{"elementGlobalId":104316,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":11,"iucnDescEn":"Least concern","iucnDescEs":"Menos preocupante","iucnDescFr":"Moins préoccupante","iucnCode":"LC"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":4,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":"Expertise without calculation","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by inspection","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Eschrichtius robustus</i>","scientificName":"Eschrichtius robustus","scientificNameAuthor":"(Lilljeborg, 1861)","primaryCommonName":"Gray Whale","relatedItisNames":"<i>Eschrichtius robustus</i> (Lilljeborg, 1861) (TSN 180521)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.104316","elcode":"AMAGG01010","conceptRefFullCitation":"Wilson, D. E., and D. M. Reeder (editors). 1993. Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. xviii + 1206 pp. Available online at: http://www.nmnh.si.edu/msw/.","conceptName":"<i>Eschrichtius robustus</i>","taxonomicComments":"Analyses by McGowen et al. (2020) show <i>Eschrichtius robustus</i> is firmly nested within Balaenopteridae and the species is moved from Eschrichtiidae to Balaenopteridae. They also found the genus <i>Balaenoptera </i>is polyphyletic with both <i>Eschrichtius </i>and <i>Megaptera</i> nested within the genus. Formerly known as <i>E. gibbosus</i>.","roundedGRank":"G4","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2010-02-02","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Hammerson, G.","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":161881,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N4","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":322146,"subnation":{"id":44,"nameEn":"Oregon","nameEs":"Oregón","nameFr":"Oregon","subnationCode":"OR","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNA","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNA","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":322146,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":401534,"subnation":{"id":56,"nameEn":"Washington","nameEs":"Washington","nameFr":"Washington","subnationCode":"WA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S2N","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2N","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":401534,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":284746,"subnation":{"id":7,"nameEn":"California","nameEs":"California","nameFr":"Californie","subnationCode":"CA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNR","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNR","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":284746,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":366446,"subnation":{"id":34,"nameEn":"North Carolina","nameEs":"Carolina del Norte","nameFr":"Caroline du Nord","subnationCode":"NC","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SX","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SX","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":366446,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":311184,"subnation":{"id":1,"nameEn":"Alaska","nameEs":"Alaska","nameFr":"Alaska","subnationCode":"AK","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S4","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S4","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":311184,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":2002,"nrank":"N4","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":161881,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementNationalId":165828,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":38,"nameEn":"Canada","nameEs":"Canadá","nameFr":"Canada","isoCode":"CA","region":"Canada"},"roundedNRank":"N3N,N3M","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":405709,"subnation":{"id":61,"nameEn":"British Columbia","nameEs":"Columbia Británica","nameFr":"Colombie-Britannique","subnationCode":"BC","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3S4","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":405709,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":869537,"subnation":{"id":65,"nameEn":"Northwest Territories","nameEs":"Territorios del Noroeste","nameFr":"Territoires du Nord-Ouest","subnationCode":"NT","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"SU","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SU","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":869537,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":894518,"subnation":{"id":93,"nameEn":"Yukon Territory","nameEs":"Territorio del Yukón","nameFr":"Territoire du Yukon","subnationCode":"YT","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"SUN","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SUN","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":894518,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":2017,"nrank":"N3N,N3M","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":165828,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T21:43:43.413107Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.104316/Eschrichtius_robustus","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"2002-08-15","grankReviewDate":"2016-04-04","grankReasons":"Has recovered to pre-whaling numbers (20,000+) in the eastern North Pacific; rare in western North Pacific, extirpated in Atlantic. Apparently secure but perhaps vulnerable due to the low number of, and threats to, calving areas in Mexico.","grank":"G4","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":104316,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":null,"numberEos":null,"numberGoodEos":null,"numberProtEos":null,"popSize":{"id":31,"popSizeDescEn":"10,000 - 100,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 10.000 a 100.000 individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 10 000 à 100 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":null,"shortTermTrend":null,"threatImpactAssigned":null,"rangeExtentComments":"Range includes coastal waters of the North Pacific. Most gray whales are in the Bering and Chukchi seas in summer (some occur then off northern Alaska, the Siberian coast, and southward along the coast to British Columbia and northern California). In winter, they occur in coastal waters off Baja California, Sonora, and Sinaloa. Primary birthing areas are Laguna Ojo de Liebre (Scammon's Lagoon), Laguna Guerrero Negro, Laguna San Ignacio, and Estero Soledad, Mexico (IUCN 1991). This species has been extirpated in the Atlantic (last seen about 1750; Rice 1998, Nowak 1991). A small population exists in the western Pacific (Okhotsk Sea in summer to South Korean coast in winter) (Weller et al. 1999).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":null,"popSizeComments":"Total population in the early 1990s was about 21,000. Population in the western North Pacific may include 100-250 individuals. Weller et al. (1999) individually identified 69 whales on their feeding grounds off northeastern Sakhalin Island, Russia, in 1994-1998.","viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":null,"shortTermTrendComments":"In the eastern Pacific Ocean over the past several decades, numbers have increased to levels close to pre-whaling abundance.","longTermTrendComments":null,"inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":null,"protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":104316,"majorHabitat":{"id":1,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Marine","majorHabitatDescEs":"Marino","majorHabitatDescFr":"Marine"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":true,"mobilityMigrationComments":"The eastern North Pacific stock migrates northward to summer range in February-May, led by newly pregnant females. The southward migration (November-January), led by pregnant females, passes through Unimak Pass, Alaska, and for most individuals ends in the Mexican winter range. The southward migration is more concentrated and closer to shore than is the northward migration. Roundtrip migration is up to about 18,000 kilometers. Small numbers spend the summer along the west coast of North America, from California north (Rice, in Wilson and Ruff 1999). <br><br>The western Pacific stock migrates south from western and northern Sea of Okhotsk to the southern coast of China (Rice, in Wilson and Ruff 1999).","foodHabitsComments":"In the southern Chukchi Sea and northern Bering Sea, gray whales eat mainly tube-dwelling gammaridean amphipods; also various other small bottom invertebrates in small quantity. In the southern Bering Sea along the eastern Alaska Peninsula and adjacent Alaskan mainland, shrimp and mysids are the major prey. In Puget Sound, the whales feed on epibenthic ghost shrimp in littoral sand flats (Weitkamp et al. 1992). Elsewhere feeding is less common and prey may include swarms of amphipods, cumaceans, mysids, and infaunal polychaetes. <br><br>Gray whales employ a feeding technique not used by other large whales. While swimming forward and rolling to one side they run the head along the bottom and filter small invertebrates from the mud-water interface. They also may ingest invertebrates associated with masses of algae that are scraped through the mouth.","animalPhenologyComments":null,"colonialBreeder":true,"length":1410,"width":null,"weight":33000000,"animalPhenologies":[],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":105361,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1433,"locationUseClass":{"id":2,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Breeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"En reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Reproduction","displayOrder":2},"eoSpecGroupName":null,"subtypes":"Calving area","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"An area that  is, or was, occupied by a recurring population for the purposes of courting and mating. Minimally, at least two and preferably several years of observation should be used to reliably identify significant, persistent occurrences.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":null,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":null,"altSeparationProcedure":"Occurrences generally should be based on major occupied hydrographic or ecogeographic units that are separated along areas of relatively low whale density or use. To the extent possible, these units should be based on available observational records or on movements of radio-tagged individuals, but occurrence boundaries also may be determined by expert professional consensus.","separationJustification":"Meaningful whale occurrences encompass large occupied hydrographic units. Because whales are highly mobile over large distances, occurrences often will not be demographically isolated from other occurrences. Thus occurrences do not necessarily reflect independent populations but rather serve as units that may be convenient for practical conservation purposes","versionDate":"2004-09-29","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S., and G. Hammerson","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:22:15.17259Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":1432,"locationUseClass":{"id":3,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Nonbreeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"No reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Non-reproduction","displayOrder":3},"eoSpecGroupName":null,"subtypes":"Bottom feeding area, Water column feeding area","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"A marine area that  is occupied consistently or recurrently by foraging whales that are neither migrating nor calving. Minimally, at least two and preferably several years of observation should be used to reliably identify significant, recurrent occurrences.","mappingGuidance":"All known sightings over a period of time in an area should be collectively mapped as a single polygon feature, or multiple polygons if there are feeding areas separated by more than 1 kilometer. Individual sightings could also be mapped as source feature points within this principal EO, although this may be impractical over time.  If useful, year-to-year variation in feeding areas could be mapped as separate source feature polygons within a larger multi-year principal EO.","separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":null,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":null,"altSeparationProcedure":"Occurrences generally should be based on major occupied hydrographic or ecogeographic units that are separated along areas of relatively low whale density or use. To the extent possible, these units should be based on available observational records or on movements of radio-tagged individuals, but occurrence boundaries also may be determined by expert professional consensus.","separationJustification":"Meaningful whale occurrences encompass large occupied hydrographic units. Because whales are highly mobile over large distances, occurrences often will not be demographically isolated from other occurrences. Thus occurrences do not necessarily reflect independent populations but rather serve as units that may be convenient for practical conservation purposes","versionDate":"2004-09-29","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G., and S. Cannings","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:22:15.17259Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":1431,"locationUseClass":{"id":5,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Migratory corridor","locationUseClassDescEs":"Corredor migratorio","locationUseClassDescFr":"Corridors migratoires","displayOrder":6},"eoSpecGroupName":null,"subtypes":"Migration corridor","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"A marine area that  is used recurrently by migrating whales. Minimally, at least two and preferably several years of observation should be used to reliably identify recurrent corridors that include at least 50% of the regional population.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":null,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":null,"altSeparationProcedure":"Each migratory concentration corridor that is separated from other corridors by a gap of at least 50 km (measured perpendicular or parallel to the migration direction) should be treated as a separate occurrence.","separationJustification":"Separation Distance arbitrary.","versionDate":"2004-09-29","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G., and S. Cannings","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:22:15.17259Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":104316,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":"Draft Gray Whale Research and Monitoring Plan became available in 1994 (contact Kenneth Hollingshead, telephone 301-713-2055).","managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":"Draft Gray Whale Research and Monitoring Plan became available in 1994 (contact Kenneth Hollingshead, telephone 301-713-2055).","managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":105767,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:26:19.228545Z"}],"references":[{"id":1151804,"citation":"American Society of Mammalogists (ASM). 2025. Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.13) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10595931. Online. Available: https://www.mammaldiversity.org/","shortCitationAuthor":"American Society of Mammalogists (ASM)","shortCitationYear":2025,"referenceCode":"W25ASM01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-04-04T21:45:15.526109Z"},{"id":759420,"citation":"Bradley, R.D., L.K. Ammerman, R.J. Baker, L.C. Bradley, J.A. Cook. R.C. Dowler, C. Jones, D.J. Schmidly, F.B. Stangl Jr., R.A. Van den Bussche and B. Würsig. 2014. Revised checklist of North American mammals north of Mexico, 2014. Museum of Texas Tech University Occasional Papers 327:1-28. Available at: http://www.nsrl.ttu.edu/publications/opapers/ops/OP327.pdf","shortCitationAuthor":"Bradley et al.","shortCitationYear":2014,"referenceCode":"A14BRA01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:17.880059Z"},{"id":110868,"citation":"Ellis, R. 1985. The Book of Whales. Alfred A. Knopf, New York, New York.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ellis","shortCitationYear":1985,"referenceCode":"B85ELL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:17.861084Z"},{"id":121024,"citation":"Evans, P. G. H. 1992. The natural history of whales &amp; dolphins. Facts on File Publications, New York. xvi + 343 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Evans","shortCitationYear":1992,"referenceCode":"B92EVA02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:22:00.57876Z"},{"id":106833,"citation":"IUCN (World Conservation Union). 1991. Dolphins, Porpoises and Whales of the World: the IUCN Red Data Book. M. Klinowska (compiler). IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, United Kingdom. viii + 429 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"IUCN (World Conservation Union)","shortCitationYear":1991,"referenceCode":"B91IUC01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:17.880059Z"},{"id":156383,"citation":"Jones, J. K., Jr., R. S. Hoffman, D. W. Rice, C. Jones, R. J. Baker, and M. D. Engstrom. 1992a. Revised checklist of North American mammals north of Mexico, 1991. Occasional Papers, The Museum, Texas Tech University, 146:1-23.","shortCitationAuthor":"Jones et al.","shortCitationYear":1992,"referenceCode":"B92JON01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:17.880059Z"},{"id":104628,"citation":"Jones, M. L., S. L. Swartz, and S. Leatherwood, eds. 1984. The gray whale <i>Eschrichtius robustus</i>. Academic Press, San Diego, California.","shortCitationAuthor":"Jones et al.","shortCitationYear":1984,"referenceCode":"B84JON01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-08-01T21:47:38.626108Z"},{"id":102124,"citation":"Leatherwood, S., and R. R. Reeves. 1983. The Sierra Club handbook of whales and dolphins. Sierra Club Books, San Francisco. 302 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Leatherwood and Reeves","shortCitationYear":1983,"referenceCode":"B83LEA01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:17.880059Z"},{"id":144137,"citation":"Matthews, J.R. and C.J. Moseley (eds.). 1990. The Official World Wildlife Fund Guide to Endangered Species of North America. Volume 1. Plants, Mammals. xxiii + pp 1-560 + 33 pp. appendix + 6 pp. glossary + 16 pp. index. Volume 2. Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians, Fishes, Mussels, Crustaceans, Snails, Insects, and Arachnids. xiii + pp. 561-1180. Beacham Publications, Inc., Washington, D.C.","shortCitationAuthor":"Matthews and Moseley","shortCitationYear":1990,"referenceCode":"B90MAT01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:17.314212Z"},{"id":1155161,"citation":"McGowen, M. R., G. Tsagkogeorga, S. Álvarez-Carretero, M. dos Reis, M. Struebig, R. Deaville, P. D. Jepson, S. Jarman, A. Polanowski, P. A. Morin, and S. J. Rossiter. 2020. Phylogenomic resolution of the cetacean tree of life using target sequence capture. Systematic Biology 69(3):479-501.","shortCitationAuthor":"McGowen et al.","shortCitationYear":2020,"referenceCode":"A20MCG01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-08-01T21:47:38.627042Z"},{"id":104862,"citation":"Nowak, R. M. 1991. Walker's mammals of the world. Fifth edition. Vols. I and II. Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore. 1629 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Nowak","shortCitationYear":1991,"referenceCode":"B91NOW01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:03.881928Z"},{"id":136465,"citation":"Reeves, R. R., and E. Mitchell. 1988. Current status of the gray whale. <i>Eschrichtius robustus</i>. Canadian Field-Naturalist 102:369-390.","shortCitationAuthor":"Reeves and Mitchell","shortCitationYear":1988,"referenceCode":"A88REE03NAUS","lastModified":"2025-08-01T21:47:38.626108Z"},{"id":138742,"citation":"Rice, D. W. 1998. Marine mammals of the world: systematics and distribution. Society for Marine Mammalogy, Special Publication Number 4. ix + 231 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Rice","shortCitationYear":1998,"referenceCode":"B98RIC01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:01.866439Z"},{"id":136629,"citation":"Rice, D. W., and A. A. Wolman. 1971. The life history and ecology of the gray whale (<i>Eschrichtius robustus</i>). Am. Soc. Mamm. Specical Publication (3):1-142. 142 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Rice and Wolman","shortCitationYear":1971,"referenceCode":"B71RIC01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-08-01T21:47:38.626108Z"},{"id":122318,"citation":"Ridgway, S. H., and R. J. Harrison. 1985. Handbook of marine mammals. Vol. 3. The sirenians and baleen whales. Academic Press, New York. 362 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ridgway and Harrison","shortCitationYear":1985,"referenceCode":"B85RID01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:17.861084Z"},{"id":1149136,"citation":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2024. Endangered and Threatened Fish and Wildlife; Description of the Western North Pacific Gray Whale Distinct Population Segment. Proposed rule. 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Reeder (editors). 1993. Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. xviii + 1206 pp. Available online at: http://www.nmnh.si.edu/msw/.","shortCitationAuthor":"Wilson and Reeder","shortCitationYear":1993,"referenceCode":"B93WIL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:17.880059Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[{"id":136204,"name":"Baleine grise","language":"FR"},{"id":136203,"name":"Grey Whale","language":"EN"}],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":104316,"cites":{"id":1,"citesDescEn":"Appendix I","citesDescEs":"Apéndice I","citesDescFr":"Annexe I"},"cosewic":null,"fwsRegion":null,"genusSize":{"id":1,"genusSizeDescEn":"Monotypic genus","genusSizeDescEs":"Género monotípico","genusSizeDescFr":"Genre monotypique"},"jurisEndem":{"id":5,"jurisEndemDescEn":"occurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations","jurisEndemDescEs":"Se encuentra en varias naciones (de manera regular, como un taxón nativo)","jurisEndemDescFr":"Se trouve dans plusieurs nations (de façon régulière, tel un taxon indigène)"},"nomenclaturallyEst":null,"usesa":null,"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":6,"level1":"Animals","level2":"Vertebrates","level3":"Mammals","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":2,"distributionStatus":"complete","displayOrder":1090},"parentSpecies":null,"infraspecies":false,"kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Craniata","taxclass":"Mammalia","taxorder":"Cetacea","family":"Balaenopteridae","genus":"Eschrichtius","americanFisheriesStatus":null,"americanFisheriesStatusDate":null,"saraStatus":null,"saraStatusDate":null,"cosewicDate":null,"interpretedCosewic":"X,E,NAR","cosewicComments":"The Atlantic population is Extinct, the Pacific Coast Feeding Group population and Western Pacific population are designated Endangered, and the Northern Pacific population is designated Not at risk.","usesaDate":null,"interpretedUsesa":"PS:E","usesaComments":"The Western North Pacific Distinct Population Segment is listed endangered (these whales reside or feed in the western North Pacific in the waters of Vietnam, China, Japan, Korea (Republic of Korea and/or Democratic People’s Republic of Korea), or the Russian Far East, including southern and southeastern Kamchatka) (USFWS 2024).","completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[{"id":112184,"synonym":"Eschrichtius gibbosus","synonymAuthor":"(Erxleben, 1777)","formattedSynonym":"<i>Eschrichtius gibbosus</i>"}],"infraspeciesList":[{"infraspeciesId":102369,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.102369","formattedScientificName":"<i>Eschrichtius robustus</i> pop. 3","scientificName":"Eschrichtius robustus pop. 3","primaryCommonName":"Gray Whale - Northeast Pacific Population","nsxUrl":null},{"infraspeciesId":106427,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.106427","formattedScientificName":"<i>Eschrichtius robustus</i> pop. 2","scientificName":"Eschrichtius robustus pop. 2","primaryCommonName":"Grey Whale (Atlantic population)","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.106427/Eschrichtius_robustus_pop_2"},{"infraspeciesId":1016393,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1016393","formattedScientificName":"<i>Eschrichtius robustus</i> pop. 6","scientificName":"Eschrichtius robustus pop. 6","primaryCommonName":"Grey Whale (Western Pacific population)","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1016393/Eschrichtius_robustus_pop_6"},{"infraspeciesId":1016390,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1016390","formattedScientificName":"<i>Eschrichtius robustus</i> pop. 5","scientificName":"Eschrichtius robustus pop. 5","primaryCommonName":"Grey Whale (Pacific Coast Feeding Group population)","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1016390/Eschrichtius_robustus_pop_5"},{"infraspeciesId":1016385,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1016385","formattedScientificName":"<i>Eschrichtius robustus</i> pop. 4","scientificName":"Eschrichtius robustus pop. 4","primaryCommonName":"Grey Whale (Northern Pacific Migratory population)","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1016385/Eschrichtius_robustus_pop_4"}],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":false,"ebarGlobalScope":false,"ebarKbaGroup":"Mammals","caGeneralStatusId":"GS001528"},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":104316,"reproductionComments":"Females are impregnated during the southward migration or close to calving grounds. 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Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.13) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10595931. Online. 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