{"elementGlobalId":104110,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":11,"iucnDescEn":"Least concern","iucnDescEs":"Menos preocupante","iucnDescFr":"Moins préoccupante","iucnCode":"LC"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":4,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":"Expertise without calculation","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by inspection","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Oncorhynchus gorbuscha</i>","scientificName":"Oncorhynchus gorbuscha","scientificNameAuthor":"(Walbaum, 1792)","primaryCommonName":"Pink Salmon","relatedItisNames":"<i>Oncorhynchus gorbuscha</i> (Walbaum, 1792) (TSN 161975)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.104110","elcode":"AFCHA02010","conceptRefFullCitation":"Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea, and W.B. Scott. 1991. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 20. 183 pp.","conceptName":"<i>Oncorhynchus gorbuscha</i>","taxonomicComments":"Because of the fixed two-year life cycle, individuals spawning in a particular river system in odd and even years are reproductively isolated from each other and have developed into genetically different lines; in some river systems, such as the Fraser River in British Columbia, only the odd-year line exists in significant numbers; in Bristol Bay, Alaska, the major runs occur in even years (areas in between have runs in both even and odd years) (Heard 1991). An electrophoretic study by Varnavskaya and Beacham (1992) found that \"pink salmon from the Fraser River and southern British Columbia were distinct from more northerly spawning populations in British Columbia, Alaska, and Kamchatka. The concept of a 'fluctuating stock' population structure of pink salmon or ramdom mixing during spawning over a large geographic area was not supported by observed patterns of genetic variation.\" In Russia, in contrast, lack of distinct stocks in different areas has been inferred from the lack of biochemical genetic differention detected in some surveys (see Varnavskaya and Beacham 1992). <br /><br />Has hybridized with chinook salmon in the St. Marys River, Michigan (Rosenfield 1998). <br /><br />Phylogenetic analysis based on mtDNA data indicates a sister relationship between pink salmon and chum salmon (Domanico and Phillips 1995).","roundedGRank":"G5","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2010-01-21","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"T. Hopkins, P. Moyle, and G. Hammerson","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":168630,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United 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Británica","nameFr":"Colombie-Britannique","subnationCode":"BC","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"SNR","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNR","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":277590,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":379223,"subnation":{"id":67,"nameEn":"Ontario","nameEs":"Ontario","nameFr":"Ontario","subnationCode":"ON","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"SNA","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNA","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":379223,"hybrid":false,"exotic":true,"native":false}}],"nrankReviewYear":2024,"nrank":"NUB,N5N","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":165044,"exotic":true,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T21:42:59.544113Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.104110/Oncorhynchus_gorbuscha","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"1996-09-12","grankReviewDate":"2016-05-10","grankReasons":"Still widespread and locally common around the margins of the North Pacific Ocean.","grank":"G5","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":104110,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":null,"numberEos":{"id":14,"numberEosDescEn":"81 to >300","numberEosDescEs":"De 81 a >300","numberEosDescFr":"De 81 à >300"},"numberGoodEos":null,"numberProtEos":null,"popSize":{"id":33,"popSizeDescEn":"10,000 to >1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 10.000 a >1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 10 000 à >1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":null,"shortTermTrend":null,"threatImpactAssigned":null,"rangeExtentComments":"During ocean feeding and maturation, pink salmon range throughout the North Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea north of about 40 degrees north latitude. Populations originating from different coastal regions of the North Pacific occupy distinct ocean nursery areas. The range shifts southward for winter, northward in warmer months (Heard 1991).<br /><br />Spawning occurs in most tributary rivers of northeastern Asia (Korea to Siberia) and in North America from California and Oregon (rare in these states) north to the Aleutian Islands and Mackenzie River delta, Arctic and Pacific drainages. Arctic populations do not appear to be self-sustaining but may be expanding and so warrant monitoring. The species has been introduced in the Great Lakes, Newfoundland, and several European areas.<br /><br />In the southern part of the range, the most significant runs are in streams tributary to Puget Sound. This salmon has been recorded from various streams in northern California, but spawning in California has been rarely observed and only in the lower Russian River. Many recent sightings of adults in California may be represent strays from rivers to the north (Nehlsen et al. 1991).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"In a survey of populations in the contiguous U.S., Huntington et al. (1996) identified only five healthy native stocks, all in Washington.","popSizeComments":"The most abundant of the seven species of Pacific salmon (Heard 1991).","viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"See GTRENDCOM. Tolerates a surprising amount of disturbance in spawning habitat.","shortTermTrendComments":"Of 2169 stocks in British Columbia and Yukon, Slaney et al. (1996) categorized 17 as extirpated, 137 as high risk, 21 as moderate risk, 17 as special concern, 1298 as unthreatened, and 679 as unknown status. At least two stocks in the contiguous U.S. have been extirpated (Nehlsen et al. 1991). In the Puget Sound area, stocks in the Elwha and Skokomish rivers have declined to escapements of 100 or fewer due to dam construction and habitat damage; the Dungeness River population had decreased by 90% of its historical level by 1981, due to insufficient flows and habitat degradation (Nehlsen et al. 1991).","longTermTrendComments":null,"inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":null,"protectionNeeds":"Protect and provide adequate flows to areas where spawning is observed. See Nehlsen et al. (1991) for general management and protection recommendations for anadromous salmonids. Meffe (1992) gave reasons why the hatchery approach to recovery ultimately will fail, and he emphasized that overharvest and habitat destruction need to be addressed in a major landscape-level effort.","otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":104110,"majorHabitat":{"id":2,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Freshwater","majorHabitatDescEs":"Agua dulce","majorHabitatDescFr":"Eau douce"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":true,"longDistanceMigrant":true,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Anadromous. Prior to spawning most adults return to the river, or tributary, in which they hatched (there is some possibly contradictory evidience from Russia). Adults move into fresh water June-September, depending on latitude. Freshwater migrations generally are less extensive than are those of other Pacific salmon (Heard 1991).","foodHabitsComments":"Migratory fry usually do not feed, but if they are traveling long distances they eat aquatic insect larvae. Juveniles schooling in estuaries feed on zooplankton. At sea, juveniles eats small crustaceans and other invertebrates. Adult diet includes mainly fishes, squid, euphausiids, amphipods, and copepods (Moyle et al. 1989).","animalPhenologyComments":null,"colonialBreeder":false,"length":61,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":105196,"foodHabits":{"id":2,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescFr":"Piscivore","displayOrder":2},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":105197,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1073,"locationUseClass":{"id":10,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Freshwater","locationUseClassDescEs":"Agua dulce","locationUseClassDescFr":"Eau douce","displayOrder":12},"eoSpecGroupName":"Fishes with Anadromous Populations","subtypes":"Rearing & Migration Area, Spawning & Rearing Area","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including eggs and larvae) in appropriate habitat. For anadromous populations, occurrences are based on collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more spawning adults, redds, other evidence of spawning, or larvae or juveniles in appropriate spawning/rearing habitat.","mappingGuidance":"Conceptually, the occurrence includes the entire freshwater area used by the population, including spawning, rearing, and migration areas. For anadromous populations, an occurrence should extend from the most upstream spawning areas downstream to the ocean. However, it is desirable (and practical) to subdivide this sometimes very large occurrence, sometimes overlapping with many other spaghetti-like occurrences extending down from the upstream spawning areas to the ocean, into separate source features or sub-occurrences, labeled with a feature label that reflects the life history stage in that area. Moreover, it may make practical sense to treat the areas downstream of spawning and/or rearing areas as a mixed element animal assemblage: Freshwater Salmon Migration Corridor. This negates the need to separately map each occurrence down to the ocean from its upstream spawning location. Information about areas with different life-history uses can be generated by using best professional judgment by district or regional fish biologists and may or may not incorporate specific locational information from spawning surveys or other surveys.","separationBarriers":"Dam lacking a suitable fishway; high waterfall; upland habitat that is very unlikely to be submerged even during periods of exceptionally high water (e.g., 100-year flood or 1% flood).","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":null,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":null,"altSeparationProcedure":"For anadromous populations and migratory populations that have distinct and separate spawning and nonspawning areas, the area used by each population whose spawning area is separated by a gap of at least 10 stream-km from other spawning areas within a stream system is potentially mappable as a distinct occurrence that extends down to the ocean (but see mapping guidance), regardless of whether the spawning areas are in the same or different tributaries. <br/><br/>For other (e.g., nonanadromous) populations in streams, separation distance is 10 stream-km for both suitable and unsuitable habitat. However, if it is known that the same population occupies sites separated by more than 10 km (e.g., this may be common for migratory, nonanadromous populations), those sites should be included within the same occurrence. In lakes, occurrences include all suitable habitat that is presumed to be occupied (based on expert judgment), even if documented collection/observation points are more than 10 km apart. Separate sub-occurrences or source features may usefully document locations of critical spawning areas within a lake.","separationJustification":"The separation distance is arbitrary but was selected to ensure that occurrences are of manageable size but not too small. Because of the difficulty in defining suitable versus unsuitable habitat, especially with respect to dispersal, and to simplify the delineation of occurrences, a single separation distance is used regardless of habitat quality. <br/><br/>\"Restricted movement is the norm in populations of stream salmonids during nonmigratory periods,\" but there is considerable variation in movements within and among species (Rodriguez 2002). Redband trout in Montana had October-December home ranges of 5-377 m, consistent with small movements observed for radio-tagged brook trout and cutthroat trout during fall and winter (Muhlfeld et al. 2001). For nonanadromous populations, little is known about juvenile dispersal (e.g., how far fishes may move between between their embryonic developmental habitat and eventual spawning site).<br/><br/>In summer and fall, radio-tagged cutthroat trout in Strawberry Reservoir in Utah had single-month home ranges that were usually about 3-4 km in maximum length (Baldwin et al. 2002). In the Blackfoot River drainage, Montana, radio-tagged westslope cutthroat trout moved 3-72 km (mean 31 km) to access spawning tributaries (Schmetterling 2001). This indicates that migratory but nonanadromous populations may use extensive areas and that one should not invoke the 10-km separation distance without considering the full extent of the population.","versionDate":"2009-11-25","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G., and L. Master","versionNotes":"This Specs Group comprises fish species that include anadromous populations (may also include nonanadromous populations), such as lampreys, sturgeons, herrings, shads, salmonids, and smelts. <br/><br/>Criteria for marine occurrences (Location Use Class: Marine) have not yet been established. These may not be needed for marine occurrences of species that likely will be dealt with as mixed element assemblages (e.g., Salmonid Marine Concentration Area).<br/><br/><u>Feature Descriptor Definitions: </u><br/><br/>Spawning Area: area used for spawning but not for rearing or migration. <br/><br/>Rearing Area: area used for larval/juvenile development but not for spawning or migration.<br/><br/>Migration Corridor: area used for migration but not for rearing or spawning.","lastModified":"2023-11-04T02:02:32.842731Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":156581,"locationUseClass":{"id":11,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Estuarine","locationUseClassDescEs":"Estuarina","locationUseClassDescFr":"Estuarien","displayOrder":13},"eoSpecGroupName":"Fishes with Anadromous Populations","subtypes":"Rearing & Migration Area, Spawning & Rearing Area, Wintering Area","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including eggs and larvae) in appropriate habitat. For anadromous populations, occurrences are based on collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more spawning adults, redds, other evidence of spawning, or larvae or juveniles in appropriate spawning/rearing habitat.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":null,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":null,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":null,"versionDate":"2023-11-03","versionAuthor":"Shaw, H. and M. McCormack","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2023-11-04T02:02:32.842731Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":156582,"locationUseClass":{"id":12,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Marine","locationUseClassDescEs":"Marina","locationUseClassDescFr":"Marine","displayOrder":14},"eoSpecGroupName":"Fishes with Anadromous Populations","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more non-breeding adults in appropriate marine habitat.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":null,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":null,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":null,"versionDate":"2023-11-03","versionAuthor":"Shaw, H. and M. McCormack","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2023-11-04T02:02:32.842731Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":104110,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":"See Beacham et al. (1994) for information on altering the time of reproductive maturation in captives; this method may be useful in developing a run of even-year pink salmon in the rivers such as the Fraser River where presently the odd-year run is large and the even-year run is virtually nonexistent. <br><br>Allendorf et al. (1997) proposed criteria for prioritizing Pacific salmon stocks for conservation; data limitations introduce subjectivity into the process, so expert judgment and peer review should be incorporated into the process.","monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":"Determine genetic relationships among different spawning populations.","additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":105566,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:25:47.181073Z"}],"references":[{"id":119312,"citation":"Allendorf, F. W., D. Bayles, D. L. Bottom, K. P. Currens, C. A. Frissell, D. Hankin, J. A. Lichatowich, W. Nehlsen, P. C. Trotter, and T. H. Williams. 1997. Prioritizing Pacific salmon stocks for conservation. Conservation Biology 11:140-152.","shortCitationAuthor":"Allendorf et al.","shortCitationYear":1997,"referenceCode":"A97ALL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:14:16.024528Z"},{"id":127585,"citation":"Beacham, T. D., C. B. Murray, and L. W. Barner. 1994. Influence of photoperiod on the timing of reproductive maturation in pink salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus gorbuscha</i>) and its application to genetic transfers between odd- and even-year spawning populations. Canadian Journal of Zoology 72:826-833.","shortCitationAuthor":"Beacham et al.","shortCitationYear":1994,"referenceCode":"A94BEA01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:21:43.953584Z"},{"id":155351,"citation":"Berg, D. R. 1995. Riparian silvicultural system design and assessment in the Pacific Northwest Cascade Mountains, USA. Ecological Applications 5:87-96.","shortCitationAuthor":"Berg","shortCitationYear":1995,"referenceCode":"A95BER01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:14:16.024528Z"},{"id":643293,"citation":"Brown, Larry (U.S. Geological Survey,  WRD). 2000. Review and annotation of fish watershed distribution maps. Review requested by Anthony E. Zammit, TNC. June 2000.","shortCitationAuthor":"Brown","shortCitationYear":2000,"referenceCode":"P00BRO01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:36.273005Z"},{"id":102862,"citation":"Domanico, M. J., and R. B. Phillips. 1995. Phylogenetic analysis of Pacific salmon (genus <i>Oncorhynchus</i>) based on mitochondrial DNA sequence data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 4:366-371.","shortCitationAuthor":"Domanico and Phillips","shortCitationYear":1995,"referenceCode":"A95DOM01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:19:31.498027Z"},{"id":125849,"citation":"Hard, J. J., R. G. Kope, W. S. Grant, F. W. Waknitz, L. T. Parker, and R. S. Waples. 1996. Status review of pink salmon from Washington, Oregon, and California. U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NWFSC-25. 131 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Hard et al.","shortCitationYear":1996,"referenceCode":"B96HAR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:21:43.953584Z"},{"id":123941,"citation":"Heard, W. R. 1991. Life history of pink salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus gorbuscha</i>). Pages 120-230 in C. Groot and L. Margolis, editors. Pacific salmon life histories. University of British Columbia Press, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. xv + 564 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Heard","shortCitationYear":1991,"referenceCode":"A91HEA01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:21:43.953584Z"},{"id":153748,"citation":"Huntington, C., W. Nehlsen, and J. Bowers. 1996. A survey of healthy native stocks of anadromous salmonids in the Pacific Northwest and California. Fisheries 21(3):6-14.","shortCitationAuthor":"Huntington et al.","shortCitationYear":1996,"referenceCode":"A96HUN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:14:16.024528Z"},{"id":118398,"citation":"Lee, D. C., and J. Hyman. 1992. The stochastic life-cycle model (SLCM): simulating the population dynamics of anadromous salmonids. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Paper INT-459, Ogden, Utah. 30 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Lee and Hyman","shortCitationYear":1992,"referenceCode":"N92LEE01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:14:16.00891Z"},{"id":104497,"citation":"Lee, D. S., C. R. Gilbert, C. H. Hocutt, R. E. Jenkins, D. E. McAllister, and J. R. Stauffer, Jr. 1980. Atlas of North American freshwater fishes. 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