{"elementGlobalId":104225,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":11,"iucnDescEn":"Least concern","iucnDescEs":"Menos preocupante","iucnDescFr":"Moins préoccupante","iucnCode":"LC"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":4,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":"Expertise without calculation","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by inspection","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Hirundo rustica</i>","scientificName":"Hirundo rustica","scientificNameAuthor":"Linnaeus, 1758","primaryCommonName":"Barn Swallow","relatedItisNames":"<i>Hirundo rustica</i> Linnaeus, 1758 (TSN 178448)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.104225","elcode":"ABPAU09030","conceptRefFullCitation":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1998. Check-list of North American birds. Seventh edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. [as modified by subsequent supplements and corrections published in <i>The Auk</i>]. Also available online: http://www.aou.org/.","conceptName":"<i>Hirundo rustica</i>","taxonomicComments":"Composed of two groups: <i>erythrogaster</i> (Barn Swallow) breeding in North America and <i>rustica</i> (European Swallow) breeding in Eurasia (AOU 1998). Zink et al. (1995) found that populations on Asian and North American sides of Beringia exhibited a level of mtDNA differentiation intermediate between populations and species; however, sample sizes were small and no formal taxonomic change was recommended. See Sheldon and Winkler (1993) for information on intergeneric phylogenetic relationships of Hirundininae based on DNA-DNA hybridization. May form a superspecies with <i>H. lucida</i>, <i>H. aethiopica</i>, <i>H. angolensis</i>, <i>H. albigularis</i>, <i>H. dumicola</i>, <i>H. tahitica</i>, and <i>H. neoxena</i> (AOU 1998)","roundedGRank":"G5","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2014-03-12","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Jue, Sally S.","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":164700,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":38,"nameEn":"Canada","nameEs":"Canadá","nameFr":"Canada","isoCode":"CA","region":"Canada"},"roundedNRank":"N4B","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":278726,"subnation":{"id":61,"nameEn":"British Columbia","nameEs":"Columbia Británica","nameFr":"Colombie-Britannique","subnationCode":"BC","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S4B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S4B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":278726,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":308637,"subnation":{"id":66,"nameEn":"Nova Scotia","nameEs":"Nueva Escocia","nameFr":"Nouvelle-Écosse","subnationCode":"NS","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S3B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":308637,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":319526,"subnation":{"id":227,"nameEn":"Nunavut","nameEs":"Nunavut","nameFr":"Nunavut","subnationCode":"NU","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"SUB","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SUB","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":319526,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":276910,"subnation":{"id":63,"nameEn":"New Brunswick","nameEs":"New Brunswick","nameFr":"Nouveau-Brunswick","subnationCode":"NB","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S2B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":276910,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":345491,"subnation":{"id":67,"nameEn":"Ontario","nameEs":"Ontario","nameFr":"Ontario","subnationCode":"ON","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S4B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S4B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":345491,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":313345,"subnation":{"id":93,"nameEn":"Yukon Territory","nameEs":"Territorio del Yukón","nameFr":"Territoire du Yukon","subnationCode":"YT","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S2B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":313345,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":396469,"subnation":{"id":70,"nameEn":"Saskatchewan","nameEs":"Saskatchewan","nameFr":"Saskatchewan","subnationCode":"SK","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S4B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S4B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":396469,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":345480,"subnation":{"id":68,"nameEn":"Prince Edward Island","nameEs":"Isla del Príncipe Eduardo","nameFr":"Île-du-Prince-Édouard","subnationCode":"PE","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S2B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":345480,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":344967,"subnation":{"id":92,"nameEn":"Island of Newfoundland","nameEs":"Isla de Terranova","nameFr":"Île de Terre­Neuve","subnationCode":"NF","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S2B,SUM","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2B,SUM","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":344967,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":350700,"subnation":{"id":60,"nameEn":"Alberta","nameEs":"Alberta","nameFr":"Alberta","subnationCode":"AB","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S4B","dataSensitive":{"id":1,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"Yes","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"Y"},"dataSensitiveCategory":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveCategoryDescEn":"Proprietary Data","dataSensitiveCategoryDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveCategoryDescFr":null,"nsStandardInd":true},"srank":"S4B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":350700,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":386086,"subnation":{"id":69,"nameEn":"Quebec","nameEs":"Quebec","nameFr":"Québec","subnationCode":"QC","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S3B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":386086,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":385831,"subnation":{"id":65,"nameEn":"Northwest Territories","nameEs":"Territorios del Noroeste","nameFr":"Territoires du Nord-Ouest","subnationCode":"NT","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":385831,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":345334,"subnation":{"id":62,"nameEn":"Manitoba","nameEs":"Manitoba","nameFr":"Manitoba","subnationCode":"MB","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S4B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S4B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":345334,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":2023,"nrank":"N4N5B","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":164700,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementNationalId":165746,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N5B","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":346850,"subnation":{"id":45,"nameEn":"Pennsylvania","nameEs":"Pennsylvania","nameFr":"Pennsylvanie","subnationCode":"PA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S4B,S5M","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S4B,S5M","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":346850,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":333892,"subnation":{"id":48,"nameEn":"South Carolina","nameEs":"Carolina del Sur","nameFr":"Caroline du Sud","subnationCode":"SC","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S4","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S4S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":333892,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":356737,"subnation":{"id":38,"nameEn":"New Jersey","nameEs":"Nueva Jersey","nameFr":"New Jersey","subnationCode":"NJ","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S4B,S4N","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S4B,S4N","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":356737,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":377979,"subnation":{"id":42,"nameEn":"Ohio","nameEs":"Ohio","nameFr":"Ohio","subnationCode":"OH","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":377979,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":370510,"subnation":{"id":6,"nameEn":"Arizona","nameEs":"Arizona","nameFr":"Arizona","subnationCode":"AZ","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":370510,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":353170,"subnation":{"id":53,"nameEn":"Virginia","nameEs":"Virginia","nameFr":"Virginie","subnationCode":"VA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":353170,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":282759,"subnation":{"id":21,"nameEn":"Kansas","nameEs":"Kansas","nameFr":"Kansas","subnationCode":"KS","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":282759,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":371066,"subnation":{"id":36,"nameEn":"Nebraska","nameEs":"Nebraska","nameFr":"Nebraska","subnationCode":"NE","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":3,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"Conditional","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"C"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":371066,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":376312,"subnation":{"id":59,"nameEn":"Wyoming","nameEs":"Wyoming","nameFr":"Wyoming","subnationCode":"WY","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":376312,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":400402,"subnation":{"id":44,"nameEn":"Oregon","nameEs":"Oregón","nameFr":"Oregon","subnationCode":"OR","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":400402,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":308940,"subnation":{"id":55,"nameEn":"Vermont","nameEs":"Vermont","nameFr":"Vermont","subnationCode":"VT","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":308940,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":368565,"subnation":{"id":88,"nameEn":"Navajo Nation","nameEs":"La Nación Navajo","nameFr":"Nation Navajo","subnationCode":"NN","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3?B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":368565,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":347947,"subnation":{"id":7,"nameEn":"California","nameEs":"California","nameFr":"Californie","subnationCode":"CA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNR","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNR","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":347947,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":276463,"subnation":{"id":30,"nameEn":"Missouri","nameEs":"Missouri","nameFr":"Missouri","subnationCode":"MO","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNRB","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNRB","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":276463,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":407755,"subnation":{"id":43,"nameEn":"Oklahoma","nameEs":"Oklahoma","nameFr":"Oklahoma","subnationCode":"OK","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNRB","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNRB","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":407755,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":283079,"subnation":{"id":18,"nameEn":"Idaho","nameEs":"Idaho","nameFr":"Idaho","subnationCode":"ID","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":283079,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":351296,"subnation":{"id":25,"nameEn":"Maryland","nameEs":"Maryland","nameFr":"Maryland","subnationCode":"MD","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":351296,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":367646,"subnation":{"id":57,"nameEn":"Wisconsin","nameEs":"Wisconsin","nameFr":"Wisconsin","subnationCode":"WI","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S4B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S4B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":367646,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":396022,"subnation":{"id":20,"nameEn":"Indiana","nameEs":"Indiana","nameFr":"Indiana","subnationCode":"IN","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":396022,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":336821,"subnation":{"id":8,"nameEn":"Colorado","nameEs":"Colorado","nameFr":"Colorado","subnationCode":"CO","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":336821,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":307841,"subnation":{"id":14,"nameEn":"Georgia","nameEs":"Georgia","nameFr":"Géorgie","subnationCode":"GA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":307841,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":280365,"subnation":{"id":19,"nameEn":"Illinois","nameEs":"Illinois","nameFr":"Illinois","subnationCode":"IL","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":280365,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":344807,"subnation":{"id":17,"nameEn":"Iowa","nameEs":"Iowa","nameFr":"Iowa","subnationCode":"IA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5B,S5N","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5B,S5N","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":344807,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":295369,"subnation":{"id":40,"nameEn":"Nevada","nameEs":"Nevada","nameFr":"Nevada","subnationCode":"NV","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S4B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S4B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":295369,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":395020,"subnation":{"id":49,"nameEn":"South Dakota","nameEs":"Dakota del Sur","nameFr":"Dakota du Sud","subnationCode":"SD","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":395020,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":370404,"subnation":{"id":51,"nameEn":"Texas","nameEs":"Texas","nameFr":"Texas","subnationCode":"TX","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":370404,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":283765,"subnation":{"id":23,"nameEn":"Louisiana","nameEs":"Louisiana","nameFr":"Louisiane","subnationCode":"LA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":283765,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":312304,"subnation":{"id":56,"nameEn":"Washington","nameEs":"Washington","nameFr":"Washington","subnationCode":"WA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S4B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S4S5B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":312304,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":282758,"subnation":{"id":24,"nameEn":"Massachusetts","nameEs":"Massachusetts","nameFr":"Massachusetts","subnationCode":"MA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":282758,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":266322,"subnation":{"id":52,"nameEn":"Utah","nameEs":"Utah","nameFr":"Utah","subnationCode":"UT","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":266322,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":294967,"subnation":{"id":28,"nameEn":"Michigan","nameEs":"Michigan","nameFr":"Michigan","subnationCode":"MI","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":294967,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":340903,"subnation":{"id":58,"nameEn":"West Virginia","nameEs":"Virginia Occidental","nameFr":"Virginie-Occidentale","subnationCode":"WV","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":340903,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":400189,"subnation":{"id":47,"nameEn":"Rhode Island","nameEs":"Rhode Island","nameFr":"Rhode Island","subnationCode":"RI","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":400189,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":348342,"subnation":{"id":34,"nameEn":"North Carolina","nameEs":"Carolina del Norte","nameFr":"Caroline du Nord","subnationCode":"NC","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":348342,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":370447,"subnation":{"id":11,"nameEn":"Delaware","nameEs":"Delaware","nameFr":"Delaware","subnationCode":"DE","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":370447,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":335385,"subnation":{"id":4,"nameEn":"Arkansas","nameEs":"Arkansas","nameFr":"Arkansas","subnationCode":"AR","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S4B,S4N","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S4B,S4N","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":335385,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":356720,"subnation":{"id":32,"nameEn":"Mississippi","nameEs":"Mississippi","nameFr":"Mississippi","subnationCode":"MS","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":356720,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":341517,"subnation":{"id":33,"nameEn":"Montana","nameEs":"Montana","nameFr":"Montana","subnationCode":"MT","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":341517,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":315772,"subnation":{"id":41,"nameEn":"New York","nameEs":"Nueva York","nameFr":"New York","subnationCode":"NY","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":315772,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":297240,"subnation":{"id":39,"nameEn":"New Mexico","nameEs":"Nuevo México","nameFr":"Nouveau-Mexique","subnationCode":"NM","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5B,S5N","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5B,S5N","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":297240,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":371083,"subnation":{"id":29,"nameEn":"Minnesota","nameEs":"Minnesota","nameFr":"Minnesota","subnationCode":"MN","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNRB","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNRB","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":371083,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":373028,"subnation":{"id":50,"nameEn":"Tennessee","nameEs":"Tennessee","nameFr":"Tennessee","subnationCode":"TN","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":373028,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":401945,"subnation":{"id":10,"nameEn":"District of Columbia","nameEs":"Distrito de Columbia","nameFr":"District de Columbia","subnationCode":"DC","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5B,S5N","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5B,S5N","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":401945,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":314507,"subnation":{"id":22,"nameEn":"Kentucky","nameEs":"Kentucky","nameFr":"Kentucky","subnationCode":"KY","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":314507,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":408132,"subnation":{"id":35,"nameEn":"North Dakota","nameEs":"Dakota del Norte","nameFr":"Dakota du Nord","subnationCode":"ND","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNRB","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNRB","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":408132,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":374658,"subnation":{"id":1,"nameEn":"Alaska","nameEs":"Alaska","nameFr":"Alaska","subnationCode":"AK","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S4B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S4B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":374658,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":319696,"subnation":{"id":12,"nameEn":"Florida","nameEs":"Florida","nameFr":"Floride","subnationCode":"FL","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":319696,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":358381,"subnation":{"id":2,"nameEn":"Alabama","nameEs":"Alabama","nameFr":"Alabama","subnationCode":"AL","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":358381,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":273847,"subnation":{"id":9,"nameEn":"Connecticut","nameEs":"Connecticut","nameFr":"Connecticut","subnationCode":"CT","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S4B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S4B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":273847,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":345678,"subnation":{"id":26,"nameEn":"Maine","nameEs":"Maine","nameFr":"Maine","subnationCode":"ME","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S4B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S4B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":345678,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":388218,"subnation":{"id":37,"nameEn":"New Hampshire","nameEs":"New Hampshire","nameFr":"New Hampshire","subnationCode":"NH","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":388218,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":1997,"nrank":"N5B","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":165746,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T21:42:53.092106Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.104225/Hirundo_rustica","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"1996-12-02","grankReviewDate":"2016-04-08","grankReasons":"This species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criterion (Extent of Occurrence <20,000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent/quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population trend criterion (>30% decline over ten years or three generations). The population size is extremely large, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criterion (<10,000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be >10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern. (Birdlife International, 2014)","grank":"G5","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":104225,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":{"id":9,"enviromentalSpecificityDescEn":"Moderate to broad.","enviromentalSpecificityDescEs":"Moderado a amplio.","enviromentalSpecificityDescFr":"De modéré à vaste."},"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":5,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Moderately vulnerable to not intrinsically vulnerable.","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"Moderadamente vulnerable a no intrínsecamente vulnerable.","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"De moyennement à non intrinsèquement vulnérable"},"longTermTrend":{"id":34,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of <50% to increase of <25%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de <50% a aumento de <25%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de <50 % à augmentation de <25 %"},"numberEos":{"id":15,"numberEosDescEn":"> 300","numberEosDescEs":"> 300","numberEosDescFr":"> 300"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":21,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Very many (>125)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Muchos (>125)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"Beaucoup (>125)"},"numberProtEos":{"id":15,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Very many (>40) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Muchas ocurrencias (>40) protegidas y controladas adecuadamente","numberProtEosDescFr":"Beaucoup d’occurrences (>40) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":36,"popSizeDescEn":">1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":">1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":">1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":35,"rangeExtentDescEn":">2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":">2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (más ","rangeExtentDescFr":">2 500 000 km carrés (plus de 1 000 000 miles carrés)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":37,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of <30% to relatively stable","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de <30% a relativamente estable","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de <30 % à relativement stable"},"threatImpactAssigned":null,"rangeExtentComments":"BREEDING: south-coastal and southeastern Alaska, across much of Canada south through much of U.S. to central Mexico; also eastern Buenos Aires province, Argentina, in early 1980s (Ridgely and Tudor 1989); across Eurasia to Mediterranean region, northern Africa, China, Japan.  NON-BREEDING: mainly South America, regularly from Costa Rica and West Indies to Tierra del Fuego (but in low numbers south of central Chile and northern Argentina, Ridgely and Tudor 1989); Africa and southern Asia; uncommon in Puerto Rico. Accidental in Hawaii.","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":"Extent of occurrence for breeding/resident is estimated to be 43,400,000 sqare km. (Birdlife International, 2014)","numberEosComments":"This species is represented by a large number of occurrences (subpopulations).  It has an extremely large range and extremely large population size.  Partners in Flight (2013) estimate its global population to be 120 million.","popSizeComments":"The global population is estimated to number > c.190,000,000 individuals (Richÿet al.ÿ2004), while national population estimates include: c.10,000-1 million breeding pairs and > c.1,000 individuals on migration in China; c.10,000-100,000 breeding pairs, > c.10,000 individuals on migration and < c.50 wintering individuals in Taiwan; c.10,000-1 million breeding pairs and > c.1,000 individuals on migration in Korea; c.10,000-1 million breeding pairs, > c.1,000 individuals on migration and c.50-1,000 wintering individuals in Japan and c.10,000-100,000 breeding pairs and c.1,000-10,000 individuals on migration in Russia (Brazil 2009) (Birdlife International, 2014).","viabilityComments":"Considering it is the most widely distributed and abundant swallow in the world, the species should have many good element occurrences.","threatImpactComments":"See Turner and Rose 1989 for comments on status in Old World. In general, has benefited from presence of humans and their structures. Small numbers inadvertently killed by intentional spraying of Dickcissel (SPIZA AMERICANA) roosts in Venezuela in non-breeding season (Basili and Temple 1999).    On balance, human activity has had strongly positive effects on this species: construction of artificial structures has provided abundant nesting sites, leading to population size that is probably several orders of magnitude greater than before European settlement of North America. Barn Swallows are popular with people, and farmers often protect (rarely persecute) the birds on their property. The species seems to have adapted well to nesting in human-altered habitats in North America and worldwide.  House Sparrows can be serious nest-site competitors, apparently extirpating Barn Swallows from parts of New England in 1800s (Brewster 1906); sparrows reduced Barn Swallow fledging success by 45% at 1 site in Maryland (Weisheit and Creighton 1989). Cold and rainy weather occurring in late spring and early summer causes mortality among both adults (Brown and Brown 1999) and nestlings (Mason 1953, Anthony and Ely 1976) as result of starvation. (Brown and Brown, 1999)","shortTermTrendComments":"North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) data indicated a population decrease surveywide of -1.2% annually from 1966 through 2011, but surveywide there was no significant change (0.0%) from 2001-2011. (Sauer, et. al. 2014).  In Europe, the populations have been stable since 1980 (Birdlife International, 2014).","longTermTrendComments":"This species has undergone a small or statistically insignificant decrease over the last 40 years in North America (data from Breeding Bird Survey and/or Christmas Bird Count: Butcher and Niven 2007). In Europe, trends since 1980 have been stable, based on provisional data for 21 countries from the Pan-European Common Bird Monitoring Scheme (EBCC/RSPB/BirdLife/Statistics Netherlands; P. Vorisek in litt. 2008). (Birdlife International, 2014).    North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) data indicated a population decrease surveywide of -1.1% annually from 1966 through 2012.  The decline is most extreme in the north: Canada had a significant decline of -3.5% annually 1966-2012, and other significant declines greater or equal to -5% per year were registered in the following BBS regions: Atlantic Northern Forest (-5.5%), Boreal Hardwood Transition (-5.0%), New Brunswick (-5.4%), British Columbia (-5.0), and Maine (-6.1%). The most significant increases were in the southeast and Texas: Louisiana had an annual increase of 7.4%, Edwards Plateau showed an increase of 5.4%, and Gulf Coastal Prairie increased by 9.7 % annually (Sauer, et. al. 2014).","inventoryNeeds":"Because it is one of the most thoroughly studied birds in the world, there are fairly good population data available. ","numberProtEosComments":"Estimated based on species' abundance and wide range.","protectionNeeds":"Attempts to improve stability of nests and to relocate nests are usually successful. Farmers in some areas nail narrow wooden ledges to walls or under eaves to give birds support for their nests, and birds can sometimes be enticed to relocate their nests to more desirable sites if intact nest with nestlings is moved slowly and then reattached (Winkler and McCarty 1990, CRB, MBB).   There is little information about impacts of pesticides and other contaminants/toxins on North American race; declines of H. r. rustica in Israel in 1950s were attributed to pesticides (Turner 1991) (Brown and Brown, 1999).  ","otherConsiderations":"None.","intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":"The most widely distributed and abundant swallow in the world.  Human activity has had strongly positive effects on this species.  But insectivorous diet makes it potentially vulnerable to pesticides and unusally cold weather.","enviromentalSpecificityComments":"Reproduction depends on availability of suitable nesting sites, such as eaves of buildings or bridges, that include a vertical or horizontal substrate (often enclosed) underneath some type of roof or ceiling, and a body of water that provides mud for nest-building."},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":104225,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":true,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Arrives in much of U.S. in April, Alaska in May (Terres 1980). Common migrant in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Migrates through Costa Rica mainly early to mid-August through October and early March-late May or early June (Stiles and Skutch 1989). In South America mainly August to May (though some may linger throughout year) (Hilty and Brown 1986, Ridgely and Tudor 1989). See Turner and Rose 1989 for information on Old World migrations.","foodHabitsComments":"Flies over open land and water and forages on insects; forages nearer to the ground than other swallows (usually not greater than 10 meters and often less than 1 meter above the ground) (Brown and Brown 1999). Feeds opportunistically on a wide variety of flying insects; primarily true flies (Diptera), but also beetles, true bugs, leafhoppers, Hymenoptera, dragonflies and damselflies, butterflies and moths, and occasionally grasshoppers and crickets (Beal 1918, Hoskyn 1988). Usually forages within a few hundred meters of nest when breeding. Occasionally may take insects from ground or vegetation; rarely eats berries (Beal 1918).","animalPhenologyComments":null,"colonialBreeder":false,"length":17,"width":null,"weight":19,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":102874,"animalPhenology":{"id":3,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Diurnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Diurno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Diurne","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":105281,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":124587,"locationUseClass":{"id":2,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Breeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"En reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Reproduction","displayOrder":2},"eoSpecGroupName":"Passerines","subtypes":"Foraging Area, Nest Site, Nesting Colony","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of historical breeding, or current and likely recurring breeding, at a given location, minimally a reliable observation of one or more breeding pairs in appropriate habitat. Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single breeding events outside the normal breeding distribution.","mappingGuidance":"Breeding occurrences include nesting areas as well as foraging areas.<br/><br/>For swallows and other species that have separate nesting and foraging areas, separations are based on nest sites or nesting areas, not to locations of foraging individuals. For example, nesting areas separated by a gap larger than the separation distance are different occurrences, regardless of the foraging locations of individuals from those nesting areas. This separation procedure is appropriate because nesting areas are the critical aspect of swallow breeding occurrences, tend to be relatively stable or at least somewhat predictable in general location, and so are the basis for effective conservation; foraging areas are much more flexible and not necessarily static.","separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Significant dispersal and associated high potential for gene flow among populations of birds separated by tens of kilometers (e.g., Moore and Dolbeer 1989), and increasing evidence that individuals leave their usual home range to engage in extrapair copulations, as well as long foraging excursions of some species, make it difficult to circumscribe occurrences on the basis of meaningful population units without occurrences becoming too large. Hence, a moderate, standardized separation distance has been adopted for songbirds and flycatchers; it should yield occurrences that are not too spatially expansive while also accounting for the likelihood of gene flow among populations within a few kilometers of each other.<br/><br/>Be careful not to separate a population's nesting areas and foraging areas as different occurrences; include them in the same occurrence even if they are more than 5 km apart. Mean foraging radius (from nesting area) of Brown-headed Cowbird females was 4.0 kilometers in California, 1.2 kilometers in Illinois-Missouri (Thompson 1994). Yellow-headed Blackbirds, Brewer's Blackbirds, and probably Red-winged Blackbirds all forage up to 1.6 kilometers away from breeding colony (Willson 1966, Horn 1968). In one study, Brewer's Blackbirds were found as far as 10 kilometers from nesting area (Williams 1952), but this may be unusual.<br/><br/>For swallows and other passerines with similar behavioral ecology, separation distance pertains to nest sites or nesting colonies, not to locations of foraging individuals. For example, nesting areas separated by a gap of more than 5 km are different occurrences, regardless of the foraging locations of individuals from those nesting areas. This separation procedure is appropriate because nesting areas are the critical aspect of swallow breeding occurrences, tend to be relatively stable or at least somewhat predictable in general location, and so are the basis for effective conservation; foraging areas are much more flexible and not necessarily static.<br/><br/>Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single breeding events outside the normal breeding distribution.<br/><br/>Unsuitable habitat: Habitat not normally used for breeding/feeding by a particular species. For example, unsuitable habitat for grassland and shrubland birds includes forest/woodland, urban/suburban, and aquatic habitats. Most habitats would be suitable for birds with versatile foraging habits (e.g., most corvids).","versionDate":"2004-09-10","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2025-12-05T22:48:36.225047Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":124588,"locationUseClass":{"id":3,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Nonbreeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"No reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Non-reproduction","displayOrder":3},"eoSpecGroupName":"Passerines","subtypes":"Foraging Area, Roost Site","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Any area used traditionally in the nonbreeding season (used for populations that are not resident in a location year-round). Minimally, reliable observations of 10 or more individuals in appropriate habitat for 20 or more days at a time. For G1-G3 species, observations of fewer individuals could constitute an occurrence of conservation value. Sites used during migration should be documented under the 'migratory stopover' location use class.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance is necessarily arbitrary but attempts to balance the high mobility of birds with the need for occurrences of reasonable spatial scope. Note that a population's roost sites and foraging areas are parts of the same occurrence, even if they are more than 5 km apart.<br/><br/>For swallows and other species with similar behavioral ecology, the separation distance pertains to communal roost sites rather than to foraging areas; the former tend to be more stable and specific over time than the latter.","versionDate":"2004-09-03","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2025-12-05T22:48:36.225047Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":124589,"locationUseClass":{"id":4,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Migratory stopover","locationUseClassDescEs":"Parada migratoria","locationUseClassDescFr":"Halte migratoire","displayOrder":5},"eoSpecGroupName":"Passerines","subtypes":"Foraging Area, Roost Site","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"For most passerines: Evidence of recurring presence of migrating individuals (including historical) and potential recurring presence at a given location; minimally a reliable observation of 25 birds in appropriate habitat.<br/><br/>For swallows: Evidence of recurring presence of migrating flocks (including historical) and potential recurring presence at a given location; minimally a reliable observation of 100 birds in appropriate habitat (e.g., traditional roost sites).<br/><br/>Occurrences should be locations where the species is resident for some time during the appropriate season; it is preferable to have observations documenting presence over at least 7 days annually.<br/><br/>EOs should not be described for species that are nomadic during nonbreeding season: e.g., Lark Bunting.<br/><br/>Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single events.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance somewhat arbitrary but intended to define occurrences of manageable size for conservation purposes. Occurrences defined primarily on the basis of areas supporting concentrations of birds, rather than on the basis of distinct populations.<br/><br/>For swallows and other species with similar behavioral ecology, the separation distance pertains to communal roost sites rather than to foraging areas; the former tend to be more stable and specific over time than the latter.","versionDate":"2004-09-03","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G., and S. Cannings","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2025-12-05T22:48:36.225047Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":124586,"locationUseClass":{"id":13,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Nonmigratory","locationUseClassDescEs":"No migratorio","locationUseClassDescFr":"Non migratrice","displayOrder":20},"eoSpecGroupName":"Passerines","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a particular location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals in or near appropriate habitat.<br/><br/>These occurrence specifications are used for nonmigratory populations of passerine birds.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Significant dispersal and associated high potential for gene flow among populations of birds separated by tens of kilometers (e.g., Moore and Dolbeer 1989), and increasing evidence that individuals leave their usual home range to engage in extrapair copulations, as well as long foraging excursions of some species, make it difficult to circumscribe occurrences on the basis of meaningful population units without occurrences becoming too large. Hence, a moderate, standardized separation distance has been adopted for songbirds and flycatchers; it should yield occurrences that are not too spatially expansive while also accounting for the likelihood of gene flow among populations within a few kilometers of each other.<br/><br/>Be careful not to separate a population's nesting areas and breeding-season foraging areas as different occurrences; include them in the same occurrence even if they are more than 5 km apart. Blue jays have small summer home ranges but fly up to 4 kilometers to harvest mast (Tarvin and Woolfenden 1999). Flocks of pinyon jays range over 21-29 square kilometers (Ligon 1971, Balda and Bateman 1971); nesting and foraging areas may be widely separated. Tricolored blackbirds forage in flocks that range widely to more than 15 kilometers from the nesting colony (Beedy and Hamilton 1999).<br/><br/>Unsuitable habitat: Habitat not normally used for breeding/feeding by a particular species. For example, unsuitable habitat for grassland and shrubland birds includes forest/woodland, urban/suburban, and aquatic habitats. Most habitats would be suitable for birds with versatile foraging habits (e.g., most corvids).","versionDate":"2004-09-10","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":"These specs pertain to nonmigratory species.","lastModified":"2025-12-05T22:48:36.225047Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":104225,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":"See Mitchell (1988) for specifications for the construction and placement of nest shelves. See Winkler and McCarty (1990) for information on a method for transplanting nestlings from one site to another.","siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":"Major priorities should be to resolve the systematics of the Hirundo rustica group and its sister species from Africa, Asia, and Australia. Additional genetic analyses are needed to determine how divergent the North American Barn Swallow is from the nominate race of Europe and the Siberian subspecies.  However, as a consequence of both its wide distribution and its nesting on accessible artificial structures near people, the Barn Swallow has been studied extensively throughout the world and especially in Europe. More papers have been published on this species than on any other swallow, and it is one of the most thoroughly studied birds in the world.  Need to resolve the systematics of this species and its genus. Studies on sexual selection in North American race would be valuable (Brown and Brown 1999).  ","additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":105679,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:26:04.087592Z"}],"references":[{"id":158870,"citation":"Alves, V. S., A. B. A. Soares, G. S. do Couto, A. B. B. Ribeiro, and M. A. Efe. 1997. Aves do Arquipelago dos Abrolhos, Bahia, Brasil. Ararajuba 5:209-218.","shortCitationAuthor":"Alves et al.","shortCitationYear":1997,"referenceCode":"A97ALV0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:48.804473Z"},{"id":153779,"citation":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1983. Check-list of North American Birds, 6th edition. Allen Press, Inc., Lawrence, Kansas. 877 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU)","shortCitationYear":1983,"referenceCode":"B83AOU01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.689104Z"},{"id":134424,"citation":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1998. Check-list of North American birds. Seventh edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. [as modified by subsequent supplements and corrections published in <i>The Auk</i>]. Also available online: http://www.aou.org/.","shortCitationAuthor":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU)","shortCitationYear":1998,"referenceCode":"B98AOU01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.673494Z"},{"id":115080,"citation":"Balda, R. P., and G. C. Bateman. 1971. Flocking and annual cycle of the piñon jay, <i>Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus</i>. Condor 73:287-302.","shortCitationAuthor":"Balda and Bateman","shortCitationYear":1971,"referenceCode":"A71BAL01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.657866Z"},{"id":144915,"citation":"Basili, G.D., and S.A. Temple. 1999. Winter ecology, behavior, and conservation needs of Dickcissels in Venezuela. Studies in Avian Biology 19:289-299.","shortCitationAuthor":"Basili and Temple","shortCitationYear":1999,"referenceCode":"A99BAS01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:16:06.448114Z"},{"id":108077,"citation":"Beal, F. E. L. 1918. Food habits of the swallows, a family of valuable native birds. U. S. Department of Agriculture Bulletin 619.","shortCitationAuthor":"Beal","shortCitationYear":1918,"referenceCode":"N18BEA01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:22:01.984932Z"},{"id":102418,"citation":"Bent, A.C. 1942. Life histories of North American flycatchers, larks, swallows, and their allies. U.S. National Museum Bulletin 179. Washington, DC.","shortCitationAuthor":"Bent","shortCitationYear":1942,"referenceCode":"B42BEN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:56.303852Z"},{"id":463505,"citation":"BirdLife International. 2004b. Threatened birds of the world 2004. CD ROM. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK.","shortCitationAuthor":"BirdLife International","shortCitationYear":2004,"referenceCode":"N04BIR0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.704742Z"},{"id":762528,"citation":"BirdLife International. (2013-2014). IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on various dates in 2013 and 2014. http://www.birdlife.org/","shortCitationAuthor":"BirdLife International","shortCitationYear":2014,"referenceCode":"W14BIR01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:18.861079Z"},{"id":158427,"citation":"Braun, M. J., D. W. Finch, M. B. Robbins, and B. K. Schmidt. 2000.  A field checklist of the birds of Guyana.  Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.","shortCitationAuthor":"Braun et al.","shortCitationYear":2000,"referenceCode":"N00BRA0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:18.84546Z"},{"id":116436,"citation":"Brown, C. R., and M. B. Brown. 1999. Barn Swallow (HIRUNDO RUSTICA). No. 452 IN A. Poole and F. Gill (eds.), The birds of North America. The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA. 32pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Brown and Brown","shortCitationYear":1999,"referenceCode":"A99BRO01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:22:01.984932Z"},{"id":158841,"citation":"Castro, I. and A. Phillips. 1996. A guide to the birds of the Galapagos Islands. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.","shortCitationAuthor":"Castro and Phillips","shortCitationYear":1996,"referenceCode":"B96CAS0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:18.84546Z"},{"id":103790,"citation":"Godfrey, W.E. 1966. The birds of Canada. National Museums of Canada. Ottawa. 428 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Godfrey","shortCitationYear":1966,"referenceCode":"B66GOD01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:14.361032Z"},{"id":152124,"citation":"Hagan, J. M., III, and D. W. Johnston, editors. 1992. Ecology and conservation of neotropical migrant landbirds. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. xiii + 609 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Hagan and Johnston","shortCitationYear":1992,"referenceCode":"B92HAG01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:54.413045Z"},{"id":100210,"citation":"Harrison, C. 1978. A Field Guide to the Nests, Eggs and Nestlings of North American Birds. Collins, Cleveland, Ohio.","shortCitationAuthor":"Harrison","shortCitationYear":1978,"referenceCode":"B78HAR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.657866Z"},{"id":142956,"citation":"Hilty, S.L. and W. L. Brown. 1986.  A Guide to the Birds of Colombia. Princeton University Press, Princeton, USA. 836 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Hilty and Brown","shortCitationYear":1986,"referenceCode":"B86HIL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:18.892356Z"},{"id":105464,"citation":"Horn, H. S. 1968. The adaptive significance of colonial nesting in the Brewer's Blackbird. Ecology 49:682-694.","shortCitationAuthor":"Horn","shortCitationYear":1968,"referenceCode":"A68HOR01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.689104Z"},{"id":155592,"citation":"Howell, S. N. G., and S. Webb. 1995.  A guide to the birds of Mexico and northern Central America. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.","shortCitationAuthor":"Howell and Webb","shortCitationYear":1995,"referenceCode":"B95HOW01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:14.376662Z"},{"id":144453,"citation":"Ligon, J. D. 1971. Late summer-autumnal breeding of the piñon jay in New Mexico. Condor 73:147-153.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ligon","shortCitationYear":1971,"referenceCode":"A71LIG01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.704742Z"},{"id":104282,"citation":"Mitchell, W. A. 1988. Songbird nest boxes. Section 5.1.8, US Army Corps of Engineers Wildlife Resources Management Manual. Tech. Rep. EL-88-19. Waterways Expt. Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi. 48 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Mitchell","shortCitationYear":1988,"referenceCode":"B88MIT01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:53.881754Z"},{"id":104454,"citation":"Moller, A. P. 1994. Sexual selection and the barn swallow. Oxford. 376 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Moller","shortCitationYear":1994,"referenceCode":"B94MOL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:22:01.984932Z"},{"id":115752,"citation":"Moore, W. S., and R. A. Dolbeer. 1989. The use of banding recovery data to estimate dispersal rates and gene flow in avian species: case studies in the Red-winged Blackbird and Common Grackle. Condor 91:242-253.","shortCitationAuthor":"Moore and Dolbeer","shortCitationYear":1989,"referenceCode":"A89MOO01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.657866Z"},{"id":123753,"citation":"National Geographic Society (NGS). 1983. Field guide to the birds of North America. National Geographic Society, Washington, DC.","shortCitationAuthor":"National Geographic Society (NGS)","shortCitationYear":1983,"referenceCode":"B83NAT01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:14.376662Z"},{"id":106631,"citation":"Oberholser, H.C. 1974. The bird life of Texas. 2 vols. Univ. of Texas Press, Austin.","shortCitationAuthor":"Oberholser","shortCitationYear":1974,"referenceCode":"B74OBE01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.673494Z"},{"id":158423,"citation":"Parker III, T. A., D. F. Stotz, and J. W. Fitzpatrick. 1996.  Ecological and distributional databases for neotropical birds. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.","shortCitationAuthor":"Parker et al.","shortCitationYear":1996,"referenceCode":"B96PAR0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.689104Z"},{"id":762520,"citation":"Partners in Flight Science Committee. 2013. Population Estimates Database, version 2013. Available at http://rmbo.org/pifpopestimates. Accessed in 2014 and 2018.","shortCitationAuthor":"Partners in Flight","shortCitationYear":2013,"referenceCode":"W13PIF01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:54.413045Z"},{"id":123535,"citation":"Raffaele, H. A. 1983a. A guide to the birds of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Fondo Educativo Interamericano, San Juan, Puerto Rico. 255 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Raffaele","shortCitationYear":1983,"referenceCode":"B83RAF01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:18.861079Z"},{"id":110533,"citation":"Raffaele, H., J. Wiley, O. Garrido, A. Keith, and J. Raffaele. 1998. A guide to the birds of the West Indies. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. 511 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Raffaele et al.","shortCitationYear":1998,"referenceCode":"B98RAF01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:14.376662Z"},{"id":158709,"citation":"Ridgely, R. S. 2002. Distribution maps of South American birds. Unpublished.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ridgely","shortCitationYear":2002,"referenceCode":"M02RID0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:14.361032Z"},{"id":119131,"citation":"Ridgely, R. S. and G. Tudor. 1989.  The birds of South America. Volume 1. University of Texas Press, Austin, USA. 516 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ridgely and Tudor","shortCitationYear":1989,"referenceCode":"B89RID02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:54.413045Z"},{"id":155977,"citation":"Ridgely, R. S. and J. A. Gwynne, Jr. 1989.  A Guide to the Birds of Panama. 2nd edition. Princeton University Press, Princeton, USA.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ridgely and Gwynne","shortCitationYear":1989,"referenceCode":"L89RID0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:14.361032Z"},{"id":105716,"citation":"Robbins, C. S., D. Bystrak, and P. H. Geissler. 1986. The Breeding Bird Survey: its first fifteen years. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Serv. Resource Publ. 157. iii + 196 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Robbins et al.","shortCitationYear":1986,"referenceCode":"B86ROB01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:43.460591Z"},{"id":128831,"citation":"Sauer, J.R., and S. Droege. 1992. Geographical patterns in population trends of Neotropical migrants in North America. Pages 26-42 in J.M. Hagan, III, and D.W. Johnston, editors. Ecology and conservation of Neotropical migrant landbirds. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.","shortCitationAuthor":"Sauer and Droege","shortCitationYear":1992,"referenceCode":"A92SAU01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:54.413045Z"},{"id":762534,"citation":"Sauer, J. R., J. E. Hines, J. E. Fallon, K. L. Pardieck, D. J. Ziolkowski, Jr., and W. A. Link. 2014. The North American Breeding Bird Survey, Results and Analysis 1966 - 2012. Version 02.19.2014. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD. http://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/.","shortCitationAuthor":"Sauer et al.","shortCitationYear":2014,"referenceCode":"W14SAU01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:18.861079Z"},{"id":102799,"citation":"Sheldon, F. H., and D. W. Winkler. 1993. Intergeneric phylogenetic relationships of swallows estimated by DNA-DNA hybridization. Auk 110:798-824.","shortCitationAuthor":"Sheldon and Winkler","shortCitationYear":1993,"referenceCode":"A93SHE01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:58.007749Z"},{"id":111906,"citation":"Shields, W. M. 1984. Factors affecting nest and site fidelity in Adirondack barn swallows (HIRUNDO RUSTICA). Auk 101:780-789.","shortCitationAuthor":"Shields","shortCitationYear":1984,"referenceCode":"A84SHI01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:22:01.984932Z"},{"id":158716,"citation":"Sibley, D. A. 2000a. The Sibley guide to birds. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.","shortCitationAuthor":"Sibley","shortCitationYear":2000,"referenceCode":"B00SIB0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:14.361032Z"},{"id":121416,"citation":"Stiles, F. G. and A. F. Skutch. 1989.  A guide to the birds of Costa Rica. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, USA. 511 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Stiles and Skutch","shortCitationYear":1989,"referenceCode":"B89STI01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:14.345377Z"},{"id":146621,"citation":"Tarvin, K. A., and G. E. Woolfenden. 1999. Blue Jay (<i>Cyanocitta cristata</i>). No. 469 IN A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The birds of North America. The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA. 32pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Tarvin and Woolfenden","shortCitationYear":1999,"referenceCode":"A99TAR01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.657866Z"},{"id":148565,"citation":"Terres, J. K. 1980. The Audubon Society encyclopedia of North American birds. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.","shortCitationAuthor":"Terres","shortCitationYear":1980,"referenceCode":"B80TER01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.657866Z"},{"id":106130,"citation":"Thompson, F. R., III. 1994. Temporal and spatial patterns of breeding brown-headed cowbirds in the midwestern United States. Auk 111:979-990.","shortCitationAuthor":"Thompson","shortCitationYear":1994,"referenceCode":"A94THO02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.673494Z"},{"id":119979,"citation":"Turner, A., and C. Rose. 1989. Swallows and martins an identification guide. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston.","shortCitationAuthor":"Turner and Rose","shortCitationYear":1989,"referenceCode":"B89TUR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:58.007749Z"},{"id":125063,"citation":"Williams, L. 1952b. Breeding behavior of the Brewer blackbird. Condor 54:3-47.","shortCitationAuthor":"Williams","shortCitationYear":1952,"referenceCode":"A52WIL01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.657866Z"},{"id":140794,"citation":"Willson, M. F. 1966. Breeding ecology of the Yellow-headed Blackbird. Ecological Monographs 36:51-77.","shortCitationAuthor":"Willson","shortCitationYear":1966,"referenceCode":"A66WIL01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.673494Z"},{"id":103005,"citation":"Winkler, D. W., and J. P. McCarty. 1990. Method for transplanting nests of barn swallows. J. Field Ornithol. 61:426-430.","shortCitationAuthor":"Winkler and McCarty","shortCitationYear":1990,"referenceCode":"A90WIN03NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:22:01.984932Z"},{"id":101843,"citation":"Zink, R. M., S. Rohwer, A. V. Andreev, and D. L. Dittman. 1995. Trans-Beringia comparisons of mitochondrial DNA differentiation in birds. Condor 97:639-649.","shortCitationAuthor":"Zink et al.","shortCitationYear":1995,"referenceCode":"A95ZIN02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:20.991522Z"},{"id":158710,"citation":"Zook, J. L. 2002. Distribution maps of the birds of Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama. Unpublished.","shortCitationAuthor":"Zook","shortCitationYear":2002,"referenceCode":"M02ZOO0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:14.361032Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[{"id":105091,"name":"Andorinha-da-Chaminé, Andorinha-do-Bando","language":"PT"},{"id":152694,"name":"barn swallow","language":"EN"},{"id":105092,"name":"Golondrina Tijereta","language":"ES"},{"id":112623,"name":"Hirondelle rustique","language":"FR"}],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":104225,"cites":null,"cosewic":{"id":5,"cosewicDescEn":"Special Concern","cosewicDescEs":"De interés especial","cosewicDescFr":"Espèce préoccupante","cosewicCode":"SC"},"fwsRegion":null,"genusSize":{"id":4,"genusSizeDescEn":"Medium to large genus","genusSizeDescEs":"Género de mediano a grande","genusSizeDescFr":"Moyen à grand genre"},"jurisEndem":{"id":5,"jurisEndemDescEn":"occurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations","jurisEndemDescEs":"Se encuentra en varias naciones (de manera regular, como un taxón nativo)","jurisEndemDescFr":"Se trouve dans plusieurs nations (de façon régulière, tel un taxon indigène)"},"nomenclaturallyEst":null,"usesa":null,"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":4,"level1":"Animals","level2":"Vertebrates","level3":"Birds","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":2,"distributionStatus":"complete","displayOrder":1070},"parentSpecies":null,"infraspecies":false,"kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Craniata","taxclass":"Aves","taxorder":"Passeriformes","family":"Hirundinidae","genus":"Hirundo","americanFisheriesStatus":null,"americanFisheriesStatusDate":null,"saraStatus":"Threatened/Menacée","saraStatusDate":"2017-11-02","cosewicDate":"2021-05-05","interpretedCosewic":null,"cosewicComments":"Reason for designation: This aerial insectivore is among the world’s most widespread birds, with about 6.4 million mature individuals in Canada. It experienced a substantial population decline in North America over more than two decades, beginning in the mid-to-late 1980s. However, the Canadian population has remained largely stable over the past ten years (2009-2019), with a substantial increase in Saskatchewan largely offsetting ongoing declines in several other provinces. Key threats include declining populations of insect prey, increasing frequency of severe temperature fluctuations during spring migration and the breeding season, and in some regions, loss of suitable nesting sites. Although the Canadian population remains large and overall declines have abated, the species may once again become Threatened if threats continue or worsen.<br/><br/>Status history: Designated Threatened in May 2011. Status re-examined and designated Special Concern in May 2021.","usesaDate":null,"interpretedUsesa":null,"usesaComments":null,"completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[],"infraspeciesList":[{"infraspeciesId":1151378,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1151378","formattedScientificName":"<i>Hirundo rustica rustica</i>","scientificName":"Hirundo rustica rustica","primaryCommonName":"European Barn Swallow","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1151378/Hirundo_rustica_rustica"},{"infraspeciesId":1163425,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1163425","formattedScientificName":"<i>Hirundo rustica erythrogaster</i>","scientificName":"Hirundo rustica erythrogaster","primaryCommonName":"American Barn Swallow","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1163425/Hirundo_rustica_erythrogaster"}],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":null,"ebarGlobalScope":null,"ebarKbaGroup":"Birds","caGeneralStatusId":"GS001204"},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":104225,"reproductionComments":"Clutch size is usually 4-5. Incubation lasts 13-17 days (less often 11-19 days), mainly or totally (e.g., in Europe) by female. Often 2 broods, except in far north. Young are tended by both adults, fledge at 18-23 days, stay together and are fed by parents for about a week. Females first breed at 1 year, a few males remain unpaired until 2 years old. Adults often have same mate in successive years (Shields 1984). Juveniles may help feed young of second brood.","ecologyComments":"Nonbreeding: may form flocks of up to thousands.","habitatComments":"Open situations, less frequently in partly open habitats, frequently near water (AOU 1983). Wintering concentrations often associated with sugar cane fields (Hilty and Brown 1986, Ridgely and Tudor 1989). Nests in barns or other buildings, under bridges, in caves or cliff crevices, usually on vertical surface close to ceiling. Commonly reuses old nests. Usually returns to same nesting area in successive years; yearlings often return to within 30 km or closer to natal site (Turner and Rose 1989, Shields 1984).","generalDescription":null,"diagnosticCharacteristics":null,"speciesMarineHabitats":[],"speciesTerrestrialHabitats":[{"cagTerrHabId":-110630,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":8,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Savanna","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Sabana","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Savane","displayOrder":10}},{"cagTerrHabId":-110631,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":9,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Grassland/herbaceous","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Pastizales/cobertura herbácea","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Prairie/couverture herbacée","displayOrder":11}},{"cagTerrHabId":-110632,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":10,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Old field","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Terreno baldío","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Friche","displayOrder":12}},{"cagTerrHabId":-110633,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":18,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Cliff","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Acantilado","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Falaise","displayOrder":21}},{"cagTerrHabId":-110634,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":19,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Cropland/hedgerow","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Tierras cultivadas/cerco vivo","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Terre cultivée/haie","displayOrder":22}},{"cagTerrHabId":-110635,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":20,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Suburban/orchard","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Suburbano/ huertos","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Banlieusard/verger","displayOrder":23}}],"speciesRiverineHabitats":[{"cagRiverineHabId":-105962,"riverineHabitat":{"id":10,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"Aerial","riverineHabitatDescEs":"Aéreo","riverineHabitatDescFr":"Aérien","displayOrder":10}}],"speciesPalustrineHabitats":[{"cagPalusHabId":-103070,"palustrineHabitat":{"id":2,"palustrineHabitatDescEn":"HERBACEOUS WETLAND","palustrineHabitatDescEs":"HUMEDAL HERBÁCEO","palustrineHabitatDescFr":"TERRE HUMIDE HERBACÉE","displayOrder":2}},{"cagPalusHabId":-103071,"palustrineHabitat":{"id":6,"palustrineHabitatDescEn":"Riparian","palustrineHabitatDescEs":"Ribereño","palustrineHabitatDescFr":"Riverain","displayOrder":6}},{"cagPalusHabId":-103072,"palustrineHabitat":{"id":7,"palustrineHabitatDescEn":"Aerial","palustrineHabitatDescEs":"Aéreo","palustrineHabitatDescFr":"Aérien","displayOrder":7}}],"speciesLacustrineHabitats":[{"cagLacusHabId":-100927,"lacustrineHabitat":{"id":3,"lacustrineHabitatDescEn":"Aerial","lacustrineHabitatDescEs":"Aéreo","lacustrineHabitatDescFr":"Aérien","displayOrder":3}}],"speciesSubterraneanHabitats":[],"speciesEstuarineHabitats":[{"cagEstuarineHabId":-101347,"estuarineHabitat":{"id":5,"estuarineHabitatDescEn":"Herbaceous wetland","estuarineHabitatDescEs":"Humedal herbáceo","estuarineHabitatDescFr":"Terre humide herbacée","displayOrder":5}}]},"primaryReference":{"id":134424,"citation":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1998. Check-list of North American birds. Seventh edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. [as modified by subsequent supplements and corrections published in <i>The Auk</i>]. Also available online: http://www.aou.org/.","shortCitationAuthor":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU)","shortCitationYear":1998,"referenceCode":"B98AOU01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.673494Z"},"predecessors":[],"elementGlobalThreatAssessments":[]}