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Home ranges: female Black Duck, mean 130 hectares during prelaying and laying period (n = 7, Ringelman et al. 1982);  Mallards, mean 283 hectares (Dzubin 1955),  210 hectares (females) and 240 hectares (males) (Gilmer et al. 1975).  <br> Breeding site fidelity: female Black Ducks in New England, 25% returned to nest in the following year, most within 91 meters of previous nest (Coulter and  Miller 1968).","versionDate":"2001-03-08","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:32.066353Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":1060,"locationUseClass":{"id":3,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Nonbreeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"No reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Non-reproduction","displayOrder":3},"eoSpecGroupName":"Dabbling Ducks","subtypes":"Molting area, Wintering area, Non-breeding feeding concentration area, Roosting area","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of recurring presence of molting or wintering flocks (including historical); and potential recurring presence at a given location, minimally a reliable observation of 25 birds/0.5 square kilometer in appropriate habitat. Occurrences should be locations where the species is resident for some time during the appropriate season; it is preferable to have observations documenting presence over at least 20 days annually. Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single events.","mappingGuidance":"Map roosting and feeding areas with separate polygons in same EO.","separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":10.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance somewhat arbitrary; set at 10 kilometers to define occurrences of managable size for conservation purposes. Wintering flocks of American Black Ducks fly an average of 10 kilometres from roost to foraging area, but have been recorded flying up to 43 kilometres (Frazer et al. 1990). However, occurrences defined primarily on the basis of areas supporting concentrations of foraging birds, rather than on the basis of distinct populations.","versionDate":"2001-05-29","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:32.066353Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":1062,"locationUseClass":{"id":4,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Migratory stopover","locationUseClassDescEs":"Parada migratoria","locationUseClassDescFr":"Halte migratoire","displayOrder":5},"eoSpecGroupName":"Dabbling Ducks","subtypes":"Staging area, Foraging area, Roosting area","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of recurring presence of migrating or staging flocks (including historical); and potential recurring presence at a given location, minimally a reliable observation of 25 birds/0.5 square kilometer in appropriate habitat. Occurrences should be locations where the species is resident for some time during the appropriate season; it is preferable to have observations documenting presence over at least 7 days annually. Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single events.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":10.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance somewhat arbitrary; set at 10 kilometers to define occurrences of managable size for conservation purposes. Occurrences defined primarily on the basis of areas supporting concentrations of foraging birds, rather than on the basis of distinct populations.","versionDate":"2002-04-11","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:32.066353Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":104243,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":"Good recovery potential due to high reproductive rate and ability to use nest boxes (Dugger and Fredrickson 1993).","siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":"Improper flooding regimes can change tree species composition in a stand from desirable small-acorn oaks to unsuitable (for food) large-acorn oaks (Dugger and Fredrickson 1992). Timber management should provide suitable food plants and a constant supply of trees with suitable nest cavities. <br><br>Adding nest boxes to suitable habitat can significantly increase local nesting populations limited by low number of available natural cavities. Nest boxes should be maintained regularly; wood ducks do not nest in boxes that contain the debris from unsuccessful nesting attempts (Dugger and Fredrickson 1992). Because nest box maintenance can be expensive and time consuming, management for natural cavities should be encouraged. Ideal nest box spacing varies with the incidence of dump-nesting and nesting interference and with the cost of nest box maintenance. In Illinois, intraspecific brood parasitism and egg hatchability increased when nest boxes were placed in habitats and at densities resembling natural circumstances (Semel et al. 1988). See Lacki et al. (1987) for entry into literature on nest box use. See Ridlehuber and Teaford (1986) and USFWS (1976) for specifications for the construction and placement of nest boxes. See Bellrose and Holm (1994) for information on research and management techniques.","monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":105697,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:26:07.10341Z"}],"references":[{"id":153779,"citation":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1983. 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