{"elementGlobalId":104228,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":11,"iucnDescEn":"Least concern","iucnDescEs":"Menos preocupante","iucnDescFr":"Moins préoccupante","iucnCode":"LC"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":4,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":"Expertise without calculation","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by inspection","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Monodon monoceros</i>","scientificName":"Monodon monoceros","scientificNameAuthor":"Linnaeus, 1758","primaryCommonName":"Narwhal","relatedItisNames":"<i>Monodon monoceros</i> Linnaeus, 1758 (TSN 180485)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.104228","elcode":"AMAGD02010","conceptRefFullCitation":"Wilson, D. E., and D. M. Reeder (editors). 1993. Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. xviii + 1206 pp. Available online at: http://www.nmnh.si.edu/msw/.","conceptName":"<i>Monodon monoceros</i>","taxonomicComments":null,"roundedGRank":"G4","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":null,"conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":null,"primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":165454,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"NU","elementSubnationals":[],"nrankReviewYear":1997,"nrank":"NU","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":165454,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementNationalId":168587,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":38,"nameEn":"Canada","nameEs":"Canadá","nameFr":"Canada","isoCode":"CA","region":"Canada"},"roundedNRank":"N3B","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":301909,"subnation":{"id":227,"nameEn":"Nunavut","nameEs":"Nunavut","nameFr":"Nunavut","subnationCode":"NU","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":301909,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":2024,"nrank":"N3B","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":168587,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T21:43:35.080112Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.104228/Monodon_monoceros","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"1996-11-15","grankReviewDate":"2016-04-04","grankReasons":null,"grank":"G4","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":104228,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":null,"numberEos":null,"numberGoodEos":null,"numberProtEos":null,"popSize":{"id":33,"popSizeDescEn":"10,000 to >1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 10.000 a >1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 10 000 à >1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":null,"shortTermTrend":null,"threatImpactAssigned":null,"rangeExtentComments":"Locally abundant in the high Arctic. Local concentrations occur in Davis Strait, Baffin Bay and adjacent waters, and the Greenland Sea. Smaller numbers occur in Hudson Strait, northern Hudson Bay, Foxe Basin, and Barents Sea. Presence in the Beaufort, Bering, and eastern Chukchi seas is exceptional. Also occurs in \"Soviet\" Arctic (Leatherwood and Reeves 1983). Most common in the eastern Canadian arctic and west Greenland area (IUCN 1991, which see for further details on distribution).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":null,"popSizeComments":"About 18,800 occur in Canadian waters in summer; no population trend is evident (Strong 1988). Total population in the 1980s probably was somewhere between 25,000 and 50,000 (Evans 1992; see also IUCN 1991). 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However, occurrences are defined primarily on the basis of areas predictably supporting concentrations of prey and feeding whales, or areas that are important as ice-free refuges in winter, rather than on the basis of distinct whale populations or specific feeding groups. Separation distance arbitrarily set to 20 kilometers in order to delineate occurrences that are manageable for conservation of prey resource.","versionDate":"2002-03-06","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:22:00.563074Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":1547,"locationUseClass":{"id":19,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Nursery area","locationUseClassDescEs":"Zona de crianza","locationUseClassDescFr":"Zone de reproduction","displayOrder":19},"eoSpecGroupName":null,"subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"An area that  is, or was, occupied by a recurring population during the spring or summer. Minimally, at least two and preferably several years of observation should be used to reliably identify significant, recurrent concentrations, i. e. those occupied by whales more than 10 days per year.  In most cases, occurrences should not be extensive areas, but rather portions of such areas that stand out as strongly meeting the occurrence criteria. Some key sites may not be occupied every year; however, occurrences should still be delineated where data indicates that the sites are important over the longer term.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Upland areas.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":20.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":20.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Narwhals can travel significant distances daily. However, occurrences are defined primarily on the basis of areas predictably supporting concentrations of female whales with dependent young, rather than on the basis of distinct whale populations or specific feeding groups. 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Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.13) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10595931. Online. Available: https://www.mammaldiversity.org/","shortCitationAuthor":"American Society of Mammalogists (ASM)","shortCitationYear":2025,"referenceCode":"W25ASM01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-04-04T21:45:15.526109Z"},{"id":759420,"citation":"Bradley, R.D., L.K. Ammerman, R.J. Baker, L.C. Bradley, J.A. Cook. R.C. Dowler, C. Jones, D.J. Schmidly, F.B. Stangl Jr., R.A. Van den Bussche and B. Würsig. 2014. Revised checklist of North American mammals north of Mexico, 2014. Museum of Texas Tech University Occasional Papers 327:1-28. Available at: http://www.nsrl.ttu.edu/publications/opapers/ops/OP327.pdf","shortCitationAuthor":"Bradley et al.","shortCitationYear":2014,"referenceCode":"A14BRA01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:17.880059Z"},{"id":110868,"citation":"Ellis, R. 1985. The Book of Whales. Alfred A. 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Revised checklist of North American mammals north of Mexico, 1991. Occasional Papers, The Museum, Texas Tech University, 146:1-23.","shortCitationAuthor":"Jones et al.","shortCitationYear":1992,"referenceCode":"B92JON01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:17.880059Z"},{"id":102124,"citation":"Leatherwood, S., and R. R. Reeves. 1983. The Sierra Club handbook of whales and dolphins. Sierra Club Books, San Francisco. 302 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Leatherwood and Reeves","shortCitationYear":1983,"referenceCode":"B83LEA01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:17.880059Z"},{"id":153310,"citation":"Strong, J. T. 1988. Status of the narwhal, <i>Monodon monoceros</i>, in Canada. Canadian Field-Nat. 102:391-398.","shortCitationAuthor":"Strong","shortCitationYear":1988,"referenceCode":"A88STR01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-09-05T21:59:52.881031Z"},{"id":117022,"citation":"Wilson, D. E., and D. M. Reeder (editors). 1993. Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. xviii + 1206 pp. Available online at: http://www.nmnh.si.edu/msw/.","shortCitationAuthor":"Wilson and Reeder","shortCitationYear":1993,"referenceCode":"B93WIL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:17.880059Z"},{"id":138611,"citation":"Wilson, D. E., and S. Ruff. 1999. The Smithsonian book of North American mammals. 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