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S. Hoffman, D. W. Rice, M. D. Engstrom, R. D. Bradley, D. J. Schmidly, C. A. Jones, and R. J. Baker. 1997. Revised checklist of North American mammals north of Mexico, 1997. Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas Tech University 173:1-20.","conceptName":"<i>Leopardus pardalis</i>","taxonomicComments":"Formerly included in the genus <i>Felis</i>. Included in the genus <i>Leopardus </i>by Wozencraft (in Wilson and Reeder 1993, 2005), Murray and Gardner (1997), and Jones et al. (1997).","roundedGRank":"G4","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2025-08-12","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Mabee, T., and G. Hammerson (2011); rev. R. L. Gundy (2025)","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":166197,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N1","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":404747,"subnation":{"id":51,"nameEn":"Texas","nameEs":"Texas","nameFr":"Texas","subnationCode":"TX","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":404747,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":1376665,"subnation":{"id":88,"nameEn":"Navajo Nation","nameEs":"La Nación Navajo","nameFr":"Nation Navajo","subnationCode":"NN","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNA","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNA","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":1376665,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":346549,"subnation":{"id":6,"nameEn":"Arizona","nameEs":"Arizona","nameFr":"Arizona","subnationCode":"AZ","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":1,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"Yes","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"Y"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":346549,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":354113,"subnation":{"id":4,"nameEn":"Arkansas","nameEs":"Arkansas","nameFr":"Arkansas","subnationCode":"AR","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SX","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SX","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":354113,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":396430,"subnation":{"id":23,"nameEn":"Louisiana","nameEs":"Louisiana","nameFr":"Louisiane","subnationCode":"LA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SX","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SX","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":396430,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":1996,"nrank":"N1","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":166197,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T21:42:58.105158Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.104046/Leopardus_pardalis","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"1996-11-19","grankReviewDate":"2025-08-12","grankReasons":"This species is widely distributed in South America, Central America, México, and the southern U.S. The population has declined and continues to be threatened by habitat loss, habitat fragmentation, vehicle strikes, and hunting. Population size is unknown but it generally occurs in low densities.","grank":"G4","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":104046,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":{"id":8,"enviromentalSpecificityDescEn":"Moderate.  Generalist or community with some key requirements scarce.","enviromentalSpecificityDescEs":"Moderado.  Generalista o comunidad con algunos requisitos claves escasos.","enviromentalSpecificityDescFr":"Modéré. Généralistes ou communautés répondant à certains critères clés sont rares."},"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":{"id":32,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 10-50%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 10 al 50%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 10 à 50 %"},"numberEos":{"id":14,"numberEosDescEn":"81 to >300","numberEosDescEs":"De 81 a >300","numberEosDescFr":"De 81 à >300"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":21,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Very many (>125)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Muchos (>125)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"Beaucoup (>125)"},"numberProtEos":{"id":15,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Very many (>40) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Muchas ocurrencias (>40) protegidas y controladas adecuadamente","numberProtEosDescFr":"Beaucoup d’occurrences (>40) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":31,"popSizeDescEn":"10,000 - 100,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 10.000 a 100.000 individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 10 000 à 100 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":35,"rangeExtentDescEn":">2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":">2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (más ","rangeExtentDescFr":">2 500 000 km carrés (plus de 1 000 000 miles carrés)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":36,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 10-30%","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 10 al 30%.","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 10 à 30 %"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":5,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"High","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Alto","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Élevé"},"rangeExtentComments":"This species occurs from southern Texas, United States southward to South America as far south as northern Argentina (Kitchener 1991, Chatellenaz et al. 2018).<br/><br/>The historical range included Arizona, Arkansas, and Louisiana, but it is considered extirpated from these states (Hoffmeister 1986).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"There are many occurrences throughout the range.","popSizeComments":"Total population size is unknown, but certainly exceeds 10,000. Population size in Texas was estimated to be 11-17 individuals in 2005 (Janecka et al. 2007). Density estimates include 3.0 per 100 km² in Texas (Haines et al. 2006a), 1.4-4.0 per 100 km² in Brazilian Atlantic Forest (Boas Goulart et al. 2009, Kasper et al. 2015), 14 per 100 km² in Quintana Roo, México (Torres-Romero et al. 2017), 7.7-20.0 per 100 km² in Argentina (Di Bitetti et al. 2006, Di Bitetti et al. 2008), 24.84 per 100 km² in the Brazilian Amazon (Gomes da Rocha et al. 2016), and 75.2 per 100 km² in the Peruvian Amazon (Kolowski and Alonso 2010).","viabilityComments":"Most occurrences likely have good viability.","threatImpactComments":"This species is primarily threatened by habitat loss, habitat fragmentation, hunting, and vehicle strikes. Habitat loss has occurred throughout the range through logging, conversion to agriculture, conversion to livestock pasture, and mining (Haines et al. 2006b, Di Bitetti et al. 2008, Zerinskas and Pollio 2013, Galindo Aguilar et al. 2019, Hernández-Pérez et al. 2024). Habitat fragmentation reduces connectivity between populations and generally causes decreases in abundance (Haines et al. 2006b, Di Bitetti et al. 2008, Boas Goulart et al. 2009, Kasper et al. 2015, García-R et al. 2019, Hernández-Pérez et al. 2024). Vehicle strikes can be a significant source of mortality and is especially concerning in the U.S. where population size is already very small (Blackburn et al. 2021). Hunting likely still occurs sporadically south of the U.S.","shortTermTrendComments":"This species is likely declining throughout the range.","longTermTrendComments":"This species has declined throughout the range due to habitat loss (Hoffmeister 1986, Kitchener 1991).","inventoryNeeds":"Estimates on abundance and population trends needed, especially in the U.S.","numberProtEosComments":"There are many occurrences on protected lands throughout the range (Di Bitetti et al. 2006, Iglesias et al. 2008, Zerinskas and Pollio 2013, Gomes da Rocha et al. 2016, Torres-Romero et al. 2017).","protectionNeeds":"Protect suitable habitat from degradation. Consider reintroduction efforts, involving private landowners in conservation, and providing road crossings in the U.S. (Haines et al. 2006a, Zerinskas and Pollio 2013, Blackburn et al. 2021).","otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":"This species occupies a wide variety of forested habitat types (Kitchener 1991)."},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":104046,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Home range in Texas reportedly is a few square kilometers (Kitchener 1991). In Peru, adult females occupied exclusive home ranges of about 2 sq km; male ranges were several times larger, exclusive of those of other males, and overlapped multiple female ranges; individuals often were solitary but appeared to make contact with others frequently (Emmons 1988).","foodHabitsComments":"Feeds on various small to moderate-sized vertebrates: rodents, rabbits, and other small mammals; young deer and peccaries; birds (sometimes including domestic poultry); snakes; lizards; fishes; etc. Hunts and captures prey on the ground (Emmons and Feer 1990).","animalPhenologyComments":"Nocturnal and diurnal; mainly nocturnal (Emmons and Feer 1990).","colonialBreeder":false,"length":125,"width":null,"weight":14000,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":102803,"animalPhenology":{"id":4,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Nocturnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Nocturno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Nocturne","displayOrder":4},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":102804,"animalPhenology":{"id":5,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Crepuscular","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Crepuscular","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Crépusculaire","displayOrder":5},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":105155,"foodHabits":{"id":1,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Carnivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Carnívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Carnivore","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1503,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":null,"subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":2.5,"inferredExtentNotes":"Based conservatively on a male home range of 5 square kilometers.","minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals in appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":null,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":null,"altSeparationProcedure":"Occurrences generally should be based on major occupied physiographic or ecogeographic units that are separated along areas of relatively low ocelot density or use. These units may be based on available ocelot sightings/records or on movements of radio-tagged individuals, or they may be based on the subjective determinations by biologists familiar with ocelots and their habitats. Where occupied habitat is exceptionally extensive and continuous, that habitat may be subdivided into multiple contiguous occurrences as long as that does not reduce the occurrence rank (i.e., do not split up an A occurrence into multiple occurrences that would be ranked less than A).","separationJustification":null,"versionDate":"2004-10-19","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S., and G. 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