{"elementGlobalId":104128,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":11,"iucnDescEn":"Least concern","iucnDescEs":"Menos preocupante","iucnDescFr":"Moins préoccupante","iucnCode":"LC"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":null,"formattedScientificName":"<i>Pseudacris cadaverina</i>","scientificName":"Pseudacris cadaverina","scientificNameAuthor":"(Cope, 1866)","primaryCommonName":"California Treefrog","relatedItisNames":"<i>Pseudacris cadaverina</i> (Cope, 1866) (TSN 550237)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.104128","elcode":"AAABC05080","conceptRefFullCitation":"Collins, J. T. 1990. Standard common and current scientific names for North American amphibians and reptiles. 3rd ed. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. Herpetological Circular No. 19. 41 pp.","conceptName":"<i>Pseudacris cadaverina</i>","taxonomicComments":"Formerly included in the genus <i>Hyla</i>; transferred to the genus <i>Pseudacris </i>by Hedges (1986). See Moriarty and Cannatella (2004) for a molecular phylogeny of <i>Pseudacris</i> based on mtDNA data.<br/><br/>Based on a re-analysis of previously published molecular data, Duellman et al. (2016) restricted the name <i>Pseudacris </i>to eastern and Rocky Mountain species, and allocated the western species, <i>P. cadaverina</i>, <i>P. hypochondriaca,</i> <i>P. regilla</i>, and <i>P. sierra</i> to the genus <i>Hyliola</i>. Based on genome-wide nDNA data, Banker et al. (2020) argued that <i>Hyliola </i>should not be recognized because (a) the genus <i>Pseudacris</i> already is a monophyletic taxon without the change, and (b) the geographic separation rationale cited by Duellman et al. (2016) is insufficient as the sole criterion for splitting a long recognized monophyletic clade, causing unnecessary taxonomic instability. Use of <i>Hyliola </i>has not gained any traction in the systematic community, presumably because of the small number of species involved (Nicholson 2025).","roundedGRank":"G4","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2011-05-06","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Hammerson, G.","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":162126,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N4","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":342427,"subnation":{"id":7,"nameEn":"California","nameEs":"California","nameFr":"Californie","subnationCode":"CA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNR","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNR","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":342427,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":2011,"nrank":"N4","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":162126,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T21:42:56.292117Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.104128/Pseudacris_cadaverina","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"2001-11-13","grankReviewDate":"2002-04-01","grankReasons":null,"grank":"G4","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":104128,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":{"id":2,"enviromentalSpecificityDescEn":"Very narrow to narrow.","enviromentalSpecificityDescEs":"Muy estrecho a estrecho.","enviromentalSpecificityDescFr":"De très étroit à étroit."},"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":4,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Moderately vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"Moderadamente vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"Moyennement vulnérable"},"longTermTrend":{"id":38,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of <30% to increase of 25%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de <30% a aumento de 25%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de <30 % à augmentation de 25 %"},"numberEos":{"id":10,"numberEosDescEn":"21 - 80","numberEosDescEs":"De 21 a 80","numberEosDescFr":"De 21 à 80"},"numberGoodEos":null,"numberProtEos":null,"popSize":{"id":31,"popSizeDescEn":"10,000 - 100,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 10.000 a 100.000 individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 10 000 à 100 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":30,"rangeExtentDescEn":"20,000-200,000 square km (about 8000-80,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"De 20.000 a 200.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 8.000 a 80.000.000 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 20 000 à 200 000 km carrés (de 8 000 à 80 000 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":40,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Relatively Stable (<=10% change)","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Relativamente estable (variación = <10%)","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Relativement stable (variation = <10 %)"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":11,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Unknown","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Desconocido","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Inconnu"},"rangeExtentComments":"Range extends from southwestern California south into northern Baja California Norte, Mexico.  Elevational range extends from near sea level to about 2,290 meters  (7,500 feet) (Stebbins 1985).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"This species is represented by a large number of occurrences (subpopulations). Phillipsen and Metcalf (2009) mapped 46 locations across southern California from which specimens recently were collected.","popSizeComments":"Total adult population size is unknown but presumably exceeds 10,000.","viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"The rugged habitat of this frog inhibits various kinds of habitat alterations that often occur in nearby relatively flat areas.<br><br>Under natural conditions, solar UV-B radiation reduces embryo survival; effects at the population level remain to be determined (Anzalone et al. 1998).<br><br>Ervin (2005) reported: \"California treefrogs are difficult to find in presumably high-quality habitat where populations of non-native predatory fish have become established, suggesting that some populations may be experiencing declines (R. Fisher, personal communication; personal observations).\" However, this species generally thrives in areas where frog breeding pools are relatively small and/or isolated and and not favorable for establishment of predatory fishes. ","shortTermTrendComments":"Population trend is unknown but probably stable to slightly declining.","longTermTrendComments":"Likely relatively stable in extent of occurrence, probably less than 25% decline in population size, area of occurrence, and number/condition of occurrences.","inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":"This species occurs in San Pedro Martir National Park in Mexico.","protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":104128,"majorHabitat":null,"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":null,"foodHabitsComments":"Adults feed on insects, spiders, and centipedes. Larvae probably eat algae, organic debris, and plant tissue.","animalPhenologyComments":"Inactive in cold temperatures and hot, dry weather. Primarily nocturnal except during the breeding season when it may be heard quacking day and night.","colonialBreeder":false,"length":5,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":102836,"animalPhenology":{"id":4,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Nocturnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Nocturno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Nocturne","displayOrder":4},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":105207,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":false},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":105208,"foodHabits":{"id":4,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Herbivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Herbívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Herbivore","displayOrder":4},"adult":false,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1108,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Hylid Frogs (Treefrogs)","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":0.5,"inferredExtentNotes":"Inferred extent distance pertains to distance from breeding sites.","minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including larvae or eggs) in or near appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and  breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Busy major highway such that frogs rarely if ever cross successfully; intensive urban development dominated by buildings and pavement and lacking suitable vegetated frog refuges.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":1.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Available information is limited but indicates that hylids generally exhibit limited movements on a short-term basis. In New Jersey, Freda and Morin (1984) and Freda and Gonzalez (1986) demonstrated that individual Hyla andersonii often travel distances of 100 m from breeding ponds during the nonbreeding season. In montane Colorado, Spencer (1964) found that Pseudacris triseriata range into wet meadows usually within about 700 m of their breeding sites and sometimes cross a few hundred meters of upland habitat. Kay (1989) determined that most Pseudacris cadaverina individuals range over small segments of streamcourse; 83 percent of movements were less than 25 m in a 1-year study. In Michigan, nonbreeding home range diameters of Pseudacris crucifer, established around forest debris and vegetation, ranged from 1.2 to 5.5 m (Delzell 1958). <br><br>Based on this information it appears that 1 km is an appropriate separation distance for unsuitable habitat. Despite limited data suggesting restricted movements, dispersal data are scant, and these frogs are clearly physically capable of long moves. It seems unlikely that occupied locations separated by a gap of less than several kilometers of suitable habitat would represent independent occurrences over the long term.","versionDate":"2004-09-21","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:11.316048Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":104128,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":105582,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:25:48.978174Z"}],"references":[{"id":146084,"citation":"Anzalone, C. R., L. B. Kats, and M. S. Gordon. 1998. Effects of solar UV-B radiation on embryonic development in HYLA CADAVERINA, HYLA REGILLA, and TARICHA TOROSA. Conservation Biology 12:646-653.","shortCitationAuthor":"Anzalone et al.","shortCitationYear":1998,"referenceCode":"A98ANZ01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:16.992363Z"},{"id":1101960,"citation":"Banker, S. E., A. R. Lemmon, A. B. Hassinger, S. D. Holland, M. L. Kortyna, O. E. Ospina, H. Ralicki, and E. M. Lemmon. 2020. Hierarchical hybrid enrichment: Multitiered genomic data collection across evolutionary scales, with application to Chorus Frogs (<i>Pseudacris</i>). Systematic Biology 69:756-773.","shortCitationAuthor":"Banker et al.","shortCitationYear":2020,"referenceCode":"A20BAN01NAUS","lastModified":"2021-07-03T06:16:20.495209Z"},{"id":137372,"citation":"Behler, J. L., and F. W. King. 1979. The Audubon Society field guide to North American reptiles and amphibians. Alfred A. 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Herpetological Circular No. 19. 41 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Collins","shortCitationYear":1990,"referenceCode":"B90COL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:15.579798Z"},{"id":943912,"citation":"Crother, B. I. (editor). 2017. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. 8th edition. SSAR Herpetological Circular 43:1-104. [Updates in SSAR North American Species Names Database at: https://ssarherps.org/cndb]","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother","shortCitationYear":2017,"referenceCode":"B17CRO01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:53.413199Z"},{"id":109714,"citation":"da Silva, H. R. 1997. Two character states new for hylines and the taxonomy of the genus <i>Pseudacris</i>. Journal of Herpetology 31:609-613.","shortCitationAuthor":"da Silva","shortCitationYear":1997,"referenceCode":"A97DAS01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:21:46.562658Z"},{"id":159361,"citation":"Duellman, W. E. 2001. Hylid frogs of Middle America. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Ithaca, New York, USA. Two volumes, 1,180 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Duellman","shortCitationYear":2001,"referenceCode":"B01DUE0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:17:35.027552Z"},{"id":767107,"citation":"Duellman, W. E., A. B. Marion, and S. B. Hedges. 2016. Phylogenetics, classification, and biogeography of the treefrogs (Amphibia: Anura: Arboranae). Zootaxa 4104: 1–109.","shortCitationAuthor":"Duellman et al.","shortCitationYear":2016,"referenceCode":"A16DUE01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:16:50.683118Z"},{"id":1054360,"citation":"Frost, D.R. 2020. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. 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Scientific and Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North America North of Mexico, with Comments Regarding Confidence in Our Understanding. Ninth Edition. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. 87 pp. Online database available at: https://cnah.org/SSARnames.aspx","shortCitationAuthor":"Nicholson","shortCitationYear":2025,"referenceCode":"B25NIC01NAUS","lastModified":"2026-06-06T01:36:32.018241Z"},{"id":645997,"citation":"Phillipsen, I. C., and A. E. Metcalf. 2009. Phylogeography of a stream-dwelling frog (<i>Pseudacris cadaverina</i>) in southern California. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 53:152-170","shortCitationAuthor":"Phillipsen and Metcalf","shortCitationYear":2009,"referenceCode":"A09PHI01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:21:46.546948Z"},{"id":144702,"citation":"Stebbins, R. C. 1972. California Amphibians and Reptiles. 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Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.","shortCitationAuthor":"Stebbins","shortCitationYear":2003,"referenceCode":"B03STE01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.08501Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[{"id":145163,"name":"California treefrog","language":"EN"}],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":104128,"cites":null,"cosewic":null,"fwsRegion":null,"genusSize":{"id":3,"genusSizeDescEn":"Small genus","genusSizeDescEs":"Género pequeño","genusSizeDescFr":"Petit genre"},"jurisEndem":{"id":5,"jurisEndemDescEn":"occurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations","jurisEndemDescEs":"Se encuentra en varias naciones (de manera regular, como un taxón nativo)","jurisEndemDescFr":"Se trouve dans plusieurs nations (de façon régulière, tel un taxon indigène)"},"nomenclaturallyEst":null,"usesa":null,"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":3,"level1":"Animals","level2":"Vertebrates","level3":"Amphibians","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":2,"distributionStatus":"complete","displayOrder":1060},"parentSpecies":null,"infraspecies":false,"kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Craniata","taxclass":"Amphibia","taxorder":"Anura","family":"Hylidae","genus":"Pseudacris","americanFisheriesStatus":null,"americanFisheriesStatusDate":null,"saraStatus":null,"saraStatusDate":null,"cosewicDate":null,"interpretedCosewic":null,"cosewicComments":null,"usesaDate":null,"interpretedUsesa":null,"usesaComments":null,"completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[{"id":101630,"synonym":"Hyla cadaverina","synonymAuthor":null,"formattedSynonym":"<i>Hyla cadaverina</i>"},{"id":146027,"synonym":"Hyliola cadaverina","synonymAuthor":"(Cope, 1866)","formattedSynonym":"<i>Hyliola cadaverina</i>"}],"infraspeciesList":[],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":false,"ebarGlobalScope":false,"ebarKbaGroup":"Amphibians and Reptiles","caGeneralStatusId":null},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":104128,"reproductionComments":"Breeds February-early October (Stebbins 1985). 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Eggs are attached to twigs or are loose on the bottom (Stebbins 1972).","generalDescription":null,"diagnosticCharacteristics":null,"speciesMarineHabitats":[],"speciesTerrestrialHabitats":[{"cagTerrHabId":-110516,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":17,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Bare rock/talus/scree","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Roca viva/pendiente de roca/piedras sueltas","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Éboulis","displayOrder":20}}],"speciesRiverineHabitats":[{"cagRiverineHabId":-105909,"riverineHabitat":{"id":3,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"CREEK","riverineHabitatDescEs":"ARROYO","riverineHabitatDescFr":"RUISSEAU","displayOrder":3}},{"cagRiverineHabId":-105910,"riverineHabitat":{"id":4,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"SPRING/SPRING BROOK","riverineHabitatDescEs":"MANANTIAL/VERTIENTE","riverineHabitatDescFr":"PRINTEMPS/RUISSEAUX PRINTANIERS","displayOrder":4}},{"cagRiverineHabId":-105911,"riverineHabitat":{"id":9,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"Pool","riverineHabitatDescEs":"Piscina","riverineHabitatDescFr":"Fosse","displayOrder":9}}],"speciesPalustrineHabitats":[{"cagPalusHabId":-103040,"palustrineHabitat":{"id":6,"palustrineHabitatDescEn":"Riparian","palustrineHabitatDescEs":"Ribereño","palustrineHabitatDescFr":"Riverain","displayOrder":6}}],"speciesLacustrineHabitats":[],"speciesSubterraneanHabitats":[],"speciesEstuarineHabitats":[]},"primaryReference":{"id":1153425,"citation":"Nicholson, K. 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