceeds 10,000 and may exceed 100,000.","viabilityComments":"Most occurrences likely have good viability.","threatImpactComments":"Widespread loss of wetlands due to development and agriculture has undoubtedly eliminated many local populations, but the species remains common in many other areas (Petranka 1998). Droughts may cause localized declines in small wetlands. Mercury has been found in the tissues of this species, though the impacts are unknown (Haskins et al. 2019).","shortTermTrendComments":null,"longTermTrendComments":"Long-term population trends have not been documented (Petranka 1998).","inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":"There are many occurrences on conservation lands.","protectionNeeds":"Prevent destruction of gently-sloped, vegetated shorelines at wetland edges.","otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":"This species has very poor overland dispersal and typically requires submersion to successfully disperse between wetlands (Aresco 2002, Schalk and Luhring 2010).","enviromentalSpecificityComments":"This species occupies a large variety of wetland habitats (Powell et al. 2016, Krysko et al. 2019)."},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":104318,"majorHabitat":{"id":2,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Freshwater","majorHabitatDescEs":"Agua dulce","majorHabitatDescFr":"Eau douce"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":"In Florida, an adult Amphiuma means was found dead at a drift fence 250 m from the nearest pool of a drying lake, from which it probably departed while seeking another water body (Aresco 2002). One experimental study found this species does not easily travel over land without submersion in several centimeters of water (Schalk and Luhring 2010).","foodHabitsComments":"Eats insects, crayfish, mollusks, worms, fishes, and small amphibians and reptiles obtained mostly in shallow water.","animalPhenologyComments":null,"colonialBreeder":false,"length":76,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":102905,"animalPhenology":{"id":4,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Nocturnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Nocturno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Nocturne","displayOrder":4},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":105362,"foodHabits":{"id":1,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Carnivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Carnívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Carnivore","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":105363,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1259,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":null,"subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":0.3,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including larvae or eggs) in or near appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and  breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":1.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"There are no available data on movements, but these salamanders probably move significant distances within suitable habitat and may occasionally move overland on rainy nights or when their habitat dries up. For example, in Florida, an adult Amphiuma means was found dead at a drift fence 250 m from the nearest pool of a drying lake, from which it probably departed while seeking another water body (Aresco 2002). The separation distance for unsuitable habitat reflects the nominal minimum of 1 km. The separation distance for suitable habitat reflects the high likelihood that amphiuma locations up to at least 10 km apart are part of the same population if the intervening area is suitable habitat. For occupied locations more than 10 km apart, existence of a single occurrence becomes increasingly uncertain.","versionDate":"2003-02-13","versionAuthor":"Jackson, D. R., and G. Hammerson","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:22:15.703646Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":104318,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":"More life history studies needed.","additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":105769,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:26:19.463008Z"}],"references":[{"id":157170,"citation":"Aresco, M. J. 2002. Amphiuma means. Overland migration. Herpetological Review 33:296-297.","shortCitationAuthor":"Aresco","shortCitationYear":2002,"referenceCode":"A02ARE01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:22:15.703646Z"},{"id":121080,"citation":"Bartlett, R. D., and P. P. Bartlett. 1999b. A field guide to Florida reptiles and amphibians. Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, Texas. xvi + 278 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Bartlett and Bartlett","shortCitationYear":1999,"referenceCode":"B99BAR02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:58.710124Z"},{"id":137372,"citation":"Behler, J. L., and F. W. King. 1979. The Audubon Society field guide to North American reptiles and amphibians. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. 719 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Behler and King","shortCitationYear":1979,"referenceCode":"B79BEH01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:24.173666Z"},{"id":112779,"citation":"Blackburn, L., P. Nanjappa, and M. J. Lannoo. 2001. An Atlas of the Distribution of U.S. Amphibians. 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[Updates in SSAR North American Species Names Database at: https://ssarherps.org/cndb]","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother","shortCitationYear":2017,"referenceCode":"B17CRO01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:53.413199Z"},{"id":132381,"citation":"Dundee, H. A., and D. A. Rossman. 1989. The amphibians and reptiles of Louisiana. Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge.","shortCitationAuthor":"Dundee and Rossman","shortCitationYear":1989,"referenceCode":"B89DUN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:01.663271Z"},{"id":119796,"citation":"Frost, D. R. 1985. Amphibian species of the world. A taxonomic and geographical reference. Allen Press, Inc., and The Association of  Systematics Collections, Lawrence, Kansas. v + 732 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Frost","shortCitationYear":1985,"referenceCode":"B85FRO01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:24.173666Z"},{"id":1054360,"citation":"Frost, D.R. 2020. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. 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Mercury concentrations in the two-toed amphiuma (<i>Amphiuma means</i>) and the lesser siren (<i>Siren intermedia</i>): validating non-lethal sampling methods in southeastern aquatic salamanders. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 69(2): 330-335. doi: 10.1007/s00244-019-00657-2","shortCitationAuthor":"Haskins et al.","shortCitationYear":2019,"referenceCode":"A19HAS01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-05-30T22:27:33.728614Z"},{"id":113569,"citation":"Karlin, A. A., and D. B. Means. 1994. Genetic variation in the aquatic salamander genus Amphiuma. Am. Midl. Nat. 132:1-9.","shortCitationAuthor":"Karlin and Means","shortCitationYear":1994,"referenceCode":"A94KAR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:19:58.685953Z"},{"id":1039160,"citation":"Krysko, K. L., K. M. Enge, and P. E. Moler. 2019. Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. 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Virginia Herpetological Survey. vi + 114 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Tobey","shortCitationYear":1985,"referenceCode":"B85TOB01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:53.413199Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[{"id":144178,"name":"two-toed amphiuma","language":"EN"}],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":104318,"cites":null,"cosewic":null,"fwsRegion":null,"genusSize":{"id":2,"genusSizeDescEn":"Very small genus","genusSizeDescEs":"Un género muy pequeño","genusSizeDescFr":"Très petit genre"},"jurisEndem":{"id":3,"jurisEndemDescEn":"endemic to a single nation","jurisEndemDescEs":"Endémico de una nación","jurisEndemDescFr":"Endémique à une nation"},"nomenclaturallyEst":null,"usesa":null,"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":3,"level1":"Animals","level2":"Vertebrates","level3":"Amphibians","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":2,"distributionStatus":"complete","displayOrder":1060},"parentSpecies":null,"infraspecies":false,"kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Craniata","taxclass":"Amphibia","taxorder":"Caudata","family":"Amphiumidae","genus":"Amphiuma","americanFisheriesStatus":null,"americanFisheriesStatusDate":null,"saraStatus":null,"saraStatusDate":null,"cosewicDate":null,"interpretedCosewic":null,"cosewicComments":null,"usesaDate":null,"interpretedUsesa":null,"usesaComments":null,"completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[],"infraspeciesList":[],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":false,"ebarGlobalScope":false,"ebarKbaGroup":"Amphibians and Reptiles","caGeneralStatusId":null},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":104318,"reproductionComments":"Timing of egg deposition is not well known; reportedly eggs are laid in January-February in the north, May-July in the south. Female often remains with eggs during most of incubation (about 5 months). One nest was found unattended inside the nesting mound of an American Alligator (Thompson et al. 2020). Eggs may hatch after inundation, although the timing is unknown (Gunzburger 2003, Thompson et al. 2020). Free-living larval stage may sometimes be absent (Gunzburger 2003).","ecologyComments":"Snakes of genus <i>Farancia</i> are the major predators. Other predators include American Alligators (<i>Alligator mississippiensis</i>), Great Blue Herons (<i>Ardea herodias</i>), and Great Egrets (<i>Egretta alba</i>).","habitatComments":"Swamps, bayous, margins of muddy sloughs, cypress heads, drainage ditches, sluggish streams, wet meadows, muddy lakes; soft substrate for burrowing or thick aquatic vegetation important for shelter. Generally found close to shore in the littoral zone (Schalk et al. 2010). Often uses crayfish burrows. 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